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87-579: The Ford Escort RS Cosworth is a homologation special of the fifth generation European Ford Escort . It was designed to qualify as a Group A car for the World Rally Championship in which it competed between 1993 and 1998. It was available as a road car from 1992 until 1996. The powertrain was only fitted to this version of the Escort, a longitudinally mounted Cosworth YBT , a highly tunable turbocharged 2.0 L (1,993 cc) with

174-657: A Group A car, and two more in World Rally Car guise in 1997, before being replaced by the Focus RS WRC . The Escort RS Cosworth was developed by the Ford Works Rally Team during late 1990,1991 and 1992. Its first appearances, prior to homologation , were in the Spanish championship in late 1990, in the hands of Jose Maria Bardolet where it won its first competitive rally; Rally Talavera and on

261-563: A bore x stroke of 90.8 mm × 77 mm (3.57 in × 3.03 in) Inline-four engine which had an output of 227 PS (167 kW; 224 bhp) in standard trim. Tuning companies have achieved power outputs in excess of 1,000 bhp (746 kW; 1,014 PS). Ford developed the car around the chassis and mechanicals of the Sierra Cosworth , to accommodate the larger Cosworth engine and transmission, while clothing it in Escort body panels to make it resemble

348-415: A knock sensor that monitors if knock is being produced by the fuel being used. In modern computer-controlled engines, the ignition timing will be automatically altered by the engine management system to reduce the knock to an acceptable level. Octanes are a family of hydrocarbons that are typical components of gasoline. They are colorless liquids that boil around 125 °C (260 °F). One member of

435-475: A Garrett T3/T04B Hybrid turbo and air/water intercooler (this is a hybrid consisting of a Garrett T04B compressor wheel combined with a Garrett T3 turbine, also known as T34). All of the 2,500 homologation cars included the water injection system under the rear passenger seat. This was non-functioning and was in place to demonstrate water injection capability for the Group A regulations. Due to high demand, Ford kept

522-438: A certain class of cars. Homologation is most popular with the production based Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) Group GT3 class, where no fewer than 20 different race sanctioning bodies around the world use the same set of rules for this class. This allows the same car to be raced under different sanctioning bodies with no modification between races. When a car loses its homologation, it can no longer be part of

609-531: A competition and can only be used in historic competitions . The same is true of most motorcycle racing series that can be considered production-based and include the various classes of such premier series as the AMA Superbike Championship or the FIM 's Superbike World Championship . As with automobiles, motorcycle manufacturers manufacture certain models for the consumer market to enable

696-524: A few weeks later was injured in a road accident which forced him to miss the next four rounds. Biasion finished third in Portugal, but he was unable to keep up with the Toyotas, and his results did not improve thereafter, amid reports that his relationship with the team was deteriorating. He left at the end of 1994, and did not drive again at World Championship level. In Delecour's absence the second Escort

783-413: A flame wave initiate at the spark plug and then "travel in a fairly uniform manner across the combustion chamber" with the expanding gas mix pushing the piston throughout the entirety of the power stroke. A stable gasoline and air mix will combust when the flame wave reaches the molecules, adding heat at the interface. Knock occurs when a secondary flame wave forms from instability and then travels against

870-484: A greater success, however: on a one-off drive for the team, Tommi Mäkinen won the 1994 1000 Lakes Rally . Delecour returned to the team on the same event but was still not fully fit and finished fourth, before retiring on the final two rounds. Thiry rounded off a disappointing season for the team by taking third place on the final round, in Great Britain. Budgetary concerns due to supporting both Formula 1 and

957-440: A lighter fuel that's less prone to autoignition is a wise "insurance policy". For the same reasons, those lighter fuels which are better solvents are much less likely to cause any "varnish" or other fouling on the "backup" spark plugs. In almost all general aviation piston engines, the fuel mixture is directly controlled by the pilot, via a knob and cable or lever similar to (and next to) the throttle control. Leaning — reducing

