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36-458: The Escravos is linked by a maze of interconnected waterways to the Forcados, Warri, Benin, and Ethiope rivers. The Nigerian Ports Authority (N.P.A.) granted dredging of Escravos River primarily to expand the waterways so as to make way for bigger vessals which will eventually boost the economic activity of the region and benefit the country at large. When chemicals contaminate water sources,

72-507: A cleaner and healthier water supply by doing these actions. 5°35′N 5°10′E  /  5.583°N 5.167°E  / 5.583; 5.167 This article related to a river in Nigeria is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Nigerian Ports Authority The Nigerian Ports Authority ( NPA ) is a federal government agency that governs and operates the ports of Nigeria . The major ports controlled by

108-578: A collier occurred not long after the opening of the Victoria Tunnel in Newcastle . The hemp rope which controlled the speed of wagons descending the tunnel to the river from Spital Tongues Colliery snapped, and some of the wagons landed in the Tyne while others lodged on the deck of a vessel being loaded. The wagons were recovered at low tide, the rope was repaired, and the papers of the day treated

144-539: A ports reform program was put in place to reduce inefficiency at the ports. The result was the concessioning of about 24 terminals to private operators for a certain period of time. NPA will continue to act as the landlord and provide common user facilities, technical oversight and other marine services. The private operators will be involved in loading and offloading of cargoes. This is the Apapa port in Lagos. Together with

180-589: A result. Sailing and steam colliers co-existed for the remainder of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, with coal being carried by sailing vessels at the time of the First World War. For many years, the Durham and Northumberland coalfields supplied a rapidly expanding London with vast tonnages of coal, and a large fleet of coastal colliers travelled up and down the east coast of England loaded with "black diamonds". Sir Charles Palmer pioneered

216-472: A water source. Given that water is a universal solvent and a necessity for life, water contamination is a serious problem. Industrial waste, marine dumping, sewage and wastewater, oil spills and leaks, agriculture, climate change, radioactive waste, and nuclear energy facilities are the seven main causes of water pollution. Industrial waste, which is generated by businesses, can contaminate freshwater systems with hazardous chemicals and other pollutants, rendering

252-573: A year. Other government agencies such as the Federal Housing Authority and the Nigerian National Supply Company also ordered about 4 million tonnes of cement to be delivered within a year. By the end of November 1974 to late 1975, about 400 cement ships berthed at the Lagos port leading to unprecedented congestion and increasing the turn around time of hundreds of ships to 180 days. NPA accelerated

288-438: Is a major problem that disrupts ecosystems and harms human health and the economy. To keep a clean water supply, proper water treatment policies and administration are essential. People can pick up pet waste, avoid flushing non-biodegradable items, and keep their cars in good condition to prevent pollution. Regular maintenance and proper pet waste disposal can lower pollution levels and improve vehicle efficiency. We can work towards

324-882: Is not operated by the NPA. Like Delta State, Rivers State is a principal petroleum-producing region of Nigeria. Onne is located in Rivers State on Ngololo Creek near the Bonny River , 19 km from Port Harcourt; the port area is located in Eleme Local Government Area ( Eleme LGA ) of Rivers State. The port consists of two major facilities, the Federal Ocean Terminal and the Federal Lighter Terminal. Onne Port has been designated as an Oil and Gas Free Zone by

360-680: The Nigerian Civil War that lasted from 1967-1969, only the Lagos Port was functioning and some parts of the port in Port Harcourt was damaged. In 1969, a new decree added Burutu , Calabar and Warri ports to its jurisdiction. The firm took control of the Warri port from John Holt and Burutu from UAC . However, by the early 1970s, the Lagos port was battling congestion. In 1973, the corporation entered into an agreement with

396-458: The government of Nigeria ; currently over 100 companies have licenses to work at Onne Port; as an economic free zone it serves as a hub port for oil and gas operations throughout West Africa and Central Africa . Collier (ship) A collier is a bulk cargo ship designed or used to carry coal . Early evidence of coal being transported by sea includes use of coal in London in 1306. In

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432-480: The Harton Low Staithes, but it was found that despite their size and power they were too slow to handle the amount of coal that was arriving at the staithes, and were replaced by elevators. The men who worked at the staithes were known as teemers and trimmers. Teemers would open the doors on the bottom of the wagons to allow the coal to fall into hoppers under the rail deck on top of the staithes, or in

