Misplaced Pages

#501498

42-600: Little is known about Estevanico's background but contemporary accounts described him as a " negro alárabe " or "Arabic-speaking black man" native to Azemmour, Morocco . In 1522, he was sold as a slave to the Spanish nobleman Andrés Dorantes de Carranza in the Portuguese-controlled Moroccan town of Azemmour. Starting in 1528 he participated in the Narváez expedition , which set out from Cuba under

84-455: A Catholic in order to join the expedition. His Christian name Estevan, a Spanish form of "Stephen," supports this. The expedition of some 300 men, led by the newly appointed adelantado (governor) of La Florida, Pánfilo de Narváez, left Cuba in February 1528 intending to go to Isla de las Palmas near present-day Tampico, Mexico , to establish two settlements. Storms and strong winds forced

126-873: A Jewish mellah, a kasbah, and the old medina. A historic lighthouse called Sidi Boubeker is located 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) north of Azemmour. 15th century 16th century 15th century 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century 16th century 17th century 15th century 16th century Portuguese India 17th century Portuguese India 18th century Portuguese India 16th century 17th century 19th century Portuguese Macau 20th century Portuguese Macau 15th century [Atlantic islands] 16th century [Canada] 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century Galveston Island Galveston Island ( / ˈ ɡ æ l v ɪ s t ən / GAL -vis-tən )

168-458: A chronicler of the Coronado expedition, wrote that the men of Cibola killed him because they were offended when he asked them for turquoise and women. Hernando Alarcon, also a member of the expedition, was told that when Estevanico bragged that he had numerous armed followers nearby, the chiefs of Cibola killed him before he could reveal their location to his followers. Sancho Dorantes de Carranza,

210-407: A guide for the expedition, venturing ahead of the main party with a group of Sonoran Indians and trade goods. However, tragedy struck near Cíbola when the village inhabitants attacked Estevanico, leading to his death. Several contemporary accounts describe his demise but the motivations behind the attack remain unclear. Estevanico's life remains an enigmatic tale of resilience and exploration, leaving

252-540: A lasting impact on the early history of European exploration in North America. His journey, as chronicled by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca , provided valuable insights into the peoples, wildlife, and geography of western North America, making him a significant figure in history. Very little is known about the background of Estevanico. The most comprehensive description of his origins consists of just one line written by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca in his Spanish account of

294-544: A survivor from a different boat, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca . The four spent years enslaved on the Texas barrier islands . In 1534 the four survivors escaped into the American interior and became medicine men . The four men, Cabeza de Vaca, Andrés Dorantes de Carranza , Alonso del Castillo Maldonado and Estevan, escaped captivity in 1534 and traveled west into present-day Texas Southwestern US, and Northern Mexico. They were

336-733: A time before the American Civil War was the largest cotton shipping port in the world and the second-largest port for immigration in the United States. In the mid-19th century, it was a major port of entry for the many Germans who entered the state. During the Civil War, the Union army seized control of the island from the South for a few months during early 1863. Confederate forces commanded by John B. Magruder expelled them from

378-792: Is a Moroccan city, lying at the Atlantic ocean coast, on the left bank of the Oum Er-Rbia River , 75 km southwest of Casablanca . The word Azemmour comes from the Berber word Azemmur ("wild olive tree"). Azemmour is generally identified as the Punic Azama , latinized as Asama . Before 1486, it was a dependency of the King of Fez . In 1486 its inhabitants became vassals and tributaries of João II of Portugal . In 1513 Azemmour's governor Moulay Zayam refused to pay

420-616: Is a barrier island on the Texas Gulf Coast in the United States, about 50 miles (80.5 km) southeast of Houston . The entire island, with the exception of Jamaica Beach , is within the city limits of the City of Galveston in Galveston County . The island is about 27 miles (43.5 km) long and no more than 3 miles (4.8 km) wide at its widest point. The island is oriented generally northeast-southwest, with