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1044-703: A one-off podium-scoring basis at the Safari Rally after Thiry suffered an injury) and four-time World Rally Champion Juha Kankkunen now behind the wheel of the cars, the Escort name finally bowed out of works rallying altogether after a double-podium at the season-ending 1998 Rally of Great Britain . Outside the World Championship, the Escort RS Cosworth was highly successful at National and European championship level, winning many national rally titles, perhaps more so than any other car of

1131-501: A racing series' technical guidelines (for example engine displacement, chassis construction, suspension design and such), but often includes minimum levels of sales of that model to the public, to ensure that no vehicles in the competition have been designed and produced solely for racing. Since such vehicles are primarily intended for the race track, practical use on public roads is generally a secondary design consideration, so long as government regulations are met. Sales aids (for example

1218-407: A radiator hose split, but the event was won by Italian Franco Cunico , in a privately entered Escort RS Cosworth. It was the first time in several years that a privateer had won at this level, and in doing so he outpaced the works Lancia Delta Integrale of reigning World Champion Carlos Sainz , demonstrating the superiority of the Escort over the previously dominant Lancia. Nevertheless, the result

1305-486: A relatively low octane rating; the isomer iso-octane causes less knocking because it is more branched and combusts more smoothly. In general, branched compounds with a higher intermolecular force (e.g., London dispersion force for iso-octane) will have a higher octane rating, because they are harder to ignite. Octane isomers such as n-octane and 2,3,3-trimethylpentane have an octane rating of -20 and 106.1, respectively ( RON measurement). The large differences between

1392-648: A similar test engine to that used in RON testing, but with a preheated fuel mixture, higher engine speed, and variable ignition timing to further stress the fuel's knock resistance. Depending on the composition of the fuel, the MON of a modern pump gasoline will be about 8 to 12 lower than the RON, but there is no direct link between RON and MON. See the table below. In most countries in Europe, and in Australia and New Zealand,

1479-582: A three-spoke leather covered steering wheel, carpeted door bins, a rear seat armrest, opening rear quarter windows, heated headlight washer jets, leather seats and heated seats. The Lux pack was available as a full option pack towards the later years. All small turbo models are either Standard or Lux variants. The rationale behind the Escort RS Cosworth's design was that it should win the World Rally Championship. It did not achieve that goal, but it did win eight events between 1993 and 1996 as

1566-575: A win in Indonesia and second in Sweden and Italy. Nevertheless, the Escort was by this time outclassed by the Mitsubishi and Tommi Mäkinen , who won that year's title, and towards the end of the season interest switched towards the following season and the incoming World Rally Car rules. Although it required some special dispensation, Ford were permitted to adapt the car into a World Rally Car for

1653-480: Is a measured and/or calculated rating of the fuel's ability to resist autoignition, the higher the octane of the fuel, the harder that fuel is to ignite and the more heat is required to ignite it. The result is that a hotter ignition spark is required for ignition. Creating a hotter spark requires more energy from the ignition system, which in turn increases the parasitic electrical load on the engine. The spark also must begin earlier in order to generate sufficient heat at

1740-493: Is a mixture of many hydrocarbons and often other additives). Octane ratings are not indicators of the energy content of fuels. (See Effects below and Heat of combustion ). They are only a measure of the fuel's tendency to burn in a controlled manner, rather than exploding in an uncontrolled manner. Where the octane number is raised by blending in ethanol, energy content per volume is reduced. Ethanol energy density can be compared with gasoline in heat-of-combustion tables. It

1827-425: Is derived from testing the gasoline in ordinary multi-cylinder engines (rather than in a purpose-built test engine), normally at wide open throttle. This type of test was developed in the 1920s and is still reliable today. The original RdON tests were done in cars on the road, but as technology developed the testing was moved to chassis dynamometers with environmental controls to improve consistency. The evaluation of

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1914-427: Is ignited only near the end of the compression stroke by electric spark plugs . Therefore, being able to compress the air/fuel mixture without causing detonation is important mainly for gasoline engines. Using gasoline with lower octane than an engine is built for may cause engine knocking and/or pre-ignition . The octane rating of aviation gasoline was extremely important in determining aero engine performance in

