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59-572: Ettal Abbey was founded on 28 April 1330, Saint Vitalis of Milan 's day, by Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian in the Graswang valley, in fulfilment of an vow, on his return from his coronation in Rome, on a site of strategic importance on the primary trade route between Italy and Augsburg . The foundation legend is that Ludwig's horse genuflected three times on the site of the original church building, where

118-527: A "catastrophe" that requires every bishop to engage with it personally, to "put their own flesh on the line". He wrote: "We will not be saved by investigations or the power of institutions. The prestige of our Church which tends to conceal her sins will not save us; neither the power of money nor the opinion of the media will save us." Instead he proposed all "confess our nakedness" and admit to sin and ask for "the grace of shame". He compared Marx's statement to Peter's confession to Christ: "Turn away from me for I am

177-595: A Swiss-Italian architect working in Munich , who had studied with Bernini . The decoration was primarily carried out by Josef Schmutzer of the Wessobrunn School of stuccoists and Johann Baptist Straub , who was responsible for the altars and the chancel. Ettal's importance as a place of pilgrimage grew with the new buildings and it became one of the most important monasteries in the Alpine region. The abbey

236-465: A budget deficit of 70 million Euros for the year 2018, which was double the previous year. Marx commented on this situation at the time that the deficit could be resolved within a year or two. In October 2019, he said "We have to go forward, otherwise I cannot see how to sign a budget with a structural deficit," and "But that is a way we can go in several years. That is not a catastrophe." Vatican revenues and finances went into further collapse in 2020 during

295-440: A culture of greed in modern capitalism and called for managers to subscribe to the social components of a social market economy. In 2006 he criticized the 'audacious' salary hikes of top managers. He said: "We are more and more moving away from a social market economy to capitalism, where the return is the only thing that counts.", "The other goals of companies, like for example, generating jobs, are not kept in mind anymore. That’s

354-684: A good feeling if Europe pulls out of shaping globalization and leaves the issues and actions to others". Following the Christmas market attack in Berlin in December 2016, Marx said "The news from Berlin have deeply shocked me. The violence on the Christmas market is the opposite of what visitors were seeking. My compassion goes to the relatives of the dead and injured. For all of them I will pray." In April 2017, Marx met with Jean-Claude Juncker ,

413-627: A good future if the nations of Europe are united. It also raises the question on the way to achieve the 'true European humanism' to which Pope Francis has encouraged the Europeans." Despite protests by Catholics in Germany, including the Catholic Workers Movement, Marx spoke positively of the proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership . He said: "Given today’s huge social and environmental challenges, I won’t have

472-702: A guesthouse in Rome. On 19 February 2014 he was confirmed as a member of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches until the end of his current five-year term. On 12 March 2014 Marx was also elected chairman of the German Bishops' Conference as successor of Robert Zollitsch . He was elected in Münster by the German bishops and auxiliary bishops only in the fifth round of voting in which

531-559: A herbal liqueur which, like that of the Carthusian monks , comes in sweeter yellow and more herbal green varieties. In the tradition of the Ritterakademie , the abbey established a secondary school ( " Gymnasium " ) specialising in the humanities and modern languages, with a boarding house. The boarding school and its clergy were charged with sexual and physical child abuse and have been under investigation since 2 March 2010 by

590-589: A house of the Teutonic Knights . The original Gothic abbey church, built between 1330 and 1370, was a modest structure in comparison to the great churches of medieval Bavaria. The abbey suffered great damage during the Reformation at the hands of the troops of Maurice of Saxony , but survived the troubles of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). In 1709, under Abbot Placidus II Seiz,

649-591: A marble statuette of the Madonna and Child ("Frau Stifterin" or the "Ettal Madonna") now stands. The statuette was brought by Ludwig from Pisa as a gift for his new foundation. It soon became an object of pilgrimage. The church is dedicated to the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin . The foundation originally consisted of a Benedictine double monastery – a community for men and another for women – and also

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708-620: A mistake", and "It’s pure capitalism without social responsibility. The other Marx from Trier could still be proven right. And that, I would find awful". In 2020 he echoed Pope Francis's call for a universal basic income as part of recovery plans from the COVID-19 pandemic . Marx is also a member of the World Economic Forum . In 2011, Marx was reported as saying that the Catholic Church "has not always adopted