462-689: Is no large harbor north of Boca Ciega Bay, and Narváez never saw his ships again. After marching 300 miles north, and having armed confrontations with Native Americans, the survivors built boats to sail westward along the Gulf Coast shoreline hoping to reach Pánuco and the Rio de las Palmas. A storm struck when they were near Galveston Island , Texas. Approximately 80 men survived the storm, being washed ashore at Galveston Island . After 1529, three survivors from one boat, including Estevanico, became enslaved by Coahuiltecan Indians; in 1532, they were reunited with

SECTION 10

#1732775781502

504-591: The Gulf of Mexico on the east and south, West Bay on the west, and Galveston Bay on the north. The island's main access point from the mainland is Interstate Highway 45 which crosses the Galveston Causeway that crosses West Bay on the northeast side of the island. The far north end of the island is separated from the Bolivar Peninsula by Galveston Harbor, the entrance to Galveston Bay and

546-721: The Houston Ship Channel . Ferry service is available between Galveston Island and the Bolivar Peninsula. The southern end of the island is separated from the mainland by San Luis Pass . The San Luis Pass-Vacek Toll Bridge connects the San Luis Pass Road on Galveston Island with the Bluewater Highway that leads south into the town of Surfside Beach . The residents of the island (the non-tourists) classify themselves in two ways: born on

588-490: The Narváez Expedition . Cabeza de Vaca wrote that he was a " negro alárabe, natural de Azamor ", which can be translated as "an Arabized black, native to Azemmour" or "an Arabic -speaking black man, a native of Azamor". This same chronicle does not mention Estevanico's enslavement but other contemporary documents make it clear that he was owned by Andrés Dorantes de Carranza , a Spanish nobleman who participated in

630-498: The Relación , a book about their 8-year survival journey, in 1542 and included information about Estevanico. It was reprinted again in 1555. It was the first published book to describe the peoples, wildlife, flora and fauna of inland North America, and the first to describe the American bison. In the Relación , Cabeza de Vaca said Estevanico often went in advance of the other three survivors because Estevanico had learned some parts of

672-592: The older settlement on the Yucatan Peninsula . For a few years, the island and the bay were their base for piracy and smuggling in slaves after the United States had ended its international slave trade in 1808. After attacking an American ship, Lafitte was forced in 1821 to leave by the US Navy. With the advent of Mexican independence in 1821, and the Texas Revolution soon after in 1836,

714-720: The American West. Their travels were greeted with respect and admiration from the indigenous communities, and they finally reached a Spanish settlement in Sinaloa, Mexico, in July 1536. Their tales of rich civilizations in the north captivated Spaniards in Mexico City, leading the Viceroy of New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza , to commission Fray Marcos de Niza to search for the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola . Estevanico served as

756-534: The Anglo-American population in the Republic of Texas began to grow rapidly. The island quickly became Texas' primary port and a destination for immigration. Following Texas' annexation by the United States in 1845, the island's population soon surpassed the population of San Antonio . It became the state's major population center, a title it would hold until nearly the end of the 19th century. Galveston for

798-536: The Indians who had been with Estevanico's party managed to escape and hide nearby. The next morning he saw the men of Cíbola chasing Estevanico and shooting arrows at him. He did not see what happened to the African, but others in his party were killed. The hidden Indian hurried to tell Fray Marcos what he had witnessed. Upon hearing the news of the attack, Fray Marcos hurried forward. Soon he met two more Sonorans from

840-481: The Portuguese soldiers there; he lost his horse in skirmishes outside the city. Portuguese control of the city lasted only for a short period; it was abandoned by João III of Portugal in 1541 due to his court's economic difficulties. Azemmour is located on the Oum Er-Rbia River 75 kilometres (47 mi) west of Casablanca . Azemmour's beach is a place for surfing and kitesurfing . Also called Haouzia,

882-671: The Zuni religion, the "Chakwaina" kachina ." Juan Francisco Maura suggested in 2002 that the Zuni did not kill Estevanico, but rather he and his friends remained among the A:shiwi who probably helped him fake his death so he could regain his freedom. Some folklore legends say that the Kachina figure, Chakwaina , is based on Azemmouri. Estevanico was the first non-Native to visit Pueblo lands. Azemmour Azemmour or Azammur ( Arabic : أزمور , romanized :  azammūr )

