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69-711: The other names of the Irúnmọlẹ̀ called Èṣù includes; Ẹlẹ́jẹ̀lú , Olúlànà , Ọbasìn , Láarúmọ̀ , Ajọ́ńgọ́lọ̀ ,  Ọba Ọ̀dàrà, Onílé Oríta , Ẹlẹ́gbára Ọ̀gọ , Olóògùn Àjíṣà , Láàlú Ògiri Òkò , Láàlù Bara Ẹlẹ́jọ́ , Láaróyè Ẹbọra tí jẹ́ Látọpa . Èṣù is powerful, relevant, and ubiquitous to the extent of having every day of the four-day (ancient/traditional) Yorùbá week as his day of worship ( Ọjọ́ Ọ̀ṣẹ̀ ), unlike all other Irúnmọlẹ̀s and Òrìṣàs (primordial Divinities and deified Ancestor Spirits; " ọjọ́ gbogbo ni ti Èṣù Ọ̀darà ". The controversial cognomen; A-bá-ni-wá-ọ̀ràn-bá-ò-rí-dá (He-who-creates-problems-for-the-innocent) highlights

138-779: A following in the United States and parts of Central America. Some Andean areas, such as in Peru , have a strong influence of Inca -originated Quechua culture into Catholicism. This often results in Catholic holy days and festivities featuring Quechua dances or figures, such as the Assumption of Mary celebration in Chinchaypujio , or the fertility celebrations for Pachamama in the mostly Catholic Callalli . The Lacandon people of Central America acknowledge Äkyantho',

207-527: A fundamentally Christian synthesis. Sometimes old pagan gods—or at least their aspects and roles—were transferred to Christian saints, such as when Demetrius of Thessaloniki inherited the role of patron of agriculture from Demeter and the Eleusinian Mysteries after the latter's demise in the 4th century. Syncretism is distinguished from assimilation , the latter of which refers to the church's ability to "incorporate into herself all that

276-520: A group of mynstric minstrels who put emphasis on their mystical elements with the tradition of music. Baul tradition is essentially an amalgamation of Vaishnavism and Sufism . Baul has had a considerable effect on Bengali culture . Baul traditions are included in the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity . Being a religious minority in the region for centuries, colonial officials found that indigenous Baloch Hindus developed

345-548: A modified form of ancestral rites and observe many Buddhist and Confucian customs and philosophies. In Asia the revolutionary movements of Taiping (19th-century China) and God's Army ( Karen in the 1990s) blended Christianity with traditional beliefs. Chinese Independent Churches , with membership up to eighty million, incorporate elements of Protestantism and Chinese folk religion . An Islamic and Hindu-Buddhist-Animist Syncretist movement in Indonesia known as Abangan

414-459: A number of elements derived from indigenous and slave cultures in those areas (see the Caribbean and modern sections ). The Catholic Church allows some symbols and traditions to be carried over from older belief systems, so long as they are remade to conform (rather than conflict) with a Christian worldview; syncretism of other religions with the Catholic faith, such as Voudun or Santería ,

483-471: A result of apostasy . While it does not officially recognize doctrine from other religions, it is believed that truth in other sources can be identified via personal revelation . Catholicism in South Korea has been syncretized with traditional Mahayana Buddhist and Confucian customs that form an integral part of traditional Korean culture. As a result, South Korean Catholics continue to practice

552-552: A skeleton), Exu Tranca-Rua ("Street Locker", opener and closer of spiritual ways) and Exu Mirim ("Little Exu", a spirit that resembles the personality of a child or teenager). In Umbanda, a Pombagira (female consort of Exu) may also be considered a kind of Exu, commonly venerated in the practice of Brazilian Love magic . From the time of the first English translations of Yorùbá words in the mid nineteenth century, Èṣù has been rendered as "devil" or "satan". The first known instance of this came from Samuel Ajayi Crowther 's "Vocabulary of

621-614: A very similar civilization, identified Greek gods with similar figures in the Etruscan-Roman tradition , though usually without copying cult practices . (For details, see interpretatio graeca .) Syncretic gods of the Hellenistic period also found wide favor in Rome. For example, Serapis , Isis , and Mithras . Cybele , as worshipped in Rome, essentially represented a syncretic East Mediterranean goddess . The Romans imported

