77-453: Euro Health Consumer Index ( EHCI ) was a comparison of European health care systems based on waiting times, results, and generosity. The information is presented as a graphic index. EHCI was produced 2005–2009 and 2012–2018 by Health Consumer Powerhouse . The 2014 ranking included 37 countries measured by 48 indicators. It claimed to measure the "consumer friendliness" of healthcare systems. It did not claim to measure which European state had
154-439: A cross-species jump . Later in the 1890s, human coronavirus OC43 diverged from bovine coronavirus after another cross-species spillover event. It is speculated that the flu pandemic of 1890 may have been caused by this spillover event, and not by the influenza virus , because of the related timing, neurological symptoms, and unknown causative agent of the pandemic. Besides causing respiratory infections, human coronavirus OC43
231-687: A mortality rate of approximately 34.5%. In December 2019, a pneumonia outbreak was reported in Wuhan , China. On 31 December 2019, the outbreak was traced to a novel strain of coronavirus, which was given the interim name 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization, later renamed SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses . As of 10 March 2023, there were at least 6,881,955 confirmed deaths and more than 676,609,955 confirmed cases in
308-495: A proofreading function which the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase lacks. Replication – One of the main functions of the complex is to replicate the viral genome. RdRp directly mediates the synthesis of negative-sense genomic RNA from the positive-sense genomic RNA. This is followed by the replication of positive-sense genomic RNA from the negative-sense genomic RNA. Transcription – The other important function of
385-600: A slippery sequence (UUUAAAC) and a downstream RNA pseudoknot at the end of open reading frame ORF1a. The ribosomal frameshift allows for the continuous translation of ORF1a followed by ORF1b. The polyproteins have their own proteases , PLpro (nsp3) and 3CLpro (nsp5), which cleave the polyproteins at different specific sites. The cleavage of polyprotein pp1ab yields 16 nonstructural proteins (nsp1 to nsp16). Product proteins include various replication proteins such as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ( nsp12 ), RNA helicase (nsp13), and exoribonuclease (nsp14). A number of
462-411: A 5′ methylated cap and a 3′ polyadenylated tail, which allows it to act like a messenger RNA and be directly translated by the host cell's ribosomes . The host ribosomes translate the initial overlapping open reading frames ORF1a and ORF1b of the virus genome into two large overlapping polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab. The larger polyprotein pp1ab is a result of a -1 ribosomal frameshift caused by
539-544: A cold in volunteers and, like B814, was inactivated by ether. Scottish virologist June Almeida at St Thomas' Hospital in London, collaborating with Tyrrell, compared the structures of IBV, B814 and 229E in 1967. Using electron microscopy the three viruses were shown to be morphologically related by their general shape and distinctive club-like spikes . A research group at the National Institute of Health
616-632: A common ancestor with a bat coronavirus (ARCoV.2) between 1190 and 1449 CE. The human coronavirus 229E shared a common ancestor with a bat coronavirus (GhanaGrp1 Bt CoV) between 1686 and 1800 CE. More recently, alpaca coronavirus and human coronavirus 229E diverged sometime before 1960. MERS-CoV emerged in humans from bats through the intermediate host of camels. MERS-CoV, although related to several bat coronavirus species, appears to have diverged from these several centuries ago. The most closely related bat coronavirus and SARS-CoV diverged in 1986. The ancestors of SARS-CoV first infected leaf-nose bats of
693-515: A coronavirus is 5′-leader-UTR -replicase (ORF1ab)-spike (S)-envelope (E)-membrane (M)-nucleocapsid (N)- 3′UTR -poly (A) tail. The open reading frames 1a and 1b, which occupy the first two-thirds of the genome, encode the replicase polyprotein (pp1ab). The replicase polyprotein self cleaves to form 16 nonstructural proteins (nsp1–nsp16). The later reading frames encode the four major structural proteins: spike , envelope , membrane , and nucleocapsid . Interspersed between these reading frames are
770-401: A difficult cultural and political stance. The government response of various European countries to the pandemic was to stay home and slow down the spread of the virus. It was proactive in closing businesses and stores early on and even before the first COVID-19 death. The governmental response including the banning of all international non-essential travel and COVID-19 lockdowns helped to keep
847-677: A global alert soon after. The WHO update on 28 September 2012 said the virus did not seem to pass easily from person to person. However, on 12 May 2013, a case of human-to-human transmission in France was confirmed by the French Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. In addition, cases of human-to-human transmission were reported by the Ministry of Health in Tunisia . Two confirmed cases involved people who seemed to have caught