SECTION 20

#1732775781502

924-469: The advance party who were wounded and bloodstained. They did not know for certain the fate of Estevanico but they assumed he was dead. After hearing this, De Niza quickly returned to New Spain and wrote an account of his expedition for the viceroy. In his Relacíon , he reported on the death of Estevanico at Hawikuh as related to him by members of the African's party. A year later, a much larger Spanish expedition led by Francisco Vázquez de Coronado reached

966-532: The area's flora includes eucalyptus and pine . A spring festival used to be held annually in Azemmour in March. It was first held in 2007. The patron saint of Azemmour is Abu Shuayb . His mausoleum was built on the order of Mohammed ben Abdallah . Each year, a moussem is celebrated to honour him. The Old City's walls are decorated by several local artists. The city features a medina, which has three parts,

1008-464: The city was destroyed, and at least 6,000 people were killed in a few hours. Isaac M. Cline , the meteorologist in charge of the local Weather Bureau, lived on Galveston Island. Cline was aware of a storm in the Gulf based on previous reports from Florida. Although weather conditions were relatively calm on September 7, Cline observed the rough seas and the high waves that seemed to become more ominous by

1050-517: The expedition left from Culiacán , the northernmost Spanish settlement in Nueva Galicia . Estevanico traveled ahead of the main party with a group of Sonoran Indians and a quantity of trade goods. As before, he assumed the role of a medicine man , wearing bells and feathers on his arms and ankles and carrying a gourd rattle decorated with strings of bells and two feathers. He was instructed by Fray Marcos to communicate by sending back crosses to

1092-504: The expedition. Most contemporary accounts referred to him by his personal nicknames Estevanico, Estevan, or simply el negro (a common Spanish term, meaning "the black"). As a young man, Estevanico was sold into slavery in 1522 in the Portuguese-controlled Moroccan town of Azemmour, on the Atlantic coast. He was sold to Andrés Dorantes de Carranza . It is unclear whether he was raised Muslim but Spain did not allow non-Catholics to travel to New Spain , so he would have been baptized as

1134-581: The first settlement by ethnic Europeans on Galveston Island in 1816. Jao de la Porta was born in Portugal of Jewish parentage; he became a trader in Texas. (De la Porta was named supercargo for the Karankawa Indian trade and later became a full-time trader.) The privateer Jean Lafitte brought his men and followers from Louisiana to the island, naming his settlement Campeche , after

1176-542: The first Europeans and African to enter the American West. Having walked nearly 2,000 miles since their initial landing in Florida, they finally reached a Spanish settlement in Sinaloa . They traveled from there to Mexico City, 1,000 miles to the south. As medicine men they were treated with great respect and offered food, shelter, and gifts, and villages held celebrations in their honor. When they decided they wanted to leave,

1218-401: The fleet to the western coast of Florida. The Narváez expedition landed in present-day St. Petersburg, Florida, on the shores of Boca Ciega Bay . Narváez ordered his ships and 100 men and 10 women to sail north in search of a large harbor that his pilots assured them was nearby. He led another 300 men, with 42 horses, north along the coast, intending to rejoin his ships at the large harbor. There

1260-543: The grandson of Andrés Dorantes de Carranza , wrote that Estevanico was "shot through with arrows like a Saint Sebastian ." Modern historians have advanced other theories to explain Estevanico's death. Roberts and Roberts have suggested that Estevanico, who wore owl feathers and carried a medicine-man's gourd, may have been seen by the Zuni as impersonating a medicine man, which they punished by death. Others theorize that he may have resembled an evil sorcerer who existed in

1302-557: The host village would guide them to the next village. Sometimes as many as 3,000 people would follow them to the next village. The party traversed the continent as far as western Mexico, into the Sonoran Desert to the region of Sonora in New Spain (present-day Mexico). After finding a small Spanish settlement, the four survivors travelled 1,000 miles to the south to Mexico City, arriving in July 1536. Cabeza de Vaca published