468-803: The NPA include: the Lagos Port Complex and Tin Can Island Port in Lagos; Calabar Port , Delta Port , Rivers Port at Port Harcourt , and Onne Port . Operations of the NPA are carried out in affiliation with the Presidency of (Nigeria) and the Nigerian Shippers' Council . The Head office of the Nigerian Ports Authority is located in Marina, Lagos . However, with the concessioning programme of

504-504: The Royal Navy – the best known being HMS Endeavour . In the first half of the nineteenth century, collier brigs were the most common type and remained popular with Northeast coast shipowners. Elsewhere, sailing competition in the latter part of the century was from schooners and other vessels with fore and aft rig. The first steam collier, John Bowes , was launched in 1852 and proved successful, with many others being built as

540-539: The Thames, for handling the large quantity of bituminous coal which was needed to supply the capital with town gas . In the late eighteenth century, a number of wooden-hulled sailing colliers gained fame after being adapted for use in voyages of exploration in the South Pacific, for which their flat-bottomed hulls and sturdy construction made them well-suited. USS  Langley , the first aircraft carrier in

576-479: The Tin Can Island Port, it serves mainly Lagos and western Nigeria. The Lagos Port Complex sees as the major economic door to the nation. Tin Can Island Port at Lagos was hastily constructed in 1976 to ameliorate the problems of the 1975 'cement armada' crisis. It was commissioned on 14 October 1977 at a total cost of N200 million and comprised 10 berths and 2.5 kilometres of hard quay. Located in

612-653: The World Bank to finance expansion of facilities within the ports. In 1974, the Nigerian Ministry of Defense began a program of building various barracks to house almost all of its soldiers. Towards the end of the year, the Ministry began a process of issuing offers to various companies for cement delivery. Though less than 3 million tonnes of cement was needed yearly, the ministry ended up offering letters of delivery for 16 million tonnes to be delivered within

648-407: The case of drops, directly into the hold of the collier. The trimmers worked in the hold, spreading and levelling the coal with shovels and rakes so that its weight would be evenly distributed. Skilled trimmers could stand with their shovel under the stream of coal coming from a spout or the end of a conveyor and angle it so the coal would ricochet off into the part of the hold they wanted to fill. This

684-596: The coal could be seen on the riverfront until their removal in 2014; due to the historic nature of the site they were intended to be returned but have instead been stored at Tilbury Docks . These are fitted with clamshell buckets and in operation loaded a hopper, which in turn fed a conveyor system leading to the power station's coal bunkers. The modern equivalent can be seen at the Tyne Coal Terminal, unloading bulk carriers. Gas Light and Coke Company had similar facilities at its large gasworks, also alongside

720-461: The construction of iron-hulled steam colliers at his Jarrow shipyard, which began to rapidly replace the earlier wooden ships. This inadvertently led to the eventual decline of the glassmaking industry on Tyneside and Wearside , as prior to this, they had had access to large supplies of sand, used as ballast in the wooden colliers returning from London. The iron colliers had ballast tanks which meant water could simply be pumped in, greatly reducing

756-541: The country. By 1963 the firm had grown successfully, it was operating a cargo ship from Lagos to Port Harcourt and also began dredging the Bonny terminal for oil operations. In the same year, the firm issued a £4.3 million loan stock in London. From 1962 - 1968, under the Nigerian Development plan, the length of the quays was expanded and additional warehouses and cargo handling equipment were added. During

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792-578: The expansion of port facilities after the end of the cement armada. The government spent over 190 million naira to complete the Tin Can Island port with two roll on roll off facilities. It built a third wharf in Apapa and expanded facilities at the Warri and Calabar ports. It also constructed three lighter terminals in Kiri Kiri, Onne and Ikorodu. During the administration of Olusegun Obasanjo ,

828-676: The federal government, which is aimed at promoting efficiency through, public and private partnership, the Nigerian Ports, has since 2005, being concessioned. This landlord arrangement as they call it, has fostered better relationship and high turn-out of goods and services in and around the Nigerian Port system either in the Eastern or the ever-busy Western zone. The Nigerian Ports Authority started operating in April 1955 following

864-779: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, coal was shipped from the River Tyne to London and other destinations. Other ports also exported coal – for instance the Old Quay in Whitehaven harbour was built in 1634 for the loading of coal. London became highly reliant on the delivery of coal by sea – Samuel Pepys expressed concern in the winter of 1666–67 that war with the Dutch would prevent a fleet of 200 colliers getting through. In 1795, 4,395 cargoes of coal were delivered to London. By 1824, this number had risen to about 7,000; by 1839, it

