51-512: Larix decidua , the European larch , is a species of larch native to the mountains of central Europe, in the Alps and Carpathian Mountains, with small disjunct lowland populations in northern Poland. Its life span has been confirmed to be close to 1000 years, with ages of around 2000 years likely. Larix decidua is a medium-size to large deciduous coniferous tree reaching 25–45 m tall, with
102-567: A Common Riding . The Beltane, proclaimed at the cross, culminates with the crowning of the Beltane Queen (a girl chosen from one of three local primary schools ) along with her court, including the likes of the First and Second Courtiers, Sword Bearer and Standard Bearer; on the steps in front of the parish church. The adult principal of the festival is the Cornet , a local young man chosen by
153-890: A cool and fairly humid climate and for this reason they are found in the mountains of the temperate zones, while in the northernmost boreal zones they are also found in the plain. Larch trees go further north than all, reaching in North America and Siberia the tundra and polar ice. The larches are pioneer species not very demanding towards the soil and they are very long-lived trees. They live in pure or mixed forests together with other conifers or more rarely with broad-leaved trees. L. potaninii Batalin L. occidentalis Nuttall L. decidua Miller L. cajanderi Mayr L. griffithii Hooker L. gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen. L. kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière L. laricina (Du Roi) Koch L. lyallii Parlatore L. sibirica Ledeb. In
204-567: A different lowland habitat with a more continental rather than montane sub-oceanic climate, is widely treated at the higher rank of subspecies rather than variety , Larix decidua subsp. polonica (Racib. ex Wóycicki) Domin . The Russian botanist Evgenij Bobrov considered it to be an ancient natural hybrid between European larch and Siberian larch L. sibirica , but this has been shown to be incorrect, with it derived from only L. decidua . The seeds are an important food for some birds, notably siskin , redpoll , and citril finch , while
255-478: A palisade, built beyond the range of missiles. So the townspeople were frightened into surrendering, and were then asked where that wood came from which was not harmed by fire. They pointed to trees of the kind under discussion, of which there are very great numbers in that vicinity. And so, as that stronghold was called Larignum, the wood was called larch. The tallest species, Larix occidentalis , can reach 50 to 60 m (165 to 195 ft). The larch's tree crown
306-596: A petition from the town clerk, William Buchan, who had previously received a letter from A. C. Fox-Davies questioning the burgh's right to use the arms. After the abolition of the old Scottish burghs in 1975, the arms became redundant. In 1988 they were regranted to the Royal Burgh of Peebles and District Community Council, who continue to use the arms today, with the addition of a community council's coronet. The traditional province of Ångermanland in Sweden also has
357-486: A single bud. The leaves (light green) are needle-like, 2 to 5 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 to 2 in) long, slender (under 1 cm or 1 ⁄ 2 in wide). Larches are among the few deciduous conifers, which are usually evergreen. Other deciduous conifers include the golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis , the dawn redwood Metasequoia glyptostroboides , the Chinese swamp cypress Glyptostrobus pensilis and
408-457: A single bud. The leaves are needle-like, light green, 2–4 cm long which turn bright yellow before they fall in the autumn, leaving the pale yellow-buff shoots bare until the next spring. The cones are erect, ovoid-conic, 2–6 cm long, with 10-90 erect or slightly incurved (not reflexed) seed scales; they are bright pinkish-red at pollination, then green variably flushed red to purplish when immature, and turn brown and opening to release
459-424: A trunk up to 1.5 m diameter (exceptionally, to 53.8 m tall and 11.20 m girth [3.56 m diameter]). The crown is conic when young, becoming broad and often irregular with age; the main branches are level to upswept, with the side branches often pendulous. The shoots are dimorphic, with growth divided into long shoots (typically 10–50 cm long) and bearing several buds , and short shoots only 1–2 mm long with only
510-579: A very similar coat of arms, but with a blue background. Peebles lies at the confluence of the River Tweed and Eddleston Water (locally called "the Cuddy"). The Tweed flows west to east, and the Eddleston flows from the north, turning to flow southwest 300 yd (270 m) before the confluence. This south-westerly turn demarcates a raised triangular piece of land, open to the east but contained by
561-586: Is a town in the Scottish Borders , Scotland. It was historically a royal burgh and the county town of Peeblesshire . According to the 2011 census , the population was 8,376 and the estimated population in June 2018 was 9,000. Initially, a market town , Peebles played a role in the woollen industry of the Borders during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Most mills had closed by the 1960s, although
SECTION 10
