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14-464: The cabinet carries out the country's domestic and foreign policy, shaped by parliament ( Riigikogu ); it directs and co-ordinates the work of government institutions and bears full responsibility for everything occurring within the authority of executive power. The government, headed by the Prime Minister , thus represents the political leadership of the country and makes decisions in the name of

28-538: A second constitution was approved by referendum which saw the introduction of a two chambered legislature, the Chamber of Deputies  [ et ] ( Riigivolikogu ) and the National Council ( Riiginõukogu ). Elections were subsequently held in 1938 where only individual candidates were allowed to run. During the subsequent periods of Soviet occupation (1940–41), German occupation (1941–44), and

42-678: A moderate threshold (2%) was used. The sessions of the Riigikogu take place in the Toompea Castle , where a new building in an unusual Expressionist style was erected in the former courtyard of the medieval castle in 1920–1922. In 1933 amendments to the first Constitution was approved by referendum, where more power was given to an executive President. The following year, the President used these new powers to adjourn parliament and declared martial law to avert an alleged coup. In 1937,

56-627: The Chancellery of the Riigikogu ( Estonian : Riigikogu Kantselei ) is the administration supporting the Riigikogu in the performance of its constitutional functions. The departments of the Chancellery perform the daily functions. 59°26′09″N 24°44′14″E  /  59.43583°N 24.73722°E  / 59.43583; 24.73722 Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR The Supreme Soviet of

70-668: The Estonian SSR ( Estonian : Eesti NSV Ülemnõukogu ) was the formal rubber stamp legislative body of the Estonian SSR without any substantive meaning, which was formally elected in general elections, but whose members were essentially appointed by the leadership of the Communist Party. Before 1988, the Supreme Soviet had no meaningful political role. After its first democratic elections on 18 March 1990,

84-562: The Riigikogu also ratifies significant foreign treaties that impose military and proprietary obligations and bring about changes in law, as well as approves the budget presented by the government as law, and monitors the executive power. 23 April 1919, the opening session of the Estonian Constituent Assembly is considered the founding date of the Parliament of Estonia. Established under the 1920 constitution ,

98-467: The Riigikogu had 100 members elected for a three-year term on the basis of proportional representation . Elections were fixed for the first Sunday in May of the third year of parliament. The first elections to the Riigikogu took place in 1920. From 1923 to 1932, there were four more elections to the Riigikogu. The elections were on a regional basis, without any threshold in the first two elections, but from 1926

112-799: The cabinet. In Estonia, however, the Constitution explicitly vests executive authority in the Government, not the President . The current cabinet was approved by the Riigikogu on 17 April 2023. The coalition agreed on 12 ministers in addition to the prime minister with six portfolios going to Reform and three for both Estonia 200 and the Social Democrats. Riigikogu Opposition (35) The Riigikogu ( Estonian: [ˈriːɡ̊iˈkoɡ̊u] , from Estonian riigi- , "of

126-445: The established 5% national threshold , and the use of a modified D'Hondt formula (the divisor is raised to the power 0.9). This modification makes for more disproportionality than does the usual form of the formula. The seat allocation refers to de facto allocation, as defectors from fractions are not allowed to join other ones between elections. The salary of the speaker is €8318.19 per month. Established on October 5 of 1992,

140-828: The institution was renamed the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia on 8 May 1990. The structure and formal functions of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR were copied from the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union . The sessions of the Supreme Soviet lasted only several days twice a year and decisions were made unanimously and without much discussion. Supreme Soviet elections were held after every four years until 1978 and were held every five years in 1978–1985. The Supreme Soviet gathered in Tallinn , in

154-408: The second Soviet occupation (1944–1991) the Parliament was disbanded. The premises of the Riigikogu were used by the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR during the second Soviet occupation. In September 1992, a year after Estonia had regained its independence from the Soviet Union, elections to the Parliament took place on the basis of the third Constitution of Estonia adopted in a referendum in

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168-465: The state", and kogu , "assembly") is the unicameral parliament of Estonia . In addition to approving legislation, the Parliament appoints high officials, including the prime minister and chief justice of the Supreme Court , and elects (either alone or, if necessary, together with representatives of local government within a broader electoral college) the president . Among its other tasks,

182-527: The summer of the same year. The 1992 constitution, which incorporates elements of the 1920 and 1938 Constitutions and explicitly asserts its continuity with the Estonian state as it existed between 1918 and 1940, sees the return of a unicameral parliament with 101 members. The most recent parliamentary elections were held on 5 March 2023. The main differences between the current system and a pure political representation , or proportional representation, system are

196-523: The whole executive power. The following duties are attributed to the cabinet by the Constitution of Estonia : Unlike other cabinets in most other parliamentary regimes, the Government is both the de jure and de facto executive authority in Estonia. In most other parliamentary regimes, the head of state is usually the nominal chief executive, though bound by convention to act on the advice of

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