2001-424: Is lightweight, quickly removable bodywork, to replace stock bodywork that is often heavier and has features required on public roads, such as lighting systems. Some sports cars are released to the public for the express purpose of meeting the homologation guidelines of a particular series or several series. In such cases, numbers manufactured are often just enough to meet the minimum requirement for homologation by

2088-411: Is possible for a fuel to have a Research Octane Number (RON) more than 100, because iso-octane is not the most knock-resistant substance available today. Racing fuels, avgas , LPG and alcohol fuels such as methanol may have octane ratings of 110 or significantly higher. Typical "octane booster" gasoline additives include MTBE , ETBE , iso-octane and toluene . Lead in the form of tetraethyllead

2175-554: Is the exhaust system, often modified in the production vehicle to meet legal requirements in the jurisdictions where the vehicle is sold. Since most production-based racing series allow some level of modification, including the removal of exhaust systems that reduce emissions at the cost of engine performance, vehicles that were produced and sold primarily to meet the homologation guidelines of a particular series are often designed for easy modification of such components. Many manufacturers of vehicles used in production-based racing (whether

2262-435: Is the octane number of the fuel. For example, gasoline with the same knocking characteristics as a mixture of 90% iso-octane and 10% heptane would have an octane rating of 90. A rating of 90 does not mean that the gasoline contains just iso-octane and heptane in these proportions, but that it has the same detonation resistance properties (generally, gasoline sold for common use never consists solely of iso-octane and heptane; it

2349-578: The BTCC meant the Ford works team at Boreham closed at the end of 1994, and the rally programme was handed over to the Belgian RAS Sport team. Biasion was replaced by Bruno Thiry, while Delecour stayed with the team. The season was shortened to eight events and servicing was much more restricted than in previous seasons. Group A cars also had to run with a smaller turbo restrictor than previously, which

2436-557: The four-stroke cycle . In a simple explanation, the forward moving wave of combustion that burns the hydrocarbon + oxygen mixture inside the cylinder like a wave that a surfer would wish to surf upon is violently disrupted by a secondary wave that has started elsewhere. The shock wave of these two separate waves creates the characteristic metallic "pinging" sound, and cylinder pressure increases dramatically. Effects of engine knocking range from inconsequential (incremental heating plus power loss) to completely destructive (detonation while one of

2523-423: The ideal gas law . Higher compression ratios necessarily add parasitic load to the engine, and are only necessary if the engine is being specifically designed to run on high-octane fuel. Aircraft engines run at relatively low speeds and are " undersquare ". They run best on lower-octane, slower-burning fuels that require less heat and a lower compression ratio for optimum vaporization and uniform fuel-air mixing, with

2610-596: The "headline" octane rating prominently displayed on the pump is the RON, but in Canada, the United States, and Mexico, the headline number is the simple mean or average of the RON and the MON, called the Anti-Knock Index ( AKI ), and often written on pumps as (R+M)/2 . AKI is also sometimes called PON (Pump Octane Number). Because of the 8 to 12 octane number difference between RON and MON noted above,

2697-526: The 1992 Scottish Rally , where it was driven by Malcolm Wilson who was also the lead development driver. Wilson was not formally competing in the event, but his stage times were faster than those of winner Colin McRae . During the latter part of the 1992 season, development of the Sierra Cosworth came to an end, and the works team drivers Francois Delecour and Miki Biasion concentrated on readying

Ford Escort RS Cosworth - Misplaced Pages Continue

2784-534: The 1997 season, to serve as a stopgap until a purpose-built WRC was developed. The semi-trailing-arm rear suspension, judged one of the Cosworth's weak points, was replaced with MacPherson struts , and modifications were made to the bodywork and transmission. Ford handed over the running of the team to Malcolm Wilson's team, now known as M-Sport . During the 1997 and 1998 seasons , it went on to score two more victories by Carlos Sainz. With Thiry, Ari Vatanen (on

2871-551: The AKI shown in Canada and the United States is 4 to 6 octane numbers lower than elsewhere in the world for the same fuel. This difference between RON and MON is known as the fuel's sensitivity, and is not typically published for those countries that use the Anti-Knock Index labelling system. See the table in the following section for a comparison. Another type of octane rating, called Observed Road Octane Number ( RdON ),