690-491: Is a syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism. The religious beliefs, practices, and identities of East Asians (who comprise the majority of the world's Buddhists by any measure) often blend Buddhism with other traditions including Confucianism , the Chinese folk religion , Taoism , Shinto , Korean shamanism , and Vietnamese folk religion . Before and during World War II, a Nichiren Shōshū priest named Jimon Ogasawara proposed

759-773: Is also cited as a likely starting point for the Jewish Ten Commandments . Some scholars hold that Judaism refined its concept of monotheism and adopted features such as its eschatology , angelology , and demonology through contacts with Zoroastrianism . However, some scholars dispute that claim. In spite of the Jewish halakhic prohibitions against polytheism , idolatry , and associated practices ( Avodah Zarah ), several combinations of Judaism with other religions have sprung up: Messianic Judaism , Jewish Buddhism , Nazarenism , and Judeo-Paganism . Several Jewish Messiah claimants (such as Jacob Frank ) and

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828-596: Is always at the middle of divergent world forces. He controls and regulates the two extremes – the world of happiness, joy, and fulfilment, as well as the arena of destruction, hopelessness, and sorrow. Èṣù always demands from those who have to give to those demanded for it within the premises of sacrifices, rituals, and propitiation. He maintains the delicate balance of good and bad – just and unjust. He protects towns and villages, Priests and Priestess ( àwọn Ẹlẹ́gùn - tí wọ́n ní ẹ̀rẹ́ ní Ìpàkọ́ ), and Devotees and Awos against evil machinations, always favouring those that performed

897-418: Is an Òrìṣà similar to Eleggua, but there are only 101 paths to Eshu according to ocha, rather than the 256 paths to Eleggua according to Ifá. Èṣù is known as the "Father who gave birth to Ogboni", and is also thought to be agile and always willing to rise to a challenge. Both ocha and Ifá share some paths, however. Eshu Ayé is said to work closely with all Òrìṣà including Òrìṣà Olokun and is thought to walk on

966-536: Is credited with creating the universe and all living things. Ọlọrun is frequently perceived as a compassionate entity who protects its creations and is thought to be omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent. Humans do not worship Olorun directly; there are no sacred areas of worship, no iconography, nor ordained person. Olorun is outlying, distant, and does not partake in human rituals. There are no shrines or sacrifices dedicated directly to them, although followers can send prayers in their direction. Olorun has no gender in

1035-574: Is essentially good because they believe that God created all things, both spiritual and material, and said that it was "very good". Simon Magus has been identified as one of the early proponents of Gnosticism. In the first few centuries after the death of Jesus , there were various competing "Jesus movements". The Roman emperors used syncretism to help unite the expanding empire. Social conversion to Christianity happened all over Europe. It became even more effective when missionaries concurred with established cultural traditions and interlaced them into

1104-536: Is expressly condemned. The image of Our Lady of Guadalupe and the subsequent devotion to her are seen as assimilating some elements of native Mexican culture into Christianity. Santa Muerte , a female deity of death, has also emerged as the combination of the indigenous goddess Mictecacihuatl and the Lady of Guadalupe. As of 2012, Santa Muerte is worshipped by approximately 5% of the Mexican population, and also has

1173-690: Is kept a secret, like Freemasonry. They pass as ordinary Hindus, but their devotion to the Imam is very strong." "The Meos (Muhammadans) of the eastern Punjab still participate in the observance of the Holi and Diwali festivals. On the latter occasion they paint the horns, hoofs, etc., of their bullocks and join in the general rejoicings" . Similar to that of Punjab, census reports conducted in British India highlighted syncretic practices among Bengali Hindus and Muslims. "That both were originally of

1242-507: Is known as Orun. Creator of the cosmology and all that exists, Ayé . From the Yoruba language , Olorun's name is a contraction of the words oní (which denotes ownership or rulership) and ọ̀run (which means the Heavens , abode of the spirits). Another name, Olodumare, comes from the phrase "O ní odù mà rè" meaning "the owner of the source of creation that does not become empty," "or