767-766: A part of His creation, and that they should not be discriminated against. Marx also admitted to blessing two same-sex couples several years prior in Los Angeles. He expressed an openness to blessing same-sex couples but reiterated that the Church cannot offer them the sacrament of matrimony . It was reported in August 2022, that Marx was going to award the Catholic Media Prize to the LGBT documentary "Wie Gott uns schuf – Coming-out in der Katholischen Kirche". Marx

826-512: A priest. This is my position and we must defend it". These remarks were themselves contrasted with current rules from the Holy See since 2005 that have banned same-sex attracted persons from being ordained to holy orders. On 13 March 2022, Cardinal Marx celebrated a mass marking '20 years of queer worship and pastoral care' at St Paul's parish church in Munich. The sanctuary was decorated with

885-432: A rainbow flag during the event. He said on the occasion that he was shocked by the ongoing discrimination against the homosexual community by Christians. He also said "I desire an inclusive Church. A Church that includes all who want to walk the way of Jesus." He called for a 'dynamic of openness', referring to the synodal path of the Catholic Church in Germany, and said that this was what Pope Francis meant when he spoke about

944-554: A set of questions asking for clarifications of Amoris Laetitia , Marx objected. He said that the exhortation was not ambiguous as some said, and that it did in fact allow for people to receive the Eucharist after attempted remarriage under certain circumstances. In February 2017, Marx, when speaking of the events surrounding this controversy, stated: "We have discussions in the church, normal discussions, tensions. It will be forever like this." Marx also said he believed that support for

1003-535: A simple majority is sufficient. He served in this capacity until his replacement Georg Bätzing was elected on 3 March 2020. On 15 October 2020, Pope Francis renewed Marx's term on the Council of Cardinal Advisers. In May 2021, Marx offered his resignation as archbishop of Munich to Pope Francis, citing his responsibility for the response to the sexual abuse crisis. On 10 June 2021, the pope declined his resignation. He accepted Marx's description of clerical abuse as

1062-496: A sinful man" and countered with Christ's exhortation to Peter: "Feed my sheep." In March 2023, Cardinal Marx was removed from Pope Francis's council of cardinals. On 20 May 2023, Marx presided over the marriage of Prince Ludwig of Bavaria of the House of Wittelsbach and his bride Sophie-Alexandra Evekink in Munich. On January 19 2024, Marx gave the prayer during the memorial for late German football star Franz Beckenbauer . He

1121-422: A television documentary produced by a group called 'OutinChurch', in which 120 German priests, church employees and lay people identified themselves as LGBT, Cardinal Marx stated "Not everyone is obliged to declare [to others] their own sexual inclination, whether heterosexual or homosexual. It's up to him to decide," and "But if he does, then that must be respected and it is not a restriction on his ability to become

1180-489: Is a question of aggiornamento , to say it in a way that the people can understand, and to always adapt our doctrine to the Gospel, to theology, in order to find in a new way the sense of what Jesus said, the meaning of the tradition of the church and of theology and so on. There is a lot to do". He went on to say, "Take the case of two homosexuals who have been living together for 35 years and taking care of each other, even in

1239-456: Is against same-sex marriage. In 2015, in Germany he stated: "Human dignity is not state-made, it’s not made by the constitution, which is why neither the constitution nor the state can pass judgment on it. ...And this also applies to the topic of marriage and the family." In June 2016, on a visit to Ireland, Marx argued that the church and society had harmed gay people in the past and should publicly apologise. In July 2017, in an interview with

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1298-422: Is that of Saint Corbinian , who was the first bishop of Freising and of whom Marx is the successor. Marx currently serves as head of the committee for social issues at the German Bishops' Conference . In addition to his duties as archbishop of Munich, on 11 December 2010 Marx was named by Pope Benedict as a member of the Congregation for Catholic Education for a five-year renewable term. On 29 December 2010 he

1357-477: Is the octagonal Basilica of San Vitale at Ravenna, a masterpiece of Byzantine art, erected on the purported site of his martyrdom. He is also the patron saint of Granarolo and Marittima in Italy. The Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral recognizes Saint Vitalis as its patron. A Mass to commemorate the 75th anniversary of Cebu 's elevation to an archdiocese and the feast day of Vitalis was held on 28 April 2009, with

1416-538: The Augsburger Allgemeine in Germany, Marx commented on the recent legalization of same-sex marriage in Germany and said that it was not a concern for the church. He said that church teaching cannot be moulded into the laws of a secular state and he said: "In a secular society, the state must make laws that are valid for everyone". He also lamented that the Catholic church in Germany had not done more in