2958-451: The Escort for competition. On the Escort's first outing at World Championship level, the 1993 Monte Carlo Rally , Delecour took the lead with Biasion second. The pair led the event until the final night, when a late charge by Didier Auriol , driving a Toyota Celica , saw him win, with the Fords second and third. Nevertheless, the new car had demonstrated its potential, which was underlined

3045-609: The Group A era. These titles include: In 1993 Pierre-César Baroni and 1994 Belgian driver Patrick Snijers won the European Rally Championship with the Escort Rs Cosworth. It was also a successful Group N contender. The Escort also had a foray in Formula One albeit as its Safety Car . It was, in fact, used during two Grands Prix in the 1992 season to trial this new safety concept, which

3132-597: The Motorsport base; electric windows, sunshine roof, central locking, remote boot release, carpeted door bins. From 1994 the 'whale tail' spoiler could be deleted from the factory however it is unknown how many buyers chose this option. A drivers and passenger airbag became available from 1994 onwards. The Lux model offered further options not available on the Motorsport or Standard model. These included CD player, air conditioning, electric sunroof, electric heated door mirrors, Quick-clear heated windscreen, heated washer jets,

3219-404: The aircraft of World War II . The octane rating affected not only the performance of the gasoline, but also its versatility; the higher octane fuel allowed a wider range of lean to rich operating conditions. In spark ignition internal combustion engines , knocking (also knock , detonation , spark knock , pinging , or pinking ) occurs when combustion of some of the air/fuel mixture in

3306-403: The available air) or "lean of peak" (less fuel, leaving some oxygen in the exhaust) as either will keep the fuel-air mixture from detonating prematurely. Because of the high cost of unleaded, high-octane avgas , and possible increased range before refueling, some general aviation pilots attempt to save money by tuning their fuel-air mixtures and ignition timing to run "lean of peak". Additionally,

3393-507: The big rear wing, while 0–100 km/h (62 mph) takes 5.7 sec. Standard boost from Garrett AiResearch T3/T04B turbocharger was 0.8 bar (12 psi) with 1.0-1.1 bar overboost. The car weight was 1,275 kg (2,811 lb) or 1,310 kg (2,890 lb) for the Lux edition. The Escort RS Cosworth was the first mass production car to produce downforce at the front and rear; 4.6 kg/45 Newtons at 180 km/h (110 mph) at

3480-429: The cars were manufactured. Changes were made to the engine management system and a new turbocharger was fitted. Permanent four-wheel drive with a 34/66% front/rear split came courtesy of an uprated five-speed gearbox as used in the Sierra Cosworth. Like its Sierra predecessor, they are commonly nicknamed "Cossies" by enthusiasts. In total 7,145 vehicles were produced from the start of production on 19 February 1992 until

3567-413: The cylinder does not result from propagation of the flame front ignited by the spark plug , but when one or more pockets of air/fuel mixture explode outside the envelope of the normal combustion front. The fuel-air charge is meant to be ignited by the spark plug only, and at a precise point in the piston's stroke. Knock occurs when the peak of the combustion process no longer occurs at the optimum moment for

Ford Escort RS Cosworth - Misplaced Pages Continue

3654-421: The decreased air density at higher altitudes (such as Colorado) and temperatures (as in summer) requires leaning (reduction in amount of fuel per volume or mass of air) for the peak EGT and power (crucial for takeoff). The selection of octane ratings available at filling stations can vary greatly between countries. Due to its name, the chemical "octane" is often misunderstood as the only substance that determines

3741-482: The definition of octane rating. The following table lists octane ratings for various other fuels. Higher octane ratings correlate to higher activation energies : the amount of applied energy required to initiate combustion. Since higher octane fuels have higher activation energy requirements, it is less likely that a given compression will cause uncontrolled ignition, otherwise known as autoignition, self-ignition, pre-ignition, detonation, or knocking. Because octane