1311-511: Is known for doing so with the ideas of Aristotle. In his essay on the development of Christian doctrine, John Henry Newman clarified the idea of assimilation. In Moses and Monotheism , Sigmund Freud made a case for Judaism arising out of the pre-existing monotheism that was briefly imposed upon Egypt during the rule of Akhenaten . Freud, S. (2016). Moses and Monotheism . Harmakis Edizioni. ISBN   978-88-98301-79-9 . Retrieved November 23, 2024 . The Code of Hammurabi

1380-433: Is known to BE everything, and everywhere. There is some controversy about whether Olodumare is directly worshiped, due to their aloofness from humanity, or due to the belief that Olorun already is ALL manifestation of life and existence, and the believer is bound to be grateful and loving towards all existence, and all beings, since Olorun IS everything. However, there are those who also worship Olodumare directly. Olodumare

1449-647: Is that Druzes were attracted to warrior saints that resemble their own militarized society. Satpanth is considered a syncretism of Ismaili Islam and Hinduism. Buddhism has syncretized with many traditional beliefs in East Asian societies as it was seen as compatible with local religions. Notable syncretization of Buddhism with local beliefs includes the Three Teachings , or Triple Religion, that harmonizes Mahayana Buddhism with Confucian philosophy and elements of Taoism , and Shinbutsu-shūgō , which

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1518-466: Is the one who distributes, and also supervises the distribution of sacrifices ( ẹbọ ) to the Ajoguns. In some Yoruba traditions amulets in the form of Eshu covered with divination boards are used. Èṣùu partially serves as an alternate name for Eleggua , the messenger for all Orishas, and that there are 256 paths to Eleggua—each one of which is an Eshu. It is believed that Èṣù of the ìṣẹ̀ṣe Religion

1587-443: Is the origin of virtue and mortality, and bestows the knowledge of things upon all persons when they are born. Olorun is omnipotent, transcendent, unique, all knowing, good, and evil. These orisa or orishas are supernatural beings, both good ( egungun ) and bad ( ajogun ), who represent human activity and natural forces, all at the same time, and is all harmonious, all possessed of equilibrium and worth. In Trinidad Orisha, this God

1656-528: Is treated as an image of the Virgin Mary. Khotons follow a syncretic form of Islam that incorporates Buddhist and traditional elements (like Tengrism ). Xueta Christianity is a syncretic religion on the island of Mallorca , Spain , followed by the Xueta people, who are supposedly descendants of persecuted Jews who were converts to Christianity . Traditionally, The church of Saint Eulalia and

1725-520: Is true, good, and beautiful in the world". This idea was present in the early Church; the Second Apology of Justin Martyr states: "Whatever things were rightly said among all men, are the property of us Christians". The Church has assimilated many (though not all) of the ideas of Plato and Aristotle . Augustine of Hippo is remembered for assimilating the ideas of Plato, while Thomas Aquinas

1794-609: The Germania , the Roman historian Tacitus speaks of Germanic worshippers of Hercules and Mercury ; most modern scholars tentatively identify Hercules as Thor and Mercury as Odin . Romans were familiar with the concept of syncretism because, from their earliest times, they had experienced it with, among others, the Greeks. The Romans incorporated Apollo and Hercules, originally Greek deities, into their religion. They did not look at

1863-558: The 9/11 attacks and to the shootings at Newtown, Connecticut , on the grounds that joint worship with other Christian denominations or other religious faiths implied that differences between religions are not important. In the Latter Day Saint movement , doctrine from previous dispensations as recorded in the LDS canon are considered official, though it is accepted that ancient teachings can be warped, misunderstood, or lost as

1932-599: The Berber language comprising 80 suras under the leadership of the second ruler of the dynasty Salih ibn Tarif who had taken part in the Maysara uprising. He proclaimed himself a prophet. He also claimed to be the final Mahdi of Islamic tradition, and that Isa ( Jesus ) would be his companion and pray behind him. The Druzes integrated elements of Ismaili Islam with Gnosticism and Platonism . The Druze faith also incorporates some elements of Christianity . Due to

2001-597: The Christian influence on Druze faith , two Christian saints become the Druze 's favorite venerated figures: Saint George and Saint Elijah . According to scholar Ray Jabre Mouawad the Druzes appreciated the two saints for their bravery: Saint George because he confronted the dragon and Saint Elijah because he competed with the pagan priests of Baal and won over them. In both cases the explanations provided by Christians