1475-617: The Archbishop of Cebu Cardinal Ricardo Vidal presiding. A statue of Vitalis is one of those on the colonnade of St Peter's Basilica . Reinhard Marx Reinhard Marx (born 21 September 1953) is a German cardinal of the Catholic Church . He serves as the Archbishop of Munich and Freising . Pope Benedict XVI elevated Marx to the cardinalate in a consistory in 2010. Born in Geseke , North Rhine-Westphalia, Marx

1534-638: The Augustinian Canons , as a Benedictine priory. Ettal maintains a Byzantine Institute. The abbot of Ettal, Joannes Hoeck, made a significant contribution on the role of Patriarchs in Church government at the Second Vatican Council. In early 2010, ten priests at the Ettal Abbey boarding school were accused of sadistic beatings, molestation, or making sexual advances on boys as well as sadism. In March 2010, authorities raided

1593-684: The Abbot. Like Bonhoeffer, a number of those in the Ettal community were involved in the conspiracy against Hitler . While at Ettal, Bonhoeffer also worked on his book Ethics . Catholic priest Rupert Mayer was kept at the Abbey under house arrest from 1939 to 1945 by the Nazis to prevent him from further anti-Nazi preaching. In 1993, Ettal re-founded the former Wechselburg Abbey in Saxony , an old monastery of

1652-679: The Benedictines of Scheyern Abbey , who re-founded the monastery here. It has been a member of the Bavarian Congregation of the Benedictine Confederation since 1900. The abbey church of the Ascension was declared a basilica minor in 1920. During the winter of 1940–1941, the German pastor and theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906–1945) spent some months at the monastery as the friend and guest of

1711-586: The COVID-19 pandemic. In February 2020, cardinal Marx announced he would not have accepted a new six-year mandate as head of the German Bishops' Conference, due to his age of 66. Two months later, Father Juan Antonio Guerrero, the head of the Vatican's Dicastery for Finances, and Marx sent a letter to Vatican offices to get them to drastically cut costs and revise their budgets for 2020. The contents of

1770-523: The European project and believe that a common path resting on shared values is the best path, ... A united Europe brings about peace in a world where peace cannot be taken for granted." In May 2017, the leaders of COMECE met in Rome in relation to a high-level congress to take place in Rome on the theme 'Rethinking Europe'. On the occasion, Marx stated that putting the human person back at the centre of European public policy was, along with dying to oneself,

1829-558: The German Federal Prosecutor. The abbot has since resigned. Notable alumni include Karl Joseph von Firmian , Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza , Franz, Duke of Bavaria and diplomat Rupprecht von Keller . 47°34′18″N 11°05′42″E  /  47.57167°N 11.09500°E  / 47.57167; 11.09500 Vitalis of Milan Vitalis of Milan ( Italian : San Vitale ) was an early Christian martyr and saint . His legend relates that Vitalis

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1888-571: The Italian unemployed are all our problem". He also said he did not understand why no one was speaking of United States of Europe any longer. Marx participated in the Synod of Bishops on the Family in 2014 and 2015. In 2014, addressing a question raised on the family, he argued that church doctrine can change over time, and "doesn't depend on the spirit of time but can develop over time. ...Saying that

1947-456: The Pope decided. He said "the Church is the only institution in the world that can reach unanimous agreement. Thank God we have the pope. We bishops do not have to decide. Church unity is not in danger. And once the pope has decided, we will abide by his decision." When several cardinals who believed that no circumstances allow for someone who had attempted remarriage to receive communion published

2006-462: The Pope within the church was substantial. In 2014, Pope Francis created a new agency for organizing the economic affairs of the Holy See called the 'Secretariat for the Economy'. In coordination with this, the Pope also created a council of bishops and laity who would oversee the secretariat known as the Council for the Economy. Marx was named as coordinator of this council. The Vatican reported

2065-724: The President of the European Commission , and he hailed the great achievements that had been made in Europe in recent history. In a joint statement with Anglican bishop Christopher Hill , Marx said: "In the decades since the founding of the European Union and its predecessor institutions, Europeans have benefitted from historic periods of peace, the expansion of democracy on the continent, and increased freedom to work, travel, and study,' and 'We believe more than ever in

2124-455: The Synod of Bishops concerning the Church's treatment of people that are gay: "I have the impression that we have a lot of work to do in the theological field, not only related to the question of divorce, but also the theology of marriage. I am astonished that some can say, "Everything is clear" on this topic. Things are not clear. It is not about church doctrine being determined by modern times. It