#1732783710921612-414: Is almost exclusive guest of the gen. Larix . Other diseases are given by mushrooms, fungal rusts, bacteria and insects. Larch wood is valued for its tough, waterproof and durable qualities. Top quality knot -free timber is in great demand for building yachts and other small boats , for exterior cladding of buildings, and interior paneling. The timber is somewhat resistant to rot when in contact with
663-456: Is another probable hybrid still unresolved. Larches are associated with a number of mycorrhizal fungal species, including some species which primarily or only associate with larch. One of the most prominent of these species is the larch bolete Suillus grevillei . Larch is used as a food plant by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species. Larches are prone to the fungal canker disease Lachnellula ssp. (larch canker); this
714-656: Is called the Chambers Institution , being deeded to the town by William Chambers , a member of the Chambers publishing family who originated in the town. Chambers' house can be found on the oldest street in Peebles – Biggiesknowe. Peebles tolbooth, the civic centre of the medieval burgh, is the only medieval tolbooth site in Scotland to have been excavated by archaeologists. Peebles is no longer connected to
765-468: Is not shade tolerant . It is closely related to Siberian larch Larix sibirica and similar in morphology; the two are best distinguished by the dense pubescence on the cone scales of L. sibirica , compared to the glabrous or only thinly pubescent cone scales of L. decidua . The following varieties are accepted by Plants of the World Online : The Polish larch, being disjunct and growing in
816-796: Is now widely naturalised in northern Europe, including Britain, Scandinavia, and in Germany north of its native range. It is also widely cultivated in southern Canada and the northeastern United States, and is naturalised in Maine, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Rhode Island. In the northern Appalachian Mountains it is often used for the reforestation of surface mines . European larch can grow on drier soils and tolerate warmer climates than tamarack ( Larix laricina ) or Siberian larch ( Larix sibirica ), being better suited to non-boreal climates. European larch readily hybridises with Japanese larch L. kaempferi when
867-488: Is particularly a problem on sites prone to late spring frosts, which cause minor injuries to the tree allowing entry to the fungal spores. In Canada , this disease was first detected in 1980 and is particularly harmful to an indigenous species larch, the tamarack , killing both young and mature trees. Larches are also vulnerable to Phytophthora ramorum . In late 2009 the disease was first found in Japanese larch trees in
918-404: Is sparse and the branches are brought horizontal to the stem, even if some species have them characteristically pendulous . Larch shoots are dimorphic, with leaves borne singly on long shoots typically 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in) long and bearing several buds , and in dense clusters of 20–50 needles on short shoots only 1–2 mm ( 1 ⁄ 32 – 3 ⁄ 32 in) long with only
969-546: Is the location of Robert Noble along with its sister company Replin Fabrics. The arms of the Royal Burgh of Peebles feature three salmon on a red field. The heraldic blazon is: Gules, three salmons counter-naiant in pale proper . The motto is Contra Nando Incrementum , Latin for "There is growth by swimming against the stream", referring to the annual migration of salmon up the River Tweed in order to breed. The one salmon facing forwards and two facing backwards represent
1020-400: Is used as a 'preparatory species' to afforest open land, abandoned farmland or disturbed land, and as a 'nurse species' prior to the introduction of more demanding species. Larch About 10–11; see text Larches are deciduous conifers in the genus Larix , of the family Pinaceae (subfamily Laricoideae ). Growing from 20 to 45 metres (65 to 150 feet) tall, they are native to
1071-653: The English counties of Devon , Cornwall and Somerset , and has since spread to the south-west of Scotland. In August 2010 the disease was found in Japanese larch trees in counties Waterford and Tipperary in Ireland and in 2013 in the Afan Forest Park in south Wales . Laricifomes officinalis is another mushroom found in Europe , North America and northern Asia that causes internal wood rot. It
SECTION 20
#17327837109211122-601: The New Zealand Forest Service for erosion control. The wood is tough and durable, but also flexible in thin strips, and is particularly valued for yacht building; wood used for this, known as 'boatskin larch', must be free of knots, and can only be obtained from old trees that were pruned when young to remove side branches. Small larch poles are widely used for rustic fencing. Because of its fast juvenile growth and its pioneer character, larch has found numerous applications in forestry and agroforestry. It
1173-413: The seeds when mature, 4–6 months after pollination. The old cones commonly remain on the tree for many years, turning dull grey-black. It is very cold tolerant, able to survive winter temperatures down to at least -50 °C, and is among the tree line trees in the Alps, reaching 2400 m altitude, though most abundant from 1000–2000 m. It only grows on well-drained soils, avoiding waterlogged ground and
