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34-798: As autonomous organ, the EFP is surveyed by Ministry of Peace and administered by the Federal Police Commission enshrined under Proclamation No. 720/2011. Its office is headquartered in Addis Ababa with expectation to expand branches in every regions thereof. The Federal Police recently subjected to criticism and backlash over its inadequate and poor enforcing management as reflected in Article 52 of Federal Police Commission Administration. Unlawful use of force among officers appeared to be severe and most human rights organizations accused

68-523: A holy language by the Rastafari religion and is widely used among its followers worldwide. Early Afro-Asiatic populations speaking proto- Semitic , proto- Cushitic and proto- Omotic languages would have diverged by the fourth or fifth millennium BC. Shortly afterwards, the proto-Cushitic and proto-Omotic groups would have settled in the Ethiopian highlands, with the proto-Semitic speakers crossing

102-524: A pidgin as early as the 4th century AD to enable communication between Aksumite soldiers speaking Semitic, Cushitic, and Omotic languages, but this hypothesis has not garnered widespread acceptance. The preservation in Old Amharic of VSO word order and gutturals typical of Semitic languages, Cushitic influences shared with other Ethio-Semitic languages (especially those of the Southern branch), and

136-746: A constitutional and criminal code obligation of Federal Police discipline. It then reinforced by the Federal Police Officers Administration Regulation of 2012 requiring to respect international human rights instruments by placing restriction over use of force, coercion and sexually motivated abuse that are considered grave disciplinary offenses. In current and previous regime, the Addis Ababa Police often involved in advocacy of political agenda rather than committing to Constitution. This action gradually gained backlash and negative public attitude against

170-751: Is a South Ethio-Semitic language, along with Gurage , Argobba , Harari , and others. Due to the social stratification of the time, the Cushitic Agaw adopted the South Ethio-Semitic language and eventually absorbed the Semitic population. Amharic thus developed with a Cushitic substratum and a Semitic superstratum . The northernmost South Ethio-Semitic speakers, or the proto-Amhara, remained in constant contact with their North Ethio-Semitic neighbors, evidenced by linguistic analysis and oral traditions. A 7th century southward shift of

204-775: Is a subgrouping within the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages . It is spoken as a first language by the Amharas , and also serves as a lingua franca for all other populations residing in major cities and towns in Ethiopia . The language serves as the official working language of the Ethiopian federal government, and is also the official or working language of several of Ethiopia's federal regions . As of 2020, it has over 33,700,000 mother-tongue speakers and more than 25,100,000 second language speakers in 2019, making

238-581: Is an Ethiopian government department created in 2018 that aims to encourage peace processes to prevent and resolve armed conflict in Ethiopia and to support equitable development among the Regions of Ethiopia . The Ministry of Peace evolved from the Ministry of Federal Affairs, established in 2001, which initially was responsible for "regional affairs" and "urban development". In 2005, urban development

272-579: Is an abugida , and the graphemes of the Amharic writing system are called fidäl . It is derived from a modification of the Ge'ez script . Each character represents a consonant+vowel sequence, but the basic shape of each character is determined by the consonant, which is modified for the vowel. Some consonant phonemes are written by more than one series of characters: / ʔ / , / s / , / tsʼ / , and / h / (the last one has four distinct letter forms). This

306-663: Is because these fidäl originally represented distinct sounds, but phonological changes merged them. The citation form for each series is the consonant+ ä form, i.e. the first column of the fidäl . The Amharic script is included in Unicode , and glyphs are included in fonts available with major operating systems. As in most other Ethiopian Semitic languages , gemination is contrastive in Amharic. That is, consonant length can distinguish words from one another; for example, alä 'he said', allä 'there is'; yǝmätall 'he hits', yǝmmättall 'he will be hit'. Gemination

340-501: Is called an abugida ( አቡጊዳ ). The graphemes are called fidäl ( ፊደል ), which means "script", "alphabet", "letter", or "character". There is no universally agreed-upon Romanization of Amharic into Latin script . The Amharic examples in the sections below use one system that is common among linguists specializing in Ethiopian Semitic languages. Amharic has been the official working language of Ethiopia, language of

374-469: Is mostly heard as the affricate sound [ t͡sʼ ]. The rhotic consonant is realized as a trill when geminated and a tap otherwise. The closed central unrounded vowel ⟨ə⟩ /ɨ/ and mid-central vowel ⟨ä⟩ /ə/ are generally fronted to [ ɪ ] and [ ɛ ], respectively, following palatal consonants , and generally retracted and rounded to [ ʊ ] and [ ɔ ], respectively, following labialized velar consonants . The Amharic script