2183-524: The Universal Church, it is huge to hear that this should be possible". Marx is an active opponent of abortion in Germany and has also spoken against physician-assisted suicide as well as embryonic stem cell research. On the occasion of the 2015 pro-life march in Germany, he publicly stated: "As Christians we share the conviction that the inviolable dignity of every human being has its origin in God,

2242-572: The characters mentioned, other martyrs of the same name venerated both in Milan and Ravenna." Vitalis is honoured as the principal patron saint of the city of Ravenna. The feast day of Saint Vitalis is 28 April. Churches are dedicated in honor of Saint Vitalis at Assisi , and Rome , in Italy and at Jadera (now Zadar ) in Dalmatia (now Croatia ), but by far the most famous church bearing his name

2301-463: The church's message and he further stated, "I see, when I meet politicians and 'other' people, that they are open to discuss. ...We cannot [do] politics, we are not politicians ... but we can enable the way." On 2 December 2018, Marx attended the "Pulse of Europe" meeting in Munich and made statements in favour of greater European unity. He said "Nationalism means war. Germany first? That is egotism and won’t get us any further" and "The Romanian poor and

2360-427: The church. He supported Cardinal Walter Kasper 's proposal that Catholics who have divorced and attempted remarriage outside the Church be admitted to Communion, emphasizing that it would be applied to individual cases: "Not for no one, and not for everyone." Though he once suggested that the German church might go in a different direction than the Synod, Marx insisted at the 2015 Synod that he would abide by whatever

2419-458: The doctrine will never change is a restrictive view of things," Marx later clarified at a Vatican press conference: "The core of the Catholic Church remains the Gospel, but have we discovered everything? This is what I doubt." Marx has supported the view that no sacramental [ sic ] second marriage is possible within Catholic teaching, but he wanted it to be possible that people whose marriages had "failed" could still be accepted within

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2478-456: The golden age of Ettal began with the establishment of the "Knights' Academy" ( "Ritterakademie" ), which developed into a highly successful school and began the educational tradition of the abbey. In 1744, the abbey and the abbey church were largely destroyed in a fire. The subsequent spectacular re-building in the Baroque style, with a double-shelled dome, was to the plans of Enrico Zuccalli ,

2537-580: The head of the Congregation of the Faith at the Vatican, in November 2013. Marx called for a wide debate on the treatment of the Catholic Church with those who have attempted remarriage. When the Vatican suspended Franz-Peter Tebartz-van Elst in 2013 over his alleged lavish spending, Marx was also criticized as he spent around $ 11 million renovating the archbishop's residence and another $ 13 million for

2596-582: The last phases of their lives. How can I say that this has no value?" At the 2015 Synod in Rome, Marx urged his fellow bishops that, "We must make it clear that we do not only judge people according to their sexual orientation. ...If a same-sex couple are faithful, care for one another and intend to stay together for life God won't say 'All that doesn't interest me, I'm only interested in your sexual orientation.'" Marx supports legal recognition for same-sex unions arguing that there are positive elements that can be found and supported in same-sex relationships, but

2655-415: The letter called for a reduction of travel throughout the year, a cancellation of all conferences, meeting and ad limina visits, radical limits on consultancy and overtime, as well as to postpone all work to the following year which wasn't absolutely necessary. Marx has been critical of some aspects of capitalism and he has also promoted some economic reform ideas. While he was bishop of Trier, he criticized

2714-570: The monastery as part of a probe into allegations that priests sexually abused children there. By an Apostolic Visitation and an independent investigation, these allegations have been surveyed and consequences have been drafted. The major part of the alleged abuses took place in the late 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s. Both the monastery's Abbot Barnabas Bögle and the head of the school Maurus Kraß both resigned in February 2010 after being pressured to do so by Munich Archbishop Reinhard Marx . However, Bögle

2773-659: The need to "discover what the Spirit has to say to us today." Later in March 2022, Marx expressed an openness to changing the teaching of the Catechism regarding homosexuality, saying that "[t]he Catechism is not set in stone. One may also question what it says." He also went on to say that "Homosexuality is not a sin. It corresponds to a Christian attitude when two people, regardless of gender, stand up for each other, in joy and sorrow." He added that LGBTQ persons are loved by God as

2832-508: The past to fight against laws that criminalized homosexual activity in Germany. In February 2018, it was widely reported that Marx said in an interview with German journalists that blessing of same-sex unions is possible in Catholic churches in Germany, but later clarified that he had not implied this and was misunderstood, stating that there merely could be "spiritual encouragement." In December 2019 Marx allegedly said again that same-sex couples can be blessed. In February 2022, following