1224-551: The Beltane Festival, Peebles Arts Festival, Tweedlove Bike Festival, and Imaginarium. Peebles is a popular centre for walkers, cyclists, and horse riders. It is the eastern terminus of the John Buchan Way , a 22-kilometre (14 mi) walking route which runs between Peebles and Broughton . The Cross Borders Drove Road , an 82-kilometre (51 mi) route between Hawick and Little Vantage, also passes through
1275-571: The Eddleston Water was crossed to the north of town), and Ludgate (the western gate of the town), now called Young Street. At the junction of Eastgate and Northgate roads, where the Eastgate becomes High Street, is an ancient market cross. The present-day market is held in a car park adjacent to the site of the former railway station, at the north and south ends of which are the remains of the town wall. Peebles High Street runs parallel with
1326-699: The Tweed along the spine of a ridge, at the west end of which is the parish church. In 2014 Creative Scotland named Peebles the most creative place of its size in Scotland, presenting the town with a Creative Place Award and £100,000 to enhance arts events, festivals, and arts commissions. Most arts performances take place in the Eastgate Theatre on the High Street which has a year-round programme of music, drama, dance, talks, and classes for children and adults. The town also has four major annual festivals –
1377-420: The ancient settlement of Larignum. The story of its naming was preserved by Vitruvius : It is worth while to know how this wood was discovered. The divine Caesar, being with his army in the neighbourhood of the Alps, and having ordered the towns to furnish supplies, the inhabitants of a fortified stronghold there, called Larignum, trusting in the natural strength of their defences, refused to obey his command. So
1428-428: The bald cypresses in the genus Taxodium . The male flowers (small cones) are orange-yellowish and fall after pollination. The female flowers (or cones ) of larches are erect, small, 1–9 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 – 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) long, green or purple, brown in ripening and lignify (called now strobilus ) 5–8 months after pollination; in about half the species the bract scales are long and visible, and in
1479-472: The buds and immature cones are eaten by capercaillie . Larch needles (including L. decidua and L. sibirica ) are the only known food for caterpillars of the case-bearer moth Coleophora sibiricella ; its cone scales are used as food by the caterpillars of the tortrix moth Cydia illutana . It is susceptible to larch canker Lachnellula willkommii . Larix decidua is widely cultivated as an ornamental tree for planting in gardens and parks. It
1530-470: The cooler regions of the northern hemisphere, where they are found in lowland forests in the high latitudes, and high in mountains further south. Larches are among the dominant plants in the boreal forests of Siberia and Canada . Although they are conifers , larches are deciduous trees that lose their needles in the autumn. The English name larch ultimately derives from the Latin "larigna", named after
1581-438: The fact that for every salmon that goes up the river, two come back to the sea. The arms are very old, first appearing on the town's mercat cross , which was built sometime before 1320. Originally the colours were not standardised, the background variously appearing as blue, green or red. The last seems to have been most common, and it was red that was chosen when the arms were formally granted by Lord Lyon in 1894, following
Larix decidua - Misplaced Pages Continue
1632-580: The few survivors of that era. Notable buildings in the town include the Old Parish Church of Peebles and Neidpath Castle . Other local attractions include a museum and the Kailzie Gardens. Peebles has won multiple awards for the range of shops on its High Street. The oldest building in Peebles is the tower of St Andrew's Church. The church was founded in 1195. It was destroyed (along with many other Borders abbeys and priories ) by
1683-438: The general ordered his forces to the assault. In front of the gate of this stronghold there was a tower, made of beams of this wood laid in alternating directions at right angles to each other, like a funeral pyre, and built high, so that they could drive off an attacking party by throwing stakes and stones from the top. When it was observed that they had no other missiles than stakes, and that these could not be hurled very far from
1734-466: The genus, with a primary division into North American and Eurasian species, and a secondary division of the Eurasian into northern short-bracted species and southern long-bracted species; there is some dispute over the position of Larix sibirica , a short-bracted species which is placed in the short-bracted group by some of the studies and the long-bracted group by others. The genus Larix belongs to
1785-529: The ground, and historically was used as posts and in fencing. However, European Standard EN 350-2 lists larch as slightly to moderately durable; this would make it unsuitable for ground contact use without preservative in temperate climates, and would give it a limited life as external cladding without coatings. The hybrid Dunkeld larch is widely grown as a timber crop in Northern Europe , valued for its fast growth and disease resistance. Larch on oak