2070-512: The Decree of Diopeithes made the introduction of and belief in foreign gods a criminal offense and allowed only Greeks to worship in Athenian temples and festivals (as foreigners were considered impure). Other sources dispute the existence of the decree. Syncretism functioned as a feature of Hellenistic Ancient Greek religion, although only outside of Greece. Overall, Hellenistic culture in

2139-706: The Lutheran Georg Calisen "Calixtus" (1586–1656) of the University of Helmstedt for his "syncretism". (See: Syncretistic controversy .) Pope Paul VI included a warning against syncretism in his encyclical letter of 1964, Ecclesiam Suam : Irenism and syncretism [are] ultimately nothing more than skepticism about the power and content of the Word of God which we desire to preach. Catholicism in Central and South America has been integrated with

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2208-671: The Sabbateans came to mix Kabbalistic Judaism with Christianity and Islam. The Islamic mystical tradition known as Sufism appears somewhat syncretic in nature in its origins , but this is rejected by many other modern scholars. Mainstream Tasawwuf does not present itself as a separate set of beliefs from the mainstream Sunni tradition; well-established traditions like Naqshbandi , Qadiri , Shadhili , and most others have always been part and parcel of normative Islamic life. During Sufi presence in Bengal, Muslim–Tantric syncretism

2277-637: The age that followed Alexander the Great itself showed syncretist features, essentially blending Mesopotamian , Persian , Anatolian , Egyptian , and (eventually) Etruscan – Roman elements within a Hellenic formula. The Egyptian god Amun was developed into the Hellenized Zeus Ammon after Alexander the Great went into the desert to seek out his oracle at the Siwa Oasis . The Romans , identifying themselves as joint heirs to

2346-603: The All Sufficient". Syncretic religion Religious syncretism is the blending of religious belief systems into a new system, or the incorporation of other beliefs into an existing religious tradition. This can occur for many reasons, where religious traditions exist in proximity to each other, or when a culture is conquered and the conquerors bring their religious beliefs with them, but do not succeed in eradicating older beliefs and practices. Many religions have syncretic elements, but adherents often frown upon

2415-771: The Greek god Dionysus into Rome, where he merged with the Latin mead god Liber , and converted the Anatolian Sabazios into the Roman Sabazius . The degree of likeness varied: Jupiter was perhaps a better match with Zeus than the rural huntress Diana was for the feared Artemis . Ares was not homologous to Mars . The Romans physically imported the (statue of) Anatolian goddess Cybele into Rome from her cult center in Anatolian Pessinos in

2484-586: The Ifá Literary Corpus, and is always referred to as an entity who exists in spiritual form only. Christian missionaries, such as Bolaji Idowu , aimed to reinterpret traditional Yoruba culture as consistent with Christian theology as a way of pushing conversion. The first translation of the Bible into Yoruba in the late 1800s by Samuel Ajayi Crowther controversially adopted traditional Yoruba names, such as "Olodumare/Olorun" for "God" and " Eshu " for

2553-456: The Lepcha have practiced it together with Buddhism. Since the arrival of Christian missionaries in the nineteenth century, Mun traditions have been followed alongside that faith as well. The traditional religion permits the incorporation of Buddha and Jesus Christ as deities, depending on household beliefs. One can contrast Christian syncretism with contextualization or inculturation ,

2622-562: The Library pays literary homage to this episode. Ol%C3%B3d%C3%B9mar%C3%A8 Olorun ( Yoruba alphabet : Ọlọrun ) ( Ede language : ɔlɔrun ) is the ruler of (or in) the Heavens creator of the Yoruba. The Supreme Deity or Supreme Being in the Yoruba pantheon , Olorun is also called Olodumare ( Yoruba alphabet : Olódùmarè ), Eledumare and Eleduwa/Eledua. In Yoruba culture, Ọlọrun

2691-685: The Muhammadans. On the other hand the miraculous powers of Muhammadan saints were enough to attract the saint worshiping Hindus, to allegiance, if not to a total change of faith... The Shamsis are believers in Shah Shamas Tabrez of Multan , and follow the Imam , for the time being, of the Ismailia sect of Shias ... they belong mostly to the Sunar caste and their connection with the sect