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#1732776477773924-511: A group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds . In humans and birds, they cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses ), while more lethal varieties can cause SARS , MERS and COVID-19 . In cows and pigs they cause diarrhea , while in mice they cause hepatitis and encephalomyelitis . Coronaviruses constitute
1001-583: A misinformed and distrusting public that demanded more accountability from the European Union members , the government, and health professionals . With a similar population of 10 million people and other issues aside. As of 10 December 2021, there have been 18,982 deaths in Greece and 15,152 deaths in Sweden. There is a big gap between genders in life expectancy due to income groups. Studies show that
1078-567: A seasonal incidence occurring in the winter months in temperate climates . There is no preponderance in any season in tropical climates . In 2003, following the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) which had begun the prior year in Asia, and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a press release stating that a novel coronavirus identified by several laboratories
1155-419: A short carboxy terminal end and has a net negative charge due to excess of acidic over basic amino acid residues. Coronaviruses contain a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. The genome size for coronaviruses ranges from 26.4 to 31.7 kilobases . The genome size is one of the largest among RNA viruses. The genome has a 5′ methylated cap and a 3′ polyadenylated tail . The genome organization for
1232-492: A system of tightly regulated, competing private health insurance companies, with government subsidies available for citizens who cannot afford coverage. Many European countries (and all European Union countries) offer their citizens a European Health Insurance Card which, on a reciprocal basis, provides insurance for emergency medical treatment insurance when visiting other participating European countries. The World Health Organization has listed 53 countries as comprising
1309-482: A unique pathogenesis because it causes both upper and lower respiratory tract infections . Six species of human coronaviruses are known, with one species subdivided into two different strains, making seven strains of human coronaviruses altogether. Four human coronaviruses produce symptoms that are generally mild, even though it is contended they might have been more aggressive in the past: Three human coronaviruses produce potentially severe symptoms: These cause
1386-539: Is a limited number of vaccinations that are being offered for the people. The European center for the disease has been closely monitoring the effectiveness of each vaccine. Europe has since taken precautions to distribute vaccines safely and effectively across the country . Expand the OECD charts below to see the breakdown: See: List of countries by life expectancy and List of countries by total health expenditure per capita . Coronavirus Coronaviruses are
1463-435: Is also capable of genetic recombination when at least two viral genomes are present in the same infected cell. RNA recombination appears to be a major driving force in determining genetic variability within a coronavirus species, the capability of a coronavirus species to jump from one host to another and, infrequently, in determining the emergence of novel coronaviruses. The exact mechanism of recombination in coronaviruses
1540-594: Is also suspected of playing a role in neurological diseases . In the 1950s, the human coronavirus OC43 began to diverge into its present genotypes . Phylogenetically, mouse hepatitis virus ( Murine coronavirus ), which infects the mouse's liver and central nervous system , is related to human coronavirus OC43 and bovine coronavirus. Human coronavirus HKU1, like the aforementioned viruses, also has its origins in rodents. Coronaviruses vary significantly in risk factor. Some can kill more than 30% of those infected, such as MERS-CoV , and some are relatively harmless, such as
1617-413: Is crucial during the assembly, budding , envelope formation, and pathogenesis stages of the virus lifecycle. The E proteins are minor structural proteins and highly variable in different species. There are only about 20 copies of the E protein molecule in a coronavirus particle. They are 8.4 to 12 kDa in size and are composed of 76 to 109 amino acids. They are integral proteins (i.e. embedded in
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#17327764777731694-406: Is estimated to have existed as recently as 8000 BCE , although some models place the common ancestor as far back as 55 million years or more, implying long term coevolution with bat and avian species. The most recent common ancestor of the alphacoronavirus line has been placed at about 2400 BCE, of the betacoronavirus line at 3300 BCE, of the gammacoronavirus line at 2800 BCE, and