3828-597: The direct measurements required for research or motor octane numbers. An octane index can be of great service in the blending of gasoline. Motor gasoline, as marketed, is usually a blend of several types of refinery grades that are derived from different processes such as straight-run gasoline, reformate, cracked gasoline etc. These different grades are blended in amounts that will meet final product specifications. Most refiners produce and market more than one grade of motor gasoline, differing principally in their anti-knock quality. Being able to make sufficiently accurate estimates of

3915-663: The drivers' championship, and Ford in the joint lead in the manufacturers' title. During the second half of the season Toyota driver Juha Kankkunen won in Argentina, Finland and Australia, but in New Zealand, with the exception of Delecour's second place (behind Colin McRae ) the Fords' results were relatively poor, giving Toyota the manufacturers' title. Both works Escorts retired on the San Remo Rally, Delecour's after an accident and Biasion's with engine failure after

4002-507: The engine. Lighter and "thinner" fuel also has a lower specific heat , so the practice of running an engine "rich" to use excess fuel to aid in cooling requires richer and richer mixtures as octane increases. Higher-octane, lower-energy-dense "thinner" fuels often contain alcohol compounds incompatible with the stock fuel system components, which also makes them hygroscopic . They also evaporate away much more easily than heavier, lower-octane fuel which leads to more accumulated contaminants in

4089-401: The evaluation of the anti-knock quality of gasoline. Such substitute methods include FTIR, near infrared on-line analyzers, and others. Deriving an equation that can be used to calculate ratings accurately enough would also serve the same purpose, with added advantages. The term Octane Index is often used to refer to the use of an equation to determine a theoretical rating, in contradistinction to

4176-718: The following month when Malcolm Wilson, driving a car prepared by his own team, briefly led the Swedish Rally before retiring after an accident. The works team returned for the Portuguese Rally, Delecour led almost from the start and won the event with Biasion second, establishing both car and driver as serious contenders for that year's World Championship. Delecour won again in Corsica, and Biasion in Greece – his first win for three years – putting them first and second in

4263-662: The front with an adjustable front splitter in the middle position and 19.4 kg/190Newtons at the rear with the rear large wing. Three variations could be purchased; Motorsport Base, Standard and Lux (Luxury). The Motorsport Base enabled customers to purchase a basic road car and self-prep for rallying and were the first cars off the production line. All cars were Diamond White featuring grey polaris cloth hexagon pattern seats. Equipment such as; electric windows, electric mirrors, electric boot release, radio, sunroof, central locking, fog lamps, air conditioning, opening rear quarter windows, rear headrest, under seal and some sound deadening

4350-406: The fuel system. It is typically the hydrochloric acids that form due to that water and the compounds in the fuel that have the most detrimental effects on the engine fuel system components, as such acids corrode many metals used in gasoline fuel systems. During the compression stroke of an internal combustion engine, the temperature of the air-fuel mix rises as it is compressed, in accordance with

4437-449: The ignition spark coming as late as possible in order to extend the production of cylinder pressure and torque as far down the power stroke as possible. The main reason for using high-octane fuel in air-cooled engines is that it is more easily vaporized in a cold carburetor and engine and absorbs less intake air heat which greatly reduces the tendency for carburetor icing to occur. With their reduced densities and weight per volume of fuel,

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4524-406: The inclusion of luxury trim features such as leather surfaces, audio systems, and anti-theft systems), even where such accommodations are made, are generally barely within the limits of government requirements for sale to consumers, to minimize reduction in performance. Such accommodations are often reversible, so that production vehicles can be modified to racing trim. A common example of this process

4611-413: The large turbo version in production until June 1994 even though the homologation number of 2,500 had been full-filled. From June 1994, the second generation model was produced featuring a smaller Garrett T25 turbocharger and a revised engine management system; the original Weber-Marelli IAW P8 installation was replaced by Ford EEC IV. The ignition system now came with a single coil per cylinder compared to

4698-430: The larger turbo model and are known as YPT. Production stopped in early 1996 as the model was unable to meet new EU drive-by noise regulations . Maximum power officially from Ford was 227 PS (224 bhp; 167 kW) at 6,250 rpm and 304 N⋅m; 224 lbf⋅ft (31 kg⋅m) of torque at 3,500 rpm on 95 RON petrol and a max speed of 232 km/h (144 mph) (GPS) and 237 km/h (147 mph) without