Estevanico - Misplaced Pages Continue

1344-413: The hour. He sent a telegram to Washington, D.C., saying he thought a large part of the city was going to be underwater. He predicted a very heavy loss of life. After the hurricane passed, the state and city constructed a seawall around the settled portion of the island. Some houses were razed, and the many new ones to be constructed were built on stilts. Sand dredged from nearby waterways was pumped into

1386-534: The indigenous language. In Mexico City, the four survivors of the expedition told stories of wealthy indigenous tribes to the north, which created a stir among Spaniards in Mexico. When the three Spaniards declined to lead an expedition to the north, Antonio de Mendoza , the Viceroy of New Spain , commissioned Fray Marcos de Niza to lead an expedition north in search of the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola . Estevanico

1428-454: The island (BOI) and islander by choice (IBC). “BOI” is cited in print from at least 1956 and “IBC” is cited in print from 1975. All residents are zoned to Ball High School . Colleges and universities include: At the time of European encounter, Akokisa and Karankawa indigenous Americans lived and camped on what became known as Galveston Island. Earlier cultures likely used it as well for seasonal fishing and hunting. Historians believe

1470-665: The island is where Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his small party of around 80, made a brief stopover in November 1528, during his lengthy and notable survival odyssey. After returning to Spain in 1537, Cabeza de Vaca wrote an account of his eight years of traveling across what is now the US Southwest, first published in 1542 as La relación y comentarios ("The Account and Commentaries" ), and in later editions retitled Naufragios y comentarios ("Shipwrecks and Commentaries"). Jao de la Porta , along with his brother Morin, financed

1512-520: The island, and the Confederates controlled it for the remainder of the war. On September 8, 1900, the greatest natural disaster to ever strike the United States occurred at Galveston. In the early evening hours of September 8, the Galveston hurricane of 1900 came ashore, bringing with it a great storm surge that inundated most of Galveston Island and the city of Galveston. As a result, much of

1554-412: The leadership of Pánfilo de Narváez to explore and colonize Spanish Florida. After numerous challenges, including shipwrecks and enslavement by Native Americans, Estevanico, along with three other survivors, escaped their captivity in 1534 and became medicine men. They embarked on an epic journey, covering nearly 2,000 miles, through the American interior, becoming the first Africans and Europeans to enter

1596-406: The main party, with the size of the cross indicating the importance of his discoveries. One day, a cross arrived that was as tall as a person and the messengers said that Estevanico had heard reports of seven large and wealthy cities in a land to the north called Cíbola. The advance party proceeded to the north in search of Cíbola despite instructions from Fray Marcos to wait for him. When Estevanico

1638-445: The pueblo where Estevanico was reported killed. In August 1540, he wrote to the viceroy that "the death of the negro is perfectly certain because many of the things which he wore have been found." He also wrote that the inhabitants of the Zuni pueblo where he died had killed Estevanico because he was a "bad man" who killed and assaulted their women. Other contemporary accounts of Estevanico's death are known. Pedro de Castañeda de Nájera,

1680-403: The tribute and mustered a powerful, well-equipped army. Manuel responded to this challenge by sending a massive fleet of 500 ships and 15 thousand soldiers (Bergreen, 19). James, Duke of Braganza led this army and on September 1 he conquered the city with no resistance from its inhabitants. Ferdinand Magellan , the man famed for leading the first-ever circumnavigation of the earth, was among

1722-420: Was instructed to serve as a guide for the expedition. In a letter to Charles V, Mendoza wrote "I retained a negro who had come with Dorantes". According to a contemporary source, Mendoza either purchased Estevanico or received him as a gift from Dorantes. There is some evidence that Mendoza emancipated Estevanico; he was added to the viceroy's personal guard and never again referred to as a slave. On 7 March 1539,

Estevanico - Misplaced Pages Continue

1764-437: Was within a day's journey of Cíbola, he sent a messenger ahead to announce his arrival. When informed of Estevanico's impending visit, the chief of the first village angrily ordered the messenger to leave and threatened to kill anyone who came back. Estevanico seemed unconcerned by these threats and proceeded to Cíbola. When the party arrived, the villagers took their trade goods and held them overnight without food or water. One of

#501498