1771-576: Is fully vaccinated. Europe has been following the " herd immunity " strategy which convinces its citizens to get vaccinated as soon as possible. "Herd immunity" is the idea of a vast number of people to be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 . The more people who are vaccinated the less likely it is for the virus to spread. Although this has so far been successful, a substantial number of Europeans in every community are still not vaccinated. The fact that there are constantly new variants does not help because we must keep up with new statistics . In Europe, there
1848-409: Is highly variable with average diameters of 80 to 120 nm . Extreme sizes are known from 50 to 200 nm in diameter. The total molecular mass is on average 40,000 kDa . They are enclosed in an envelope embedded with a number of protein molecules. The lipid bilayer envelope, membrane proteins, and nucleocapsid protect the virus when it is outside the host cell. The viral envelope
1925-427: Is made up of a lipid bilayer in which the membrane (M), envelope (E) and spike (S) structural proteins are anchored. The molar ratio of E:S:M in the lipid bilayer is approximately 1:20:300. The E and M protein are the structural proteins that combined with the lipid bilayer to shape the viral envelope and maintain its size. S proteins are needed for interaction with the host cells. But human coronavirus NL63
2002-414: Is peculiar in that its M protein has the binding site for the host cell, and not its S protein. The diameter of the envelope is 85 nm. The envelope of the virus in electron micrographs appears as a distinct pair of electron-dense shells (shells that are relatively opaque to the electron beam used to scan the virus particle). The M protein is the main structural protein of the envelope that provides
2079-492: Is split into individual subunits when the virus binds and fuses with the host cell under the action of proteases such as cathepsin family and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) of the host cell. S1 proteins are the most critical components in terms of infection. They are also the most variable components as they are responsible for host cell specificity. They possess two major domains named N-terminal domain (S1-NTD) and C-terminal domain (S1-CTD), both of which serve as
2156-421: Is unclear, but likely involves template switching during genome replication. The replicated positive-sense genomic RNA becomes the genome of the progeny viruses . The mRNAs are gene transcripts of the last third of the virus genome after the initial overlapping reading frame. These mRNAs are translated by the host's ribosomes into the structural proteins and many accessory proteins. RNA translation occurs inside
2233-598: Is used to refer to any member of the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae . As of 2020, 45 species are officially recognised. The earliest reports of a coronavirus infection in animals occurred in the late 1920s, when an acute respiratory infection of domesticated chickens emerged in North America. Arthur Schalk and M.C. Hawn in 1931 made the first detailed report which described a new respiratory infection of chickens in North Dakota . The infection of new-born chicks
2310-496: Is usually more common between the ages of 20–34 years in men and would increase the life expectancy if consumption is lowered. Another non-biological factor that cooperates with the decrease in life expectancy in Eastern Europe would be unhealthy stress that affects cardiovascular health . Life expectancy has risen from birth rates due to significant factors such as the decrease in children's mortality rates, increase in
2387-668: The COVID-19 pandemic . The governments of the various countries adopted healthcare standards aimed at the number of infected and people who are deceased. A widespread vaccination campaign helped to lower the COVID-19 mortality rate . In addition to the COVID-19 vaccines , the mortality rates were determined by the number of physicians , the number of available Intensive care unit (ICU) beds and safety policies carried out by governments. Mortality rates varied in Europe depending on whether
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2464-622: The Common Cold Unit of the British Medical Research Council collected a unique common cold virus designated B814 in 1961. The virus could not be cultivated using standard techniques which had successfully cultivated rhinoviruses , adenoviruses and other known common cold viruses. In 1965, Tyrrell and Bynoe successfully cultivated the novel virus by serially passing it through organ culture of human embryonic trachea . The new cultivating method
2541-547: The Coronavirus has upended life as we know it in various European Union countries. In responding to the COVID-19 pandemic , public health infrastructures and resources, governmental, and cultural values all play a key role in stopping the threat. Finding an approach that balances effectiveness, efficiency, and successful response to the pandemic is the key to ending the crisis. European Union countries like Greece and Sweden have similar populations and sizes. They have