2760-725: The Portuguese in China, the practice of which was opposed by the Dominicans , leading to the Chinese rites controversy . Syncretism did not play a role when Christianity split into eastern and western rites during the Great Schism . It became involved, however, with the rifts of the Protestant Reformation , with Desiderius Erasmus 's readings of Plutarch. Even earlier, syncretism was a fundamental aspect of

2829-493: The Yoruba" (1842) where his entries for "Satan" and “devil” had Eshu in English. Subsequent dictionaries over the years have followed suit, permeating popular culture and Yorùbá societies as well. Lately, many online campaigns have been set up to protest this, and many activists have worked to correct it. There have also been quite a number of academic work examining the mistranslation. The translation on Google Translate took up

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2898-417: The application of the label, especially those who belong to "revealed" religions, such as Abrahamic religions , or any system with an exclusivist approach, seeing syncretism as corrupting the original religion. Non-exclusivist systems of belief on the other hand feel more free to incorporate other traditions into their own. Classical Athens was exclusive in matters of religion. Some sources assert that

2967-510: The blending of Nichiren Buddhism with Shinto. Hinduism , Buddhism , Jainism and Zoroastrianism in ancient India have made many adaptations over the millennia, assimilating elements of various religious traditions. One example of this is the Yoga Vasistha . Akram Vigyan Movement established by Dada Bhagwan is considered to be a Jain-Vaishnava Hindu syncretistic movement. The Mughal emperor Akbar , who wanted to consolidate

3036-608: The church of Montesión ( Mount Zion ) in Palma de Mallorca have been used by the families of Jewish converts ( Xuetas ), and both are the centers of Xueta religious ritual life. The Palma's Mont Zion Church was once the main synagogue of Palma de Mallorca . Is estimated that there are roughly 20,000 Chuetas living on the island of Mallorca today, and they practiced strict endogamy by marrying only within their own group. Census reports taken in Punjab Province during

3105-543: The colonial era ( British India ) noted and documented various practices highlighting religious syncretism among Punjabi Muslims , Punjabi Hindus , and Meo Muslims . "In other parts of the Province, too, traces of Hindu festivals are noticeable among the Muhammadans. In the western Punjab, Baisakhi , the new year's day of the Hindus, is celebrated as an agricultural festival, by all Muhammadans, by racing bullocks yoked to

3174-546: The complexity of the nature of this highly unpredictable Deity called Èṣù Ọba Ọ̀dàrà (who has his abode at crossroads) across all strata of Yorùbá society in general and of spiritual communities in particular. Èṣù is the messenger not only to the Olódùmarè , but also to the other Irúnmọlẹ̀s/Òrìṣàs. He is also the intermediary between Ajoguns (evil spirits) to the Irúnmọlẹ̀s/Òrìṣàs and the ẹ̀dá èèyàn (human beings); he

3243-450: The devil, and thus began associating Olorun with the male gender. For Yoruba traditions, there is no centralized authority; because of this, there are many different ways that Yoruba people and their descendants or orisa-based faiths can understand the idea of Olorun. Historically, the Yoruba worship Olorun through the agency of the orisa; thus there is no image, shrine or sacrifice made directly towards Olorun, since Olorun

3312-489: The diverse religious communities in his empire, propounded Din-i-Ilahi , a syncretic religion intended to merge the best elements of the religions of his empire, Allopanishad is the example there. Satpanth is considered a syncretism of Ismaili Islam and Hinduism. Meivazhi is a syncretic monotheistic minority religion based in Tamil Nadu, India. Its focus is spiritual enlightenment and the conquering of death, through

3381-644: The efforts of Neoplatonists such as Marsilio Ficino to reform the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1615, David Pareus of Heidelberg urged Christians to a "pious syncretism" in opposing the Antichrist , but few 17th-century Protestants discussed the compromises that might effect a reconciliation with the Catholic Church: Johann Hülsemann , Johann Georg Dorsche, and Abraham Calovius (1612–85) opposed

3450-524: The form of cornmeal or popcorn; and farofa, a manioc flour. Male birds, four-legged and other animals are offered as sacrifice to Exu. In each offering made to an orixá, a part of the food is separated and dedicated to Exu. In the syncretic religion of Umbanda , Exu may have a different meaning. Usually in Umbanda Exu is not considered a single Deity , but many different spirits. Some of the most popular Exus are Exu Caveira ("Skull Exu", represented as