4785-720: The last car rolled out of the factory on 12 January 1996. A small number were officially imported to the United States by a third party. The car's top speed was 150 mph (240 km/h), rivalling cars like the Audi Coupé S2 , BMW M3 , Nissan 300ZX , Toyota Supra and Porsche 968 and comfortably outperforming traditional "hot hatchbacks" like the Volkswagen Golf GTI . Two main versions were produced; The initial 2,500 units were "homologation specials" used to fulfil FIA accreditation for Group A and were completed by January 1, 1993. These vehicles were fitted with

4872-446: The lifespan of engines. In 1927, Graham Edgar devised the method of using iso-octane and n-heptane as reference chemicals, in order to rate the knock resistance of a fuel with respect to this isomer of octane, thus the name "octane rating". By definition, the isomers iso-octane and n-heptane have an octane rating of 100 and 0, respectively. Because of its more volatile nature, n-heptane ignites and knocks readily, which gives it

4959-657: The lower of the two. One is referred to as the "aviation lean" rating, which for ratings up to 100 is the same as the MON of the fuel. The second is the "aviation rich" rating and corresponds to the octane rating of a test engine under forced induction operation common in high-performance and military piston aircraft. This utilizes a supercharger , and uses a significantly richer fuel/air ratio for improved detonation resistance. The most common currently used fuel, 100LL , has an aviation lean rating of 100 octane, and an aviation rich rating of 130. The RON/MON values of n- heptane and iso-octane are exactly 0 and 100, respectively, by

5046-445: The mixture from its maximum amount — must be done with knowledge, as some combinations of fuel mixture and throttle position (that produce the highest ) can cause detonation and/or pre-ignition , in the worst case destroying the engine within seconds. Pilots are taught in primary training to avoid settings that produce the highest exhaust gas temperatures, and run the engine either "rich of peak EGT " (more fuel than can be burned with

5133-479: The model to qualify for entry in a particular production-based racing series. One example of a production motorcycle that was designed and built primarily to meet homologation requirements is the 2008 Ducati 1098R , a limited-edition version of Ducati's 1098 S sportbike . Ducati even refers to the 1098R in the press as the Homologation Special . Wherever any compromise was made on the 1098S for

5220-479: The octane family, 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (iso-octane), is used as a reference standard to benchmark the tendency of gasoline or LPG fuels to resist self-ignition. The octane rating of gasoline is measured in a test engine and is defined by comparison with the mixture of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (iso-octane) and normal heptane that would have the same anti-knocking capability as the fuel under test. The percentage, by volume, of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane in that mixture

5307-401: The octane number by either of the two laboratory methods requires a special engine built to match the tests' rigid standards, and the procedure can be both expensive and time-consuming. The standard engine required for the test may not always be available, especially in out-of-the-way places or in small or mobile laboratories. These and other considerations led to the search for a rapid method for

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5394-493: The octane rating (or octane number) of a fuel. This is an inaccurate description. In reality, the octane rating is defined as a number describing the stability and ability of a fuel to prevent an engine from unwanted combustions that occur spontaneously in the other regions within a cylinder (i.e., delocalized explosions from the spark plug). This phenomenon of combustion is more commonly known as engine knocking or self-ignition, which causes damage to pistons over time and reduces

5481-470: The octane rating of gasoline is not directly related to the power output of an engine. Using gasoline of a higher octane than an engine is designed for cannot increase its power output. Octane became well known in American popular culture in the 1960s, when gasoline companies boasted of "high octane" levels in their gasoline advertisements. The compound adjective "high-octane", meaning powerful or dynamic,

5568-404: The octane rating that will result from blending different refinery products is essential, something for which the calculated octane index is specially suited. Aviation gasolines used in piston aircraft engines common in general aviation have a slightly different method of measuring the octane of the fuel. Similar to an AKI, it has two different ratings, although it is usually referred to only by

