In biology , a nymph (from Ancient Greek νύμφα nūmphē meaning "bride") is the juvenile form of some invertebrates , particularly insects , which undergoes gradual metamorphosis ( hemimetabolism ) before reaching its adult stage. Unlike a typical larva , a nymph's overall form already resembles that of the adult, except for a lack of wings (in winged species) and the emergence of genitalia. In addition, while a nymph moults , it never enters a pupal stage. Instead, the final moult results in an adult insect. Nymphs undergo multiple stages of development called instars .
17-477: See text Eumastacoidea is a superfamily within the order Orthoptera , suborder Caelifera . The family has a mainly tropical distribution and have sometimes been called "monkey grasshoppers". Some of the characters of the members of the superfamily are the lack of an abdominal tympanum, wings if present widen towards the tip, the antennae are short in some groups the hindlegs are spread out laterally at rest. The overall classification based on characteristics of
34-498: A " stridulation ") by rubbing their wings against each other or their legs, the wings or legs containing rows of corrugated bumps. The tympanum , or ear , is located in the front tibia in crickets, mole crickets , and bush crickets or katydids, and on the first abdominal segment in the grasshoppers and locusts. These organisms use vibrations to locate other individuals. Grasshoppers and other orthopterans are able to fold their wings (i.e. they are members of Neoptera ). The name
51-1236: A division into two suborders – Caelifera and Ensifera – occurring 256 million years ago . The Orthoptera are divided into two suborders, Caelifera and Ensifera , that have been shown to be monophyletic . A recent comprehensive phylogeny based on analyses of data from transcriptomes and mitochondrial genomes found the following relationships within Orthoptera. Gryllotalpoidea (mole crickets and ant crickets) Grylloidea ("true crickets", scaly crickets, wood crickets, etc) [REDACTED] Rhaphidophoroidea (cave crickets, camel crickets, spider crickets and sand treaders) [REDACTED] Schizodactyloidea (dune crickets) [REDACTED] Stenopelmatoidea (Jerusalem crickets, king crickets, leaf-rolling crickets and Cooloola monsters) Hagloidea (grigs) Tettigonioidea (katydids or bush crickets) [REDACTED] Tridactyloidea [REDACTED] Tetrigoidea [REDACTED] Eumastacoidea [REDACTED] Proscopioidea Tanaoceroidea Trigonopterygoidea Pneumoroidea [REDACTED] Pyrgomorphoidea [REDACTED] Acridoidea [REDACTED] Taxonomists classify members of
68-589: A known pest in soybean fields and will likely feed on these crops once preferred food sources have become scarce. Most orthopterans are edible, making up 13% of all insects including some 80 species of grasshoppers being regularly consumed worldwide. In Madagascar and Oaxaca , grasshoppers and locusts are usually collected early in the morning when it is cooler as the orthopterans are less mobile due to being cold-blooded . In Thailand, house crickets are commonly reared and eaten; as of 2012, around 20,000 cricket farmers had farms in 53 of their 76 provinces . In
85-404: A radically different coloration from the adults. Through successive moults , the nymphs develop wings until their final moult into a mature adult with fully developed wings. The number of moults varies between species; growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions. This order evolved 300 million years ago with
102-462: A second egg stage to reach their adult form. This hypothesis attempts to explain the developmental differences between hemimetabolous and holometabolous metamorphosis. Though there is little evidence supporting Harvey's hypothesis, it is still significant to modern research in nymphs. In fly fishing with artificial flies, this stage of aquatic insects is the basis for an entire series of representative patterns for trout. They account for over half of
119-402: A single day. Individuals gather in large groups called swarms, these swarms can range up to 80 million individuals that stretch 460 square miles. Grasshoppers can cause major agricultural damage but not to the documented extent as locust historically have. These insects mainly feed on weeds and grasses, however, during times of drought and high population density they will feed on crops. They are
136-469: Is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers , locusts , and crickets , including closely related insects, such as the bush crickets or katydids and wētā . The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grasshoppers, locusts, and close relatives; and Ensifera – crickets and close relatives. More than 20,000 species are distributed worldwide. The insects in the order have incomplete metamorphosis , and produce sound (known as