3519-623: The form of her original aniconic archaic stone idol; they identified her as Magna Mater and gave her a matronly, explicitly iconic image developed in Hellenistic Pergamum . Likewise, when the Romans encountered Celts and Germanic peoples , they mingled those peoples' gods with their own, creating Sulis Minerva , Apollo Sucellos (Apollo the Good Smiter) and Mars Thingsus (Mars of the war-assembly), among many others. In

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3588-401: The god of foreigners. He has a son named Hesuklistos (Jesus Christ) who is supposed to be the god of the foreigners. They recognize that Hesuklistos is a god but do not feel he is worthy of worship as he is a minor god. The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod experienced controversy for disciplining pastors for unionism and syncretism when they participated in multi-faith services in response to

3657-706: The illuminations on occasions like the Chiraghan fair of Shalamar (Lahore) are no doubt practices answering to the holiday-making instinct of the converted Hindus." "Besides actual conversion, Islam has had a considerable influence on the Hindu religion. The sects of reformers based on a revolt from the orthodoxy of Varnashrama Dharma were obviously the outcome of the knowledge that a different religion could produce equally pious and right thinking men. Laxity in social restrictions also appeared simultaneously in various degrees and certain customs were assimilated to those of

3726-457: The necessary and appropriate sacrifices ( ẹbọs ) and other forms of rituals; " ẹni tó bá rúbọ l'Èṣù ń gbè "!  Èṣù Láàlù is a bosom friend, working partner, confidant, and close associate of Ọ̀rúnmìlà Baraà mi Àgbọnnìrègún , the one who practises and teaches Ifá , an esoteric language of Olódùmarè (containing divine message of life) through a very complex divinatory system, and who also teaches wisdom.  The name of Eshu varies around

3795-478: The practice of making Christianity relevant to a culture: Contextualisation does not address the doctrine but affects a change in the styles or expression of worship. Although Christians often took their European music and building styles into churches in other parts of the world, in a contextualization approach, they would build churches, sing songs, and pray in a local ethnic style. Some Jesuit missionaries adapted local systems and images to teach Christianity, as did

3864-587: The prefix of Shaikh alone distinguishing the convert to Islam ." In the Sundarbans (spread across Indian state of West Bengal and Bangladesh ), it is noted that Bonbibi , a guardian spirit of the forests is venerated by Hindus and Muslim residents alike. In most of the shrines of Banbibi in the Sundarbans, Banbibi is most commonly worshipped along with her brother Shah Jangali and Dakkhin Rai. Bauls are

3933-502: The protector and guardian of houses and terreiros; Exu-Elepô, the god of palm oil ; Exu lnã, the god of fire; and Exu Ojixé, a messenger god. A shrine dedicated to Exu is located outside of the main terreiro of a Candomblé temple, usually near the entrance gate. It is, in general, made of a simple mound of red clay. These shrines are similar to those found in Nigeria. Ritual foods offered to Exu include palm oil; beans; corn, either in

4002-602: The religious aspects they adopted from other cultures to be different or less meaningful from those that originated as Roman. The early Roman acceptance of other cultures' religions into their own made it easy for them to integrate the newly encountered religions they found due to their expansion. Gnosticism is identified as an early form of syncretism that challenged the beliefs of early Christians . Gnostic dualism posited that only spiritual or invisible things were good, and that material or visible things were evil. Orthodox (mainstream) Christians have always insisted that matter

4071-453: The same earlier mistranslations. This led to a number of online campaigns until 2016 when Nigerian linguist and writer Kola Tubosun , then an employee at Google, first changed it back to less derogatory connotations. When the changes were reverted, he changed them again in 2019. The translation for Èṣù to English now remains "Èṣù" while "devil" and "satan" translate to "bìlísì" and "sàtánì" respectively. Tubosun's 2024 collection of poetry Èṣù at

4140-572: The same race seems sufficiently clear, not only from comparisons to physical characteristics, but from the similarity of their language, manners and customs. The Bengali Musalman is still in many respects a Hindu . Caste distinction, one of the main objects of which would seem to be to prescribe the limits of the jus connubii, are to a certain extent as prevalent and as fully recognised among the Mohammedans of Bengal, as among Hindus. As Buchanan pointed out sixty years ago, they not unfrequently meet at