900-466: The implementation of the Ports Act of 1954. In the beginning, the public corporation managed only the Lagos and Port Harcourt ports while some private companies managed the remaining Nigerian ports. In addition to managing cargo handling, quay and berthing facilities at the Lagos and Port Harcourt ports, the initial law also gave it the responsibility of managing harbours and approaches to all ports in

936-515: The numerous power stations on the banks of the River Thames , and wharves were constructed alongside them for unloading the colliers. These vessels known as " flat-irons " with a low-profile superstructures and fold-down funnels and masts to fit under bridges over the Thames above the Pool of London. The wharf at Battersea Power Station is still extant, and the cranes formerly used for unloading

972-488: The ports of Warri , Burutu , Sapele and petroleum terminals at Escravos and Forcados . The Rivers Port Complex in coastal Rivers State comprises Port of Port Harcourt , Okrika Refined Petroleum Oil Jetty, Haastrup/Eagle Bulk Cement Jetty, Kidney Island Jetty, Ibeto Jetty, Macobar Jetty and Bitumen Jetty. Management of port operations at Port Harcourt itself has been commissioned out to two port operators , Ports and Terminal Operators and BUA Ports and Terminal, it

1008-465: The river that the colliers were unable to navigate. As demand increased, specialised jetties known as " staithes " began to be built in the 1890s. These were of numerous designs. Some had spouts used for unscreened or small coal, others known as "drops" had steep inclines at the end, down which a wagon would be lowered directly into the hold, minimising the breakage of coal. Some had both drops and spouts. The drops and spouts could be raised and lowered with

1044-781: The southeast corner of the country in Cross River State , Calabar is the home of the Eastern Naval Command of the Nigerian Navy . This is the longest serving port and also the oldest seaport in Nigeria. Port facilities are located 55 nautical miles up the Calabar River . Delta Port, Rivers Port and Onne Port are located in the petroleum and natural gas producing Niger River Delta region of Nigeria. Delta Port in Delta State includes

1080-587: The tide. Later, elevators began to be introduced, such as those at Bates Staithes in Blyth, Northumberland and Harton Low Staithes in South Shields . These staithes used spouts. The largely intact Dunston Staiths on the Tyne are a good example of this type. In Scotland, a system was common where wagons would be placed on a cradle and lifted into the hold of the ship, but this system was rarely used elsewhere. Two large steam cranes were built for this purpose at

1116-487: The turnaround time as the sand no longer needed to be loaded and unloaded. Coal was also exported to Europe, and wooden colliers returned with goods such as roofing tiles in their holds. The first Palmer-built iron hulled steam collier was SS John Bowes of 1852 . There had been an earlier iron hull screw propelled collier, the short-lived SS Bedlington of 1841 built in South Shields. A notable incident involving

Escravos River - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-422: The water becomes unsafe for use in drinking, cooking, cleaning, swimming, and other activities. Chemicals, waste, microorganisms, and parasites are examples of pollutants. All types of pollutants eventually end up in water. On lakes and oceans, air pollution settles. An subterranean stream, a river, and finally the ocean can all be contaminated by land. Waste placed in a vacant lot can therefore eventually contaminate

1188-487: The water unsuitable for human consumption and changing the temperature of the freshwater systems. When waste is dumped into ocean waters, it can take anywhere between two and 200 years for it to entirely degrade. Even after treatment, hazardous chemicals, germs, and pathogens can still be present in sewage and wastewater, posing health risks to both people and animals. oil drilling operations or ships transporting oil are both responsible for oil leaks and spills. Water pollution

1224-444: The whole incident as something of a joke. Six months later, the rope snapped again, and the wagons landed in the hold of a waiting collier and sank it. After this, it was decided a wire rope would be a better option. This is probably the only recorded incident of a train having sunk a ship. Loading the colliers was carried out by hand at first, especially where coal was transferred from keels which had brought it downstream from parts of

1260-410: Was a dangerous job, as the holds could fill with firedamp given off by the coal, resulting in an explosion. More modern systems are designed to be able to evenly distribute the coal without the need for men working in the holds of the ships. Although, in later years, the colliers faced competition from the railways in supplying coal for domestic use in the capital, large quantities of coal were used at

1296-629: Was over 9,000. The trade continued to the end of the twentieth century, with the last cargo of coal leaving the Port of Tyne in February, 2021. The earliest type of collier on which there is detailed information is the Whitby -built cat. These were bluff-bowed, round-sterned, strongly-built ships that were in common use from the ports of Northeast England in the second half of the eighteenth century. Examples were used as research and exploration ships by

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