2618-460: The endoplasmic reticulum . The viral structural proteins S, E, and M move along the secretory pathway into the Golgi intermediate compartment . There, the M proteins direct most protein-protein interactions required for the assembly of viruses following its binding to the nucleocapsid . Progeny viruses are then released from the host cell by exocytosis through secretory vesicles. Once released
2695-465: The government . Individuals with disabilities are more likely to be affected because of their underlying medical conditions . Minorities who do not have access to the highest level of medical help. Due to the high demand on hospitals , the vaccines served as a mechanism to decrease the load on doctors and medics. Europe and its members have been actively contributing to handling this pandemic most simply. As of today, 66.9% of Europe's population
2772-405: The stellar corona , from which their name derives. The name "coronavirus" is derived from Latin corona , meaning "crown" or "wreath", itself a borrowing from Greek κορώνη korṓnē , "garland, wreath". The name was coined by June Almeida and David Tyrrell who first observed and studied human coronaviruses. The word was first used in print in 1968 by an informal group of virologists in
2849-512: The subfamily Orthocoronavirinae , in the family Coronaviridae , order Nidovirales and realm Riboviria . They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genome size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases , one of the largest among RNA viruses. They have characteristic club-shaped spikes that project from their surface, which in electron micrographs create an image reminiscent of
2926-417: The virus to enter the host cell by endocytosis or direct fusion of the viral envelope with the host membrane . Coronaviruses can enter cells by either fusing to their lipid envelope with the cell membrane on the cell surface or by internalization via endocytosis. On entry into the host cell , the virus particle is uncoated , and its genome enters the cell cytoplasm . The coronavirus RNA genome has
3003-555: The COVID-19 pandemic. According to a new study published by the Smithsonian Magazine by the author Ridhi Kashyap, an associate professor of social demography at the University of Oxford . The decrease in life expectancy has been a dramatic one, which is known to be the biggest decrease in life expectancy compared to World War II . The explanation given is because due to the poor life expectancy already occurring in
3080-522: The European Health Interview Survey (EHIS) conducted between 2013 and 2015, substantial inequalities existed in terms of sex, age and education level concerning the proportion of adults who were daily smokers of cigarettes. The European Union has no major administrative responsibility in the field of healthcare. The European Commission's Directorate-General for Health and Consumers however seeks to align national laws on
3157-571: The European Union, COVID-19 made it worse, decreasing life expectancy and causing more deaths. Vaccines are a powerful tool being used nationwide against COVID-19. At the beginning of the pandemic , the European population aimed to help individuals that were at most risk. This may include older adults over the age of 65 which are more likely to have other health issues. Minorities who do not have complete access to assistance and help from
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3234-507: The European region. Health outcomes vary greatly by country. Countries in western Europe have had a significant increase in life expectancy since World War II, while most of eastern Europe and the former Soviet countries have experienced a decrease in life expectancy. Tobacco use is the largest preventable cause of death in Europe. Many countries have passed legislation in the past few decades restricting tobacco sales and use. According to
3311-405: The best healthcare system, but it did produce specialist Indexes on Diabetes, Cardiac Care, HIV, Headache and Hepatitis. In 2006, France was the champion with 768 points out of 1000. In the 2015 results, the same performance would have given the 13th position among 35 countries because of the widespread improvements in standards. While no bias in favour of any health system was alleged, the index
3388-435: The common cold. Coronaviruses can cause colds with major symptoms, such as fever, and a sore throat from swollen adenoids . Coronaviruses can cause pneumonia (either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia ) and bronchitis (either direct viral bronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis). The human coronavirus discovered in 2003, SARS-CoV , which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), has
