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33-702: In 1828, the khanates of Erivan and the Nakhichevan were annexed from Persia by the Russian Empire through the Treaty of Turkmenchay . The newly annexed territories were incorporated into a single administrative unit known as the Armenian Oblast . In 1849, the oblast was reorganized into a governorate. By decree of Tsar Nicholas I on April 10, 1840, Transcaucasia was divided into two administrative units: The Georgia-Imeretia Governorate and

66-557: A collection of 6.6 million books. The library possesses an abundant fund consisting of various collections (books, journals, periodicals, dissertations, and synopsis, etc.), of which especially noticeable is the first Armenian printed book, " Urbatagirk " (The book of Friday, Venice, 1512.), the first Armenian periodical publication "Azdarar" (Bulletin, Madras, 1794-1796) as well as the first printed map in Armenian "Hamatarats Ashkharacuyc" (Universal World Map, Amsterdam, 1695). In 2012,

99-587: A psychiatric hospital. At the end of the 19th century, Yerevan continued to be an eastern town with its narrow, crooked streets, houses built of clay and small stones, markets and baths, churches and mosques. The width of the streets did not exceed 3–4 meters. Streams flowed on both sides. The city had a number of well-known urban areas: the city center - Shahar  [ hy ] , the market - Ghantar  [ hy ] (Persian: Libra), Kond or Tsirani Tagh, Dzoragyugh  [ hy ] , Nork , Shen Tagh, Boulevard, Berd , etc. Due to economic development,

132-515: Is a national public library in Yerevan , Armenia . It was founded in 1832 as part of the state gymnasium-school of Yerevan. It is the official cultural repository for the entire republic. The National Library of Armenia is the largest world repository of Armenian publishing products and the center of the national bibliography. Being a scientific, cultural, and information institution, the NLA creates

165-596: Is annually replenished with copies of world literature through international book-sharing. The NLA cooperates with accredited embassies operating in Armenia, international organizations, and representatives of the Armenian diaspora , thereby contributing to the spread of the Armenian cultural heritage throughout the world. Sections within the Armenian National Library include: On 25 September 2017,

198-454: Is displayed in six halls; The Origins of the Book, The Armenian alphabet , The Early adopters of Armenian book printing , Diaspora of the Armenian book publishing, Typography and Immortality of Writing. As an exhibit, the museum displays rare books, book printing machines, and other unique artifacts. The NLA cooperates with numerous national and leading libraries worldwide. The collection of NLA

231-606: The Caspian Oblast . The religious and national affiliations of the peoples of Transcaucasia were not considered during the administrative arrangements, which led to the dissatisfaction of the indigenous peoples. In 1846 these two units were dissolved, and instead of the Georgian-Imereti governorate , the Tiflis Governorate and Kutais Governorate were formed. By a special imperial decree in 1849,

264-715: The First Republic of Armenia was formed in the territory of Erivan Governorate and parts of Kars Oblast, Elizavetpol and Tiflis governorates, with Erivan ( Yerevan ) as its national capital. Following the Sovietization of the Caucasus, the territory of the Erivan Governorate was divided between the Armenian and Azerbaijani Soviet republics , and the Republic of Turkey . Between 1880 and 1890,

297-471: The Hamidian massacres and the Armenian genocide , the proportion of Armenians in the Erivan Governorate gradually increased, as evidenced by Armenian Apostolic Church followers (predominantly ethnic Armenians ) forming 52.08% of the population in 1897, and 59.55% in 1916. Linguistic composition of uezds in the Erivan Governorate in 1897 According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar ,

330-531: The Hamidian massacres . In the year 1907, the Erivan Governorate, which had a population of 426,011 men and 382,631 women totalling 808,642 inhabitants, consisted of 1,295 villages. Generally, most of the villages were exclusive in ethnic-character, however, some villages in the Nakhichevan uezd were mixed Armenian–Tatar. On average, Armenian households had 6–7 occupants, Tatar households 6.5–7.5, and Kurdish households 9–10. The ethnic makeup of rural households

363-630: The 20th century Russian churches were built, St. Nicholai Cathedral and Church of the Intercession of the Holy Mother of God . Until 1872, the various districts of the Erivan Governorate were still referred to by their Persian designation mahal ("small district"). After 1872, the Russians split the Erivan Governorate into seven uezds : Erivan, Etchmiadzin, Surmalu, Nakhichevan, Alexandropol, Sharur-Daralayaz and Nor Bayazet. Nor Bayazet