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408-416: Is not indicated in Amharic orthography, but Amharic readers typically do not find this to be a problem. This property of the writing system is analogous to the vowels of Arabic and Hebrew or the tones of many Bantu languages , which are not normally indicated in writing. Ethiopian novelist Haddis Alemayehu , who was an advocate of Amharic orthography reform , indicated gemination in his novel Love to

442-478: The Sinai Peninsula into Asia . A later return movement of peoples from South Arabia would have introduced the Semitic languages to Ethiopia. Based on archaeological evidence, the presence of Semitic speakers in the territory date to some time before 500 BC. Linguistic analysis suggests the presence of Semitic languages in Ethiopia as early as 2000 BC. Levine indicates that by the end of that millennium,

476-504: The total number of speakers over 58,800,000. Amharic is the largest, most widely spoken language in Ethiopia, and the second most spoken mother-tongue in Ethiopia (after Oromo ). Amharic is also the second most widely spoken Semitic language in the world (after Arabic ). Amharic is written left-to-right using a system that grew out of the Geʽez script . The segmental writing system in which consonant-vowel sequences are written as units

510-471: The 2011 Federal Police Proclamation and the 2012 Federal Police Officers Administration Regulation do not mention consideration of victims in police brutality. The Ethiopian Federal Police March Band traced back to 1940s. The band consists of twenty members of the police force, many of whom play brass, woodwind, and percussion music instruments while the trumpet instructs them. Ministry of Peace (Ethiopia) The Ministry of Peace ( Amharic : ሰላም ሚኒስቴር)

544-761: The Addis Ababa Police Commission (AAPC) under control of the Ethiopian Federal Police Commission (EEPC) to intensify dynamic institutional capabilities. In 2006 to 2010 national development plan, the Ethiopian government implemented justice system reform plan particularly for community policing, the Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PASDEP). The first objective was to bring law enforcement institutions to boost efficiency and effectiveness in

578-602: The Benishangul-Gumuz and Amhara Regions . Also in December 2020, the Ministry of Peace signed an agreement with the German development agency GIZ to "expand access to drought-stricken communities", to provide peacekeeping and conflict resolution training to women and youth, and to "create joint development" in the border area between Benishangul-Gumuz Region on the Ethiopian side and the state of Blue Nile on

612-469: The Ethiopianist tradition they are often transcribed with a dot below the letter. The notation of central vowels in the Ethiopianist tradition is shown in angled brackets. The voiced bilabial plosive /b/ is phonetically realized as a voiced labial approximant [β̞] medially between sonorants in non- geminated form. The fricative ejective / sʼ / is heard as a fricative ejective [ sʼ ], but

646-563: The Federal Police laws, inter alia and the following powers and functions: The Federal Prison Commission was established under Proclamation No. 365/2003 responsible to Ministry of Federal Affairs. Its objectives is to guard and admit prisoners and provide reformative and rehabilitative service in order to alter to good behavior and restore into law complying person. It has power and function to most facilities. The Federal Police Commission Proclamations of 2000, 2003 or 2011 stipulate

680-523: The Grave by placing a dot above the characters whose consonants were geminated, but this practice is rare. Punctuation includes the following: One may construct simple Amharic sentences by using a subject and a predicate . Here are a few simple sentences: ኢትዮጵያ ʾItyop̣p̣ya Ethiopia አፍሪካ ʾAfrika Africa ውስጥ wǝsṭ in ናት nat is ኢትዮጵያ አፍሪካ ውስጥ ናት ʾItyop̣p̣ya ʾAfrika wǝsṭ nat {Ethiopia} {Africa} {in} {is} 'Ethiopia

714-467: The Sudanese side. This article about government in Ethiopia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Amharic Amharic ( / æ m ˈ h ær ɪ k / am- HARR -ik or / ɑː m ˈ h ɑːr ɪ k / ahm- HAR -ik ; native name : አማርኛ , romanized :  Amarəñña , IPA: [amarɨɲːa] ) is an Ethiopian Semitic language , which

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748-449: The alphabet used for writing the Geʽez language. There are 34 basic characters, each of which has seven forms depending on which vowel is to be pronounced in the syllable. There are also 49 "wa" letters, which form compound sounds involving "w." All together, the alphabet has some 280 letters. Until 2020 Amharic was the sole official language of Ethiopia. The 2007 census reported that Amharic