3465-468: The complex is to transcribe the viral genome. RdRp directly mediates the synthesis of negative-sense subgenomic RNA molecules from the positive-sense genomic RNA. This process is followed by the transcription of these negative-sense subgenomic RNA molecules to their corresponding positive-sense mRNAs . The subgenomic mRNAs form a " nested set " which have a common 5'-head and partially duplicate 3'-end. Recombination – The replicase-transcriptase complex
3542-423: The corona- or halo-like surface. On average a coronavirus particle has 74 surface spikes. Each spike is about 20 nm long and is composed of a trimer of the S protein. The S protein is in turn composed of an S1 and S2 subunit . The homotrimeric S protein is a class I fusion protein which mediates the receptor binding and membrane fusion between the virus and host cell. The S1 subunit forms
3619-486: The coronavirus species, by either an aerosol , fomite , or fecal-oral route . Human coronaviruses infect the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract , while animal coronaviruses generally infect the epithelial cells of the digestive tract . SARS coronavirus , for example, infects the human epithelial cells of the lungs via an aerosol route by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) infects
3696-473: The countries have a higher or lower rate of the adult population over 65 years of age. Studies show that having an adequate number of health professionals is one of the most important variables in reducing the number of deaths. Healthcare spending in the EU was 10.9% of GDP in 2020, up one percentage point from 2019. The governments in various countries pay for a major portion of these expenses. The emergence of
3773-459: The death toll to a minimum. In comparison, the government response to COVID-19 in Sweden was much less stringent than in Greece . The government of Sweden focused on guidelines that encourage all citizens to take personal responsibility in containing the virus. The Public Health Agency of Sweden proposed a ban on gatherings over 500 people, including social distancing . The key concept proposed
3850-556: The deltacoronavirus line at about 3000 BCE. Bats and birds, as warm-blooded flying vertebrates, are an ideal natural reservoir for the coronavirus gene pool (with bats the reservoir for alphacoronaviruses and betacoronavirus – and birds the reservoir for gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses). The large number and global range of bat and avian species that host viruses have enabled extensive evolution and dissemination of coronaviruses. Many human coronaviruses have their origin in bats. The human coronavirus NL63 shared
3927-624: The disease from their late father, who became ill after a visit to Qatar and Saudi Arabia. Despite this, it appears the virus had trouble spreading from human to human, as most individuals who are infected do not transmit the virus. By 30 October 2013, there were 124 cases and 52 deaths in Saudi Arabia. After the Dutch Erasmus Medical Centre sequenced the virus, the virus was given a new name, Human Coronavirus–Erasmus Medical Centre (HCoV-EMC). The final name for
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#17327764777734004-435: The diseases commonly called SARS , MERS , and COVID-19 respectively. Although the common cold is usually caused by rhinoviruses , in about 15% of cases the cause is a coronavirus. The human coronaviruses HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-NL63 continually circulate in the human population in adults and children worldwide and produce the generally mild symptoms of the common cold. The four mild coronaviruses have
4081-472: The envelope, there is the nucleocapsid , which is formed from multiple copies of the nucleocapsid (N) protein, which are bound to the positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome in a continuous beads -on-a-string type conformation. N protein is a phosphoprotein of 43 to 50 kDa in size, and is divided into three conserved domains. The majority of the protein is made up of domains 1 and 2, which are typically rich in arginines and lysines . Domain 3 has
4158-420: The genus Hipposideridae ; subsequently, they spread to horseshoe bats in the species Rhinolophidae , then to Asian palm civets , and finally to humans. Unlike other betacoronaviruses, bovine coronavirus of the species Betacoronavirus 1 and subgenus Embecovirus is thought to have originated in rodents and not in bats. In the 1790s, equine coronavirus diverged from the bovine coronavirus after
4235-409: The head of the spike and has the receptor-binding domain (RBD). The S2 subunit forms the stem which anchors the spike in the viral envelope and on protease activation enables fusion. The two subunits remain noncovalently linked as they are exposed on the viral surface until they attach to the host cell membrane. In a functionally active state, three S1 are attached to two S2 subunits. The subunit complex