5655-418: The octane ratings for the isomers show that the compound octane itself is clearly not the only factor that determines octane ratings, especially for commercial fuels consist of a wide variety of compounds. "Octane" is colloquially used in the expression "high-octane". The term is used to describe a powerful action because of the association with the concept of "octane rating". This is a misleading term, because

5742-544: The other obvious benefit is that an aircraft with any given volume of fuel in the tanks is automatically lighter. And since many airplanes are flown only occasionally and may sit unused for weeks or months, the lighter fuels tend to evaporate away and leave behind fewer deposits such as "varnish" (gasoline components, particularly alkenes and oxygenates slowly polymerize into solids). Aircraft also typically have dual "redundant" ignition systems which are nearly impossible to tune and time to produce identical ignition timing, so using

5829-453: The path of the primary flame wave, thus depriving the power stroke of its uniformity and causing issues including power loss and heat buildup. The other rarely-discussed reality with high-octane fuels associated with "high performance" is that as octane increases, the specific gravity and energy content of the fuel per unit of weight are reduced. The net result is that to make a given amount of power , more high-octane fuel must be burned in

5916-466: The power output or the energy content of the fuel per unit mass or volume, but simply indicates the resistance to detonating under pressure without a spark. Whether or not a higher octane fuel improves or impairs an engine's performance depends on the design of the engine. In broad terms, fuels with a higher octane rating are used in higher-compression gasoline engines , which may yield higher power for these engines. The added power in such cases comes from

6003-415: The proper time for precise ignition. As octane, ignition spark energy, and the need for precise timing increase, the engine becomes more difficult to "tune" and keep "in tune". The resulting sub-optimal spark energy and timing can cause major engine problems, from a simple "miss" to uncontrolled detonation and catastrophic engine failure. Mechanically within the cylinder, stability can be visualized as having

6090-500: The purpose of making it a more street-friendly and consumer-ready vehicle (for example, reliability, rideability, economy), the 1098R's design makes a far more limited compromise or no compromise at all. An example is the displacement—unlike the engine of the 1098S that has 1098 cc displacement, the 1098R's engine has a displacement of 1198 cc, allowing it to take advantage of the WSBK rulebook that allows up to 1200 cc for engines of

6177-493: The racing series for which the vehicle was designed. In such cases, the manufacturer often designates the car's status in the name, for instance the 1962–1964 Ferrari 250 GTO , "GTO" being the acronym for (in Italian) Gran Turismo Omologata, that is, a homologated grand touring sports car. This term is also used to describe various auto racing sanctioning bodies using the same set of rules for

6264-425: The rally. Delecour finished second, but there were no further top-three placings that season and Ford finished at the bottom of the manufacturers' championship. The experiment with RAS not having been successful, Ford took its rally team back in-house for the 1996 season. Thiry stayed as second driver, but Delecour left the team and was replaced by Carlos Sainz. Sainz took third place in the driver's championship, with

6351-399: The results with those for mixtures of iso-octane and n-heptane. The compression ratio is varied during the test to challenge the fuel's antiknocking tendency, as an increase in the compression ratio will increase the chances of knocking. Another type of octane rating, called Motor Octane Number ( MON ), is determined at 900 rpm engine speed instead of the 600 rpm for RON. MON testing uses

6438-474: The standard Mk 5 Ford Escort, although the front doors and roof are the only bodyshell elements that are actually interchangeable. This accommodation was required as the floor pan of the regular Mk 5 Escort was designed for front-wheel-drive only initially (although a four-wheel drive version, the RS2000 4x4, was soon introduced). Designed under the guidance of Rod Mansfield and John Wheeler of Ford's SVO department,

6525-409: The static ignition arrangement found in the original version (no distributor was used). To improve cooling, larger piston oil squirters were fitted. Although the peak power was reduced by 5 PS (6 bhp; 3 KW), these changes aided drivability for non-competitive use. The "small turbo" models can be visually identified with a black and silver camshaft & ignition coil cover as opposed to the blue of