782-537: The center of gravity of the Kingdom of Aksum and the ensuing integration and Christianization of the proto-Amhara also resulted in a high prevalence of Geʽez sourced lexicon in Amharic. Some time after the 9th century AD, Amharic diverged from its closest relative, Argobba , probably due to religious differences as the Argobba adopted Islam. In 1983, Lionel Bender proposed that Amharic may have been constructed as

816-498: The core inhabitants of Greater Ethiopia would have consisted of dark-skinned agropastoralists speaking Afro-Asiatic languages of the Semitic, Cushitic and Omotic branches. Other scholars such as Messay Kebede and Daniel E. Alemu argue that migration across the Red Sea was defined by reciprocal exchange, if it even occurred at all, and that Ethio-Semitic-speaking ethnic groups should not be characterized as foreign invaders. Amharic

850-574: The courts, the language of trade and everyday communications and of the military since the late 12th century. The Amhara nobles supported the Zagwe prince Lalibela in his power struggle against his brothers which led him to make Amharic Lessana Negus as well as fill the Amhara nobles in the top positions of his Kingdom. The appellation of "language of the king" ( Ge'ez : ልሳነ ነጋሢ ; "Lǝssanä nägaśi," Amharic : የነጋሢ ቋንቋ "Yä-nägaśi qʷanqʷa") and its use in

884-687: The government adapted the Federal Police Commission division the Federal Police Commission Establishment Proclamation (FPCEP) No. 313/213. In accordance with Article 55(1) under Proclamation No. 720/2011, the Constitution guarantees the commission to work as autonomous federal organ having its own legal personality, which is accountable to Ministry of Peace . It seats is based in Addis Ababa and if necessary, office branches could expand in every regions. Article 6 of Proclamation No. 313/213 defines

918-470: The government of neglecting investigation and accountability of those offended police officers. Modern police force dates back in 1913 during Emperor Menelik II reign, which were colloquially called "Yeketema Zebegna" (City's Guard). It has since the department evolved to several reforms to meet demand at the time. The Ethiopian Federal Police (EFP) formed in the current form in 1995, and renewed its department under Proclamation No. 720/2011, which organized

952-541: The institution. Police misconduct is resurging severe in recent years. On 26 August 2019, a video showing handcuffed man was beaten by two police officers in Addis Ababa teased in Twitter, which induced outrage. It is possible that lack of accountability and investigation (in Article 52 of Federal Police Commission Administration) and the 2000 Federal Police Proclamation, the 2003 Federal Police Commission Proclamation,

986-540: The nation". Muferiat Kamil was appointed the first Minister of Peace, in October 2018. She was succeeded by Binalf Andualem in October 2021. In its new form as the Ministry of Peace, the ministry's direct responsibilities in October 2018 included: In December 2020, to help solve the Metekel conflict , the Ministry of Peace planned to coordinate the creation of a reconciliation committee consisting of people from

1020-557: The new reform. The EFP was created with the objective to maintain public security, ensure the observation of human and democratic rights. Its duties includes: To check human rights issues related to police force, the National Human Rights Commission and an Ombudsman was established in 2000. The Federal Police Commission was established in June 2000 and enshrined the power to administer the Federal Police and

1054-482: The number of geographically distinct Cushitic languages that have influenced Amharic at different points in time (e.g. Oromo influence beginning in the 16th century) support a natural evolution of Amharic from a Proto-Ethio-Semitic language with considerable Cushitic influences (similar to Gurage, Tigrinya, etc.). The Amharic ejective consonants correspond to the Proto-Semitic " emphatic consonants ." In

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1088-639: The royal court are otherwise traced to the Amhara Emperor Yekuno Amlak . It is one of the official languages of Ethiopia , together with other regions like Oromo , Somali , Afar , and Tigrinya . Amharic is an Afro-Asiatic language of the Southwest Semitic group and is related to Geʽez , or Ethiopic, the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox church; Amharic is written in a slightly modified form of

1122-548: Was removed from the ministry's tasks. In 2009, the ministry gained more powers in handling religions, with the aim of encouraging tolerance between people of different religions. In 2010, the ministry gained powers related to registering charities and societies, and to "possession or use of arms, fire arms and explosives". In October 2018, the Ministry of Peace was re-created as a new ministry, aiming to promote "peace, democracy and development" and to "focus on maintaining law and order, and create political unity among [the peoples] of

1156-475: Was spoken by 21.6 million native speakers in Ethiopia. More recent sources state the number of first-language speakers in 2018 as nearly 32 million, with another 25 million second-language speakers in Ethiopia. Additionally, 3 million emigrants outside of Ethiopia speak the language. Most of the Ethiopian Jewish communities in Ethiopia and Israel speak Amharic. Furthermore, Amharic is considered

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