4312-518: The highest income group tends to live longer. For example, Eastern Europe is a low-income region, with a lower life expectancy due to biological factors including genetics , nutrition , and even hormonal issues. However, other factors are non-biological such as smoking and drinking that tend to be part of the decrease in life expectancy for men. These unhealthy lifestyles create life-threatening diseases such as lung cancer and cardiovascular complications. The consumption of alcohol in Europe by men
4389-406: The journal Nature to designate the new family of viruses. The name refers to the characteristic appearance of virions (the infective form of the virus) by electron microscopy , which have a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of the solar corona or halo. This morphology is created by the viral spike peplomers , which are proteins on the surface of
4466-577: The late 1940s, two more animal coronaviruses, JHM that causes brain disease (murine encephalitis) and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) that causes hepatitis in mice were discovered. It was not realized at the time that these three different viruses were related. Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s using two different methods in the United Kingdom and the United States. E.C. Kendall, Malcolm Bynoe, and David Tyrrell working at
4543-450: The lipid layer) and have two domains namely a transmembrane domain and an extramembrane C-terminal domain. They are almost fully α-helical, with a single α-helical transmembrane domain, and form pentameric (five-molecular) ion channels in the lipid bilayer. They are responsible for virion assembly, intracellular trafficking and morphogenesis (budding). The spikes are the most distinguishing feature of coronaviruses and are responsible for
4620-415: The members of betacoronavirus subgroup A ) also has a shorter spike-like surface protein called hemagglutinin esterase (HE). The HE proteins occur as homodimers composed of about 400 amino acid residues and are 40 to 50 kDa in size. They appear as tiny surface projections of 5 to 7 nm long embedded in between the spikes. They help in the attachment to and detachment from the host cell. Inside
4697-558: The nonstructural proteins coalesce to form a multi-protein replicase-transcriptase complex (RTC). The main replicase-transcriptase protein is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). It is directly involved in the replication and transcription of RNA from an RNA strand. The other nonstructural proteins in the complex assist in the replication and transcription process. The exoribonuclease nonstructural protein, for instance, provides extra fidelity to replication by providing
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#17327764777734774-490: The overall shape and is a type III membrane protein . It consists of 218 to 263 amino acid residues and forms a layer 7.8 nm thick. It has three domains, a short N-terminal ectodomain , a triple-spanning transmembrane domain , and a C-terminal endodomain . The C-terminal domain forms a matrix-like lattice that adds to the extra-thickness of the envelope. Different species can have either N - or O -linked glycans in their protein amino-terminal domain. The M protein
4851-624: The pig epithelial cells of the digestive tract via a fecal–oral route by binding to the alanine aminopeptidase (APN) receptor. Coronaviruses form the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, which is one of two subfamilies in the family Coronaviridae , order Nidovirales , and realm Riboviria . They are divided into the four genera: Alphacoronavirus , Betacoronavirus , Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus . Alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses infect mammals, while gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses primarily infect birds. The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all coronaviruses
4928-433: The reading frames for the accessory proteins. The number of accessory proteins and their function is unique depending on the specific coronavirus. Infection begins when the viral spike protein attaches to its complementary host cell receptor. After attachment, a protease of the host cell cleaves and activates the receptor-attached spike protein. Depending on the host cell protease available, cleavage and activation allows
5005-509: The receptor-binding domains. The NTDs recognize and bind sugars on the surface of the host cell. An exception is the MHV NTD that binds to a protein receptor carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1). S1-CTDs are responsible for recognizing different protein receptors such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), aminopeptidase N (APN), and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4). A subset of coronaviruses (specifically
5082-580: The safety of food and other products, on consumers' rights, and on the protection of people's health, to form new EU wide laws and thus strengthen its internal markets. Both the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe ( WHO/Europe ) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control are involved in public health development in Europe. The European Union countries were impacted by