153-540: Is derived from the Greek ὀρθός orthos meaning "straight" and πτερόν pteron meaning "wing". Orthopterans have a generally cylindrical body, with elongated hindlegs and musculature adapted for jumping . They have mandibulate mouthparts for biting and chewing and large compound eyes , and may or may not have ocelli , depending on the species. The antennae have multiple joints and filiform type, and are of variable length. The first and third segments on
170-497: The genitalia and the geographic distribution of family groups are as follows: The genus † Promastacoides was originally considered a privative Eumastacoidea taxon by Kevan and& Wighton (1981), subsequent authors have consistently found it to be a Susumaniidae stick insect . Orthoptera Suborder Ensifera Suborder Caelifera Orthoptera (from Ancient Greek ὀρθός ( orthós ) 'straight' and πτερά ( pterá ) 'wings')
187-694: The heterometabolous insects, as their adult and immature stages live in different environments ( terrestrial vs. aquatic ). In 1628, English physician William Harvey published An Anatomical Disquisition on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals. In his writing, Harvey hypothesized that the pupal stage in insects was the result of imperfect eggs. While some eggs produced smaller versions of fully-matured insects known as nymphs, others created intermediate forms. Thus, these intermediate forms must go through
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#1732772664831204-421: The thorax are larger, while the second segment is much smaller. They have two pairs of wings , which are held overlapping the abdomen at rest. The forewings, or tegmina , are narrower than the hindwings and hardened at the base, while the hindwings are membranous, with straight veins and numerous cross-veins. At rest, the hindwings are held folded fan-like under the forewings. The final two to three segments of
221-474: The Caelifera and Ensifera into infraorders and superfamilies as follows: Several species of Orthoptera are considered pests of crops and rangelands or seeking warmth in homes by humans. The two groups of Orthoptera that cause the most damage are grasshoppers and locusts . Locust are historically known for wiping out fields of crops in a day. Locust have the ability to eat up to their own body weight in
238-497: The Odonata, Ephemeroptera, and Plecoptera orders, are also called naiads , an Ancient Greek name for mythological water nymphs . Some entomologists have said that the terms larva, nymph and naiad should be used according to the developmental mode classification (hemimetabolous, paurometabolous or holometabolous) but others have pointed out that there is no real confusion. In older literature, these were sometimes referred to as
255-438: The abdomen are reduced, and have single-segmented cerci . Orthopterans have a paurometabolous lifecycle or incomplete metamorphosis . The use of sound is generally crucial in courtship, and most species have distinct songs. Most grasshoppers lay their eggs in the ground or on vegetation. The eggs hatch and the young nymphs resemble adults, but lack wings and at this stage are often called 'hoppers'. They may often also have
272-609: The gut of insects, grasshoppers are one species of interest. The insect's ability to break down cellulose and lignin without producing greenhouse gases has aroused scientific interest. Nymph (biology) Many species of arthropods have nymph stages. This includes the orders Orthoptera ( crickets , grasshoppers and locusts ), Hemiptera ( cicadas , shield bugs , whiteflies , aphids , leafhoppers , froghoppers , treehoppers ), mayflies , termites , cockroaches , mantises , stoneflies and Odonata ( dragonflies and damselflies ). Nymphs of aquatic insects , as in
289-644: The second century BCE in Ancient Greece , Diodorus Siculus is known to have called people from Ethiopia Acridophagi , meaning "eaters of locusts." In Judaism , the Orthoptera include the only insects considered kosher . The list of dietary laws in the book of Leviticus forbids all flying insects that walk, but makes an exception for certain locusts . The Torah states the only kosher flying insects with four walking legs have knees that extend above their feet so that they hop. With new research showing promise in locating alternative biofuel sources in
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