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396-595: The Day of the National Library of Armenia. In 2019, the day of the law's adoption celebrated its 100th anniversary. The library is located in four buildings within the Kentron district of Yerevan. The oldest of them all – the main building – was built according to the project of Alexander Tamanyan in 1939 and meant to house around seven million books. The building features a special spatial and architectural style,

429-474: The Erivan Governorate had a population of 1,120,242 on 14 January [ O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 589,125 men and 531,117 women, 1,014,868 of whom were the permanent population, and 105,374 were temporary residents: Louis Joseph Jérôme Napoléon (1864–1932), grandnephew of Napoleon I, was made governor in 1905 to help calm the governorate after the Armenian-Tatar conflicts . List of

462-488: The Erivan Governorate now had 78,672 households, totalling 670,400 inhabitants—this indicated that the province had doubled in population since the 1856 survey due to the land reform, sanitation, and medical care which had advanced under the Russian administration. Between 1870 and 1910, some 100,000 Armenians immigrated to Eastern Armenia . The Armenian migration was motivated by confiscations of property and massacres such as

495-647: The Erivan Governorate was detached and established separate from the Tiflis Governorate . The region of Meghri was temporarily annexed into the Erivan Governorate before being reallocated to the Elizavetpol Governorate. In 1872, the Erivan Governorate consisted of 7 administrative districts: Alexandropol, Erivan, Nor Bayazet, Sharur-Daralayaz, Etchmiadzin, Nakhichevan and Surmalu. Besides Erivan , other important cities included Alexandropol ( Gyumri ), Nakhichevan ( Nakhchivan ), Novobayazet ( Gavar ), Ordubad , and Vagarshapat ( Vagharshapat ). In 1918,

528-517: The Museum of Typography, was opened in the National Library of Armenia. The history of printing is reflected in six halls of the museum of Typography. In the Hall of the "Origins of Writing", samples of the written culture created in the period from the pre-writing period to the writing period are presented: rock paintings, cuneiform inscriptions. "The Armenian alphabet" hall presents the types of writing and

561-468: The Russian authorities, started a new phase of development in Erivan, transforming it from a Persian frontier town to a provincial capital. In 1832, the provincial school of Yerevan was opened. In the same year a library was established, which was later enriched and became the largest and famous library in Armenia ( National Library of Armenia ). Five years later, in 1837, a diocesan school was opened. In 1850,

594-816: The Tsar, the position of mayor of Erivan was established, wherein Hovhannes Ghorghanyan was appointed. Through the efforts of Ghorghanyan and the city elite, under the auspices of the Russian Empire, in 1881 the Erivan Teachers' Seminary was opened (now a Yerevan State University building). In the same year, the Yerevan Beer Factory was opened, in 1887, Tairyan Vodka, Alcohol and Wine Factory, in 1892, Mineral Water and Syrup Factory, in 1893, Afrikyan and Gyulazyan Factory, and in 1894, Sarayev Wine and Brandy factory. In 1890, Tairyan's factory

627-477: The cities of the Erivan Governorate experienced rapid growth as they became interconnected with the neighboring provincial capitals of Tiflis ( Tbilisi ), Kutais ( Kutaisi ), Yelisavetpol ( Ganja ), and Baku . The Transcaucasus railway had been developed since the end of the 19th century, from Tiflis reaching Alexandropol in 1897, which shortly after became a regional railway center ( Gyumri railway station ). The Kars-Alexandropol-Tiflis (Kars-Gyumri-Tbilisi) railway

660-482: The city's population tripled in 30 years, reaching 35,000 in 1913. Along with the Armenian districts, there were districts inhabited by other nations, mainly Tatars. The national minorities had their own schools, secular and spiritual centers. Several new Armenian churches were built, one of which was St. Gregory the Illuminator Church (now demolished). At the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of

693-413: The decision to digitalize the collections was made to provide open access to the unique collections of NLA. Today the digital collections of Armenian books and periodical production count more than ten million digitalized pages. On the 4 July 1919, during the council meeting of the ministers of Armenia, a law regarding "The national public book depository" was adopted. Since 1999, 4 July is celebrated as

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726-601: The first hydropower plant was put into operation. A long-distance telephone and telegraph connection was later established. Later, the Transcaucasus Railway was connected to the Russian railway network, thereby connecting Erivan with Moscow , St. Petersburg , and through the seaport of Batum to the Mediterranean countries. (see also: History of Yerevan ) The Armenian secular elite, together with