6612-508: The styling was designed during 1989, a year before the standard Escort was launched, by Stephen Harper at MGA Developments in Coventry. The aerokit (front and rear spoilers) was designed by MGA with oversight by John Wheeler, whilst the ride and handling was overseen by John Bull and Mick Kelly. The body tooling was created by coachbuilders Karmann at their facility in Rheine, Germany, where

6699-405: The type found in the 1098 series. Octane rating#Research Octane Number (RON) An octane rating , or octane number , is a standard measure of a fuel 's ability to withstand compression in an internal combustion engine without causing engine knocking . The higher the octane number, the more compression the fuel can withstand before detonating. Octane rating does not relate directly to

6786-459: The valves is still open). Knocking should not be confused with pre-ignition —they are two separate events with pre-ignition occurring before the combustion event. However, pre-ignition is highly correlated with knock because knock will cause rapid heat increase within the cylinder eventually leading to destructive pre-detonation. Most engine management systems commonly found in automobiles today, typically electronic fuel injection (EFI), have

6873-512: The vehicles were produced solely to meet homologation guidelines or as a genuine for-profit line) offer a line of high-performance parts not intended for use on public roads. Such components could include exhaust systems and engine internals, and are generally within the homologation guidelines of the racing series in which the vehicles are to be used. There is also a brisk after-market supplying components for converting production vehicles to race trim for production-based racing series. One example

6960-481: The way the engine is designed to compress the air/fuel mixture, and not directly from the rating of the gasoline. In contrast, fuels with lower octane (but higher cetane numbers ) are ideal for diesel engines because diesel engines (also called compression-ignition engines) do not compress the fuel, but rather compress only air, and then inject fuel into the air that was heated by compression. Gasoline engines rely on ignition of compressed air and fuel mixture, which

7047-527: Was a disappointment for Ford since, although Delecour won the penultimate round of the season, in Catalunya, he lost the world title to Kankkunen. Delecour and Ford were tipped as serious contenders for the 1994 World Championship, especially after Delecour's victory on the Monte Carlo Rally. However, Delecour retired from the second round of the championship in Portugal, with engine failure, and

7134-548: Was a particular handicap for Ford, since the rally Escort's seven-speed gearbox was not well suited to a lower-revving engine. Delecour, although complaining volubly in interviews about the rule changes, finished second on the Monte Carlo. Bruno Thiry then led the Corsica Rally and looked likely to win, until a wheel bearing failure, which under previous rules his mechanics would have been able to rectify, put him out of

7221-416: Was driven by a succession of temporary drivers, including 1981 World Champion Ari Vatanen , young Belgian driver Bruno Thiry and Franco Cunico. With the exception of Vatanen's third place in Argentina (followed by retirement after a major crash in New Zealand while challenging for third), results were indifferent and the team faced some criticism for its dependence upon Delecour. The final guest driver proved

7308-416: Was officially introduced in the sport the following year (using other road cars). Homologation (motorsport) The word homologation is derived from Greek ὁμολογέω , homologeo , 'I agree'. In racing series that are "production-based", meaning that the vehicles entered in the series are based on production vehicles for sale to the public, homologation not only requires compliance with

7395-410: Was omitted from the build. Additionally the body was strengthened in key areas (front and rear suspension mounts) along with the fuel pump access panel riveted, not welded in place. Motorsport versions include a 'Motorsport" stamped VIN plate. Kerb weight was 40 kg lower. The initial 2,500 homologation cars built with the non-functioning water injection kit are all Motorsport Base spec. Also offered

7482-486: Was once a common additive, but concerns about its toxicity have led to its use for fuels for road vehicles being progressively phased out worldwide beginning in the 1970s. The most common type of octane rating worldwide is the Research Octane Number ( RON ). RON is determined by running the fuel in a test engine at 600 rpm with a variable compression ratio under controlled conditions, and comparing

7569-467: Was the 'Motorsport Shell 909' option which could be ordered though Ford Motorsport along with all Group A & N parts for customers who wanted to build a car from a base shell or required spares. These shells had brackets removed, strengthening plates installed, seam welded and had a roll cage fitted. Ford Motorsport produced 937 of these ready prepared shells. The Standard version was more civilised with additional options available that were unavailable on

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