2891-415: The right tone" toward LGBT people . He went on to add that, while he cannot officially bless a union between two people of the same sex, he can (and implicitly will) pray for their relationship if asked. "Homosexuality is not a sin. It corresponds to a Christian attitude" Marx said. Marx also admitted to blessing same-sex couples. In 2014, Marx responded in an interview to the issues under consideration at

2950-790: Was ordained to the priesthood, for the Archdiocese of Paderborn , by Archbishop Johannes Joachim Degenhardt on 2 June 1979. He had studied in Paris alongside future fellow Cardinal Philippe Barbarin . He obtained a doctorate in theology from the University of Bochum in 1989. On 23 July 1996, he was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Paderborn and Titular Bishop of Petina by Pope John Paul II . He received his episcopal consecration on 21 September, his forty-third birthday, from Archbishop Degenhardt, with Bishops Hans Drewes and Paul Consbruch serving as co-consecrators . On 20 December 2001 he

3009-417: Was a wealthy citizen of Milan , perhaps a soldier. He was married to Valeria of Milan . They are supposed to have been the parents of the (perhaps legendary) Gervasius and Protasius . According to legend, Vitalis was an officer who accompanied the judge Paulinus from Milan to Ravenna. He encouraged Ursicinus of Ravenna to be steadfast at his execution, and himself gave Ursicinus honorable burial. Vitalis

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3068-675: Was appointed a member of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace . On 7 March 2012, he was appointed a member of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches . On 22 March 2012, the Commission of the Bishops' Conferences of the European Community elected him its president. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that elected Pope Francis . On 13 April 2013 he

3127-618: Was appointed to a Council of Cardinal Advisers , a group established by Pope Francis, exactly a month after his election, to advise him and to study a plan for revising the Apostolic Constitution on the Roman Curia, Pastor Bonus . On the question whether the Church should allow people who have divorced and attempted remarriage to partake in Holy Communion, it came to disagreements with Gerhard Ludwig Müller ,

3186-461: Was discovered to be a Christian. Paulinus ordered Vitalis to be racked and then thrown into a deep pit and covered with stones and earth. The date of his martyrdom is uncertain: some sources say that he was a victim of Nero ; others, of Marcus Aurelius . He was martyred in Ravenna , but all else in the story is suspect. "Many scholars believe that the narrative is partly fanciful, recognising in

3245-469: Was dissolved in 1803 during the secularization of church property in Bavaria. The site was acquired in 1809 by Josef von Elbing and sold by his descendants in 1856 to Count Pappenheim. Some small building works were completed during the 19th century, principally the renovation of the façade and the twin bell towers. In 1898, the buildings were acquired by Baron Theodor von Cramer-Klett and, in 1900, given to

3304-646: Was elected as President of the Commission of the Bishops' Conferences of the European Community on 22 March 2012. After Britain voted to leave the European Union in June 2016, Marx issued a statement saying: "This decision of the British voters should of course be respected, even if we, as COMECE, find it extremely regrettable." He praised the EU's " project of community and solidarity " but also stated: "We need to 'rethink' Europe in some way. ... we will only be able to build

3363-406: Was going to give out this award as part of his role as chairman of the journalistic commission of the German bishops' conference. In December 2023, when the Vatican announced the possibility of blessing same-sex relationships, Marx expressed surprise that the decision came so quickly. He said that Catholic sexual doctrine still needs to develop further. He commented about this decision: "for some in

3422-413: Was named Bishop of Trier , the oldest diocese in Germany. On 30 November 2007 Pope Benedict XVI appointed Marx metropolitan archbishop of Munich and Freising, a position that Benedict held from 1977 to 1981. On 2 February 2008, Marx was installed as Archbishop of Munich and Freising in the Munich Frauenkirche . He became first Cardinal-Priest of San Corbiniano on 20 November 2010. Marx's title

3481-511: Was re-elected Abbot in July 2010 and Kraß was later reinstated by the Bavarian Education Ministry. On September 6, 2011, the monastery agreed to pay €700,000 to 70 former pupils who were victims of abuse, with each victim receiving between €5,000 and €20,000 each in compensation. The monastery runs a brewery, Benediktiner Weissbräu, a distillery, a bookstore, an art publishing house, a hotel, a cheese factory joint venture, and several smaller companies. The distillery produces Ettaler Kloster Liqueur,

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