4209-476: The same shrine, both invoking the same object of worship though perhaps under different names. Instead of commending a letter "In the name of God" (which is the orthodox fashion), the Bengali Musalman will superscribe the name of some Hindu deity. He speaks the same language, and uses precisely the same nomenclature and the same expressions of thought as his Hindu neighbor. Their very names are identical,

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4278-654: The same time. Many of the pagodas in China are dedicated to both Buddhist and Taoist deities. Likewise, in Southeast Asia, the local variants of Buddhism have been adapted to accommodate folk beliefs, such as the veneration of nats in Myanmar and phi in Thailand. Tibetan Buddhism is also syncretic in adopting practices from the earlier Bön religion. The various Indianised cultures of Southeast Asia also incorporated Hinduism with local beliefs and folklore, such as

4347-426: The shore of the beach. Èṣù Bi is a stern and forceful avatar, appearing as both an old man and young boy, who walked with Shangó and Oyá (the initial two Ibeyi), and Eshu Bi protects both of these, as well as all other small children. Eshu Laroye is an avatar believed to be the companion of Oshún and believed to be one of the most important Eshus, and the avatar of Eshu Laroye is thought to be talkative and small. Èṣù

4416-653: The teachings. Mevaizhi preaches the Oneness of essence message of all the previous major scriptures – particularly Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Judaism and Christianity – allowing membership regardless of creed. Meivazhi's disciples are thousands of people belonging once to 69 different castes of different religions being united as one family of Meivazhi religion. In China, most of the population follows syncretistic religions combining Mahayana Buddhism , Taoism , and elements of Confucianism . Out of all Chinese believers, approximately 85% adhere to Chinese traditional religion , as many profess to be both Mahayana Buddhist and Taoist at

4485-466: The veneration of Dewi Sri in Java. At least hundreds of thousands of people follow religions that syncretize Chinese folk religion and Christianity , while others follow similar belief structures that incorporate Islamic theology instead and have precedent in some 19th and 20th century Muslim populations in China. The traditional Mun faith of the Lepcha people predates their seventh century conversion to Lamaistic Buddhism . Since that time,

4554-537: The well gear, with the beat of tom-toms, and large crowds gather to witness the show, The race is called Baisakhi and is a favourite pastime in the well-irrigated tracts. Then the processions of Tazias , in Muharram , with the accompaniment of tom-toms, fencing parties and bands playing on flutes and other musical instruments (which is disapproved by the orthodox Muhammadans) and the establishment of Sabils (shelters where water and sharbat are served out) are clearly influenced by similar practices at Hindu festivals, while

4623-573: The world: in Yorùbáland , Eshu is Èṣù-Elegba or Laolu-Ogiri Oko; Exu de Candomblé in Candomblé ; Echú in Santería and Latin America; Legba in Haitian Vodou ; Leba in Winti ; Exu de Quimbanda in Quimbanda ; Lucero in Palo Mayombe ; and Exu in Latin America. Exu is known by various forms and names in Afro-Brazilian religions. They include Akesan; Alafiá; Alaketo; Bará, or Ibará; Elegbá, or Elegbará, Inan; Lalu, or Jelu; Laroyê; Lon Bií; Lonã; Odara; Olodé; Tamenta, or Etamitá; Tiriri. The most common forms or praise-names of Exu are Exu-Agbo,

4692-535: Was a general trend, and Nobibongšo by Syed Sultan is an example of it. The book tells the lineage of the prophets of Islam. Apart from Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus Christ, the poet also describes Dharmic figures such as Brahma, Vishnu, Rama and Krishna. The Barghawata kingdom of Morocco followed a syncretic religion inspired by Islam (perhaps influenced by Judaism) with elements of Sunni , Shi'ite and Kharijite Islam, mixed with astrological and heathen traditions. Supposedly, they had their own Qur'an in

4761-437: Was politically and socially active for a while. In the Philippines Folk Catholicism blends religious and magical elements from the precolonial Philippine nations which were practicing either Buddhism , Hinduism , Animism , Islam or other religions; together with Hispano-American Roman Catholicism. An example of this is the Our Lady of Guidance of the Philippines, which was an icon of a Native Hindu - Buddhist Diwata but

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