759-524: The girls' college was founded. In 1856, the first plan of the city was approved. In 1860, a parish school was opened in Nork . In 1863, Astafyan ( Abovyan ) Street was opened, and by the end of the century, there were also other parallel vertical streets, which created a more or less regular network of transport routes in the center. In 1866, the Gaianean Girls' College was opened. In 1879, by decree of

792-621: The governors of Erivan Governorate. 40°11′00″N 44°31′00″E  /  40.1833°N 44.5167°E  / 40.1833; 44.5167 Khanate A khanate or khaganate is a type of historic polity ruled by a khan , khagan , khatun , or khanum . Khanates were typically nomadic Turkic , Mongol and Tatar societies located on the Eurasian Steppe , politically equivalent in status to kinship-based chiefdoms and feudal monarchies . Khanates and khaganates were organised tribally , where leaders gained power on

825-514: The largest contiguous empire in history. After Genghis Khan established appanages for his family in the Mongol Empire during his rule (1206–1227), his sons, daughters, and grandsons inherited separate sections of the empire. The Mongol Empire and Mongolian khanates that emerged from those appanages are listed below. National Library of Armenia The National Library of Armenia ( Armenian : Հայաստանի ազգային գրադարան )

858-400: The necessary conditions for collecting, processing, preserving, and disseminating the Armenian printed cultural heritage . The NLA is the national bibliographic center of Armenia. The National Library collections were formed based on the personal libraries of prominent state, public and cultural figures, as well as the collections of educational institutions. Currently, the library is home to

891-436: The preceding cities, Armenian-speakers formed majorities in all except Nakhichevan which was mainly Tatar-speaking. Of the uezds (districts), Armenian-speakers, who were the majority of the governorate, only formed majorities in three of seven: Alexandropol, Nor Bayazet, and Etchmiadzin, whereas the rest were mainly Tatar-speaking. Owing to the constant immigration of Ottoman Armenians to Russian Armenia , especially after

924-401: The principle of uniqueness of early and medieval Armenian architecture received a new interpretation and quality and was established as the "Tamanyan style". The library's main building has gained the status of a historical and cultural architectural monument. On 25 September 2017, the Museum of Book printing was opened inside the National Library of Armenia, where the history of book publishing

957-518: The support and loyalty of their warrior subjects, gaining tribute from subordinates as realm funding. In comparison to a khanate, a khaganate, the realm of a khagan , was a large nomadic state maintaining subjugation over numerous smaller khanates. The title of khagan, translating as "Khan of the Khans", roughly corresponds in status to that of an emperor. The Mongol Empire was the largest steppe nomadic Khaganate as well as second largest empire and

990-481: Was bought by the Russian manufacturer Shustov, with large investments, the production of brandy increased tenfold (see Shustov vodka ). In 1907, the city was partially electrified, in 1913, it was telephoned. In 1912, drinking water was brought from Forty Springs. There was an electric tram and a horse-drawn carriage in the city. New shops and hotels were opened. In 1913, the first car entered the city. In 1913, there were 4 clinics, 3 pharmacies, an ophthalmology clinic and

1023-466: Was put into operation in 1899, and the railway from Alexandropol to Erivan in 1901. In 1906, the Erivan- Julfa railway was put into operation, thereby establishing a connection between Erivan and Iran . Highways of state significance were also improved, thus the trade between cities became increasingly active, the crafts developed again, and the first industry began in the province. Shortly after,

Erivan Governorate - Misplaced Pages Continue

1056-575: Was the following: According to the Russian Empire census , the Erivan Governorate had a population of 829,556 on 28 January [ O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 441,889 men and 387,667 women. The majority of the population indicated Armenian to be their mother tongue, with a significant Tatar speaking minority. The urban population of the governorate was 92,323, the largest settlements including Alexandropol (30,616), Erivan (29,006), Nakhichevan (8,790), and Nor Bayazet (8,486). Of

1089-404: Was the largest uezd of the governorate, whereas Sharur-Daralayaz was the smallest. The counties ( uezds ) of the Erivan Governorate in 1917 were as follows: ( Gyumri ) ( Nakhchivan ) ( Gavar ) ( Iğdır ) ( Sharur ) ( Yerevan ) The rural reforms of 1872 and the administrative changes that followed apparently resulted in a dramatic shift. The 1886 Transcaucasian census indicated that

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