5159-687: The same year was able to isolate another member of this new group of viruses using organ culture and named one of the samples OC43 (OC for organ culture). Like B814, 229E, and IBV, the novel cold virus OC43 had distinctive club-like spikes when observed with the electron microscope. The IBV-like novel cold viruses were soon shown to be also morphologically related to the mouse hepatitis virus. This new group of viruses were named coronaviruses after their distinctive morphological appearance. Human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43 continued to be studied in subsequent decades. The coronavirus strain B814
5236-426: The standard of living, better education, and advances in healthcare and medicine . Since the 1960s studies and statistics have shown a rise in life expectancy by a pair of numbers per decade. However, from 2019 to 2020 a slight increase in life expectancy occurred by about 0.2 yrs. Nonetheless, in 2020 a drastic decrease in life expectancy occurred by about - 1.75. This occurred only in some states of Europe because of
5313-735: The virus is Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The only U.S. cases (both survived) were recorded in May 2014. In May 2015, an outbreak of MERS-CoV occurred in the Republic of Korea , when a man who had traveled to the Middle East, visited four hospitals in the Seoul area to treat his illness. This caused one of the largest outbreaks of MERS-CoV outside the Middle East. As of December 2019, 2,468 cases of MERS-CoV infection had been confirmed by laboratory tests, 851 of which were fatal,
5390-564: The virus. The scientific name Coronavirus was accepted as a genus name by the International Committee for the Nomenclature of Viruses (later renamed International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ) in 1971. As the number of new species increased, the genus was split into four genera, namely Alphacoronavirus , Betacoronavirus , Deltacoronavirus , and Gammacoronavirus in 2009. The common name coronavirus
5467-422: The viruses can infect other host cells. Infected carriers are able to shed viruses into the environment. The interaction of the coronavirus spike protein with its complementary cell receptor is central in determining the tissue tropism , infectivity , and species range of the released virus. Coronaviruses mainly target epithelial cells . They are transmitted from one host to another host, depending on
5544-458: Was characterized by gasping and listlessness with high mortality rates of 40–90%. Leland David Bushnell and Carl Alfred Brandly isolated the virus that caused the infection in 1933. The virus was then known as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Charles D. Hudson and Fred Robert Beaudette cultivated the virus for the first time in 1937. The specimen came to be known as the Beaudette strain. In
5621-836: Was criticised in the British Medical Journal by Martin McKee and others from the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies in February 2016. Points they made included: A survey by the Centre for Population Change in 2019 produced results consistent with the index. Healthcare in Europe Healthcare in Europe is provided through a wide range of different systems run at individual national levels. Most European countries have
5698-420: Was introduced to the lab by Bertil Hoorn. The isolated virus when intranasally inoculated into volunteers caused a cold and was inactivated by ether which indicated it had a lipid envelope . Dorothy Hamre and John Procknow at the University of Chicago isolated a novel cold from medical students in 1962. They isolated and grew the virus in kidney tissue culture , designating it 229E. The novel virus caused
5775-430: Was lost. It is not known which present human coronavirus it was. Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2003, HCoV HKU1 in 2004, MERS-CoV in 2013, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. There have also been a large number of animal coronaviruses identified since the 1960s. Coronaviruses are large, roughly spherical particles with unique surface projections. Their size
5852-415: Was solidarity through individual responsibility with all Swedish citizens obeying the guidelines. Triaging issues that determined medical priority to increase survival rates from COVID-19 contrasted between Sweden and Greece. The Europeans focused strictly on medical protocols and technical expertise from the medical field. This caused a fundamental collapse of the healthcare system, needless deaths, and
5929-470: Was the causative agent for SARS. The virus was officially named the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). More than 8,000 people from 29 countries and territories were infected, and at least 774 died. In September 2012, a new type of coronavirus was identified, initially called Novel Coronavirus 2012, and now officially named Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The World Health Organization issued
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