1836-470: The hybrid with Larix laricina has also been named, as Larix × pendula (Solander) Salisbury . The European larch is a popular bonsai species, with many unique specimens available in European circles, and is popularly used in bonsai forest groups. In New Zealand, Larix decidua is classed as a wilding conifer , an invasive species which spreads into the high country, where it had been planted by
1887-470: The last one remained open until 2015. The character of Peebles has changed; the town serves as home to many people who commute to work in Edinburgh , as well as being a popular tourist destination, especially in the summer. In the mid-to-late 19th century health tourism flourished, centring on hydropathic establishments , which over time morphed into a hotel format, with Peebles Hydro Hotel being one of
1938-479: The organizing committee on a basis of being considered worthy of representing the town, who then carries the town standard for a year. To the west of the town is Neidpath Castle , which can be reached on foot through Hay Lodge Park; the route has views of the castle. The castle is now closed to the public. On the south side of the High Street are the old burgh offices. These incorporate the town's library, art gallery, and local museum. The building occupied by these
1989-525: The others, short and hidden between the seed scales. Those native to northern regions have small cones ( 1–3 cm or 1 ⁄ 2 –1 in) with short bracts, with more southerly species tending to have longer cones ( 3–9 cm or 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 – 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 in), often with exserted bracts, with the longest cones and bracts produced by the southernmost species, in the Himalayas. The seeds are winged. The larches are streamlined trees,
2040-441: The past, the cone bract length was often used to divide the larches into two sections (sect. Larix with short bracts, and sect. Multiserialis with long bracts), but genetic evidence does not support this division, pointing instead to a genetic divide between Old World and New World species, with the cone and bract size being merely adaptations to climatic conditions. More recent genetic studies have proposed three groups within
2091-524: The railway network. In years past, the Symington, Biggar and Broughton Railway had lines that connected Peebles to Edinburgh and Galashiels , with a goods station and Peebles and Peebles West stations. A connection to Edinburgh is maintained by Borders Buses service X62. Historically Peebles and the Scottish borders have been the location of many textile businesses. Still today, March Street Mills
Larix decidua - Misplaced Pages Continue
2142-551: The rivers to the south and north. The name is generally accepted to come from the Brythonic pebyll tents, signifying a temporary settlement. From around 1570, the eastern side was defended by a town wall, which ran in an east-facing arc, through which the road to Glentress passed at the East Gate. The road passing through this gate, the Eastgate, is one of four gates in Peebles, the others being Northgate, Bridgegate (where
2193-591: The root system is broad and deep and the bark is finely cracked and wrinkled in irregular plaques. The wood is bicolor, with salmon pink heartwood and yellowish white sapwood. The chromosome number is 2n = 24, similar to that of most of the other trees of the family Pinaceae . The genus Larix is present in all the temperate-cold zones of the northern hemisphere , from North America to northern Siberia passing through Europe , mountainous China and Japan . The larches are important forest trees of Russia , Central Europe , United States and Canada . They require
2244-555: The soldiers of Henry VIII . The stones of the ruins were pilfered for many other local buildings leaving only the tower standing amongst the gravestones of the churchyard. Another ancient church in the town is the Cross Kirk, founded in 1261. Although now mainly ruins, the Cross Kirk plays a prominent part in the local festival. The annual local festival in Peebles is called the Beltane , and involves (as with many Borders festivals)
2295-667: The subfamily Laricoideae , which also includes the genera Pseudotsuga and Cathaya . There are ten accepted species of larch and one accepted hybrid, subdivided on the basis of the most recent phylogenetic investigations: Most if not all of the species can be hybridised in cultivation. Selected hybrids include: The hybrid Larix × marschlinsii , the Dunkeld larch, is an artificial hybrid L. decidua × L. sibirica that arose more or less simultaneously in Switzerland and Scotland. Larix × stenophylla Sukaczev
2346-634: The town. The town is home to two long-established Scottish senior sporting clubs. Peebles Rovers F.C. provides Peebles with a senior Football team in the East of Scotland Football League , meanwhile Peebles RFC currently represent the town in Scottish National League Division Two in the Scottish Rugby pyramid system. Peebles has an 18-hole golf course located at the upper end of Kirkland Street. The golf club
2397-456: The two are planted together; the hybrid, named Dunkeld larch or hybrid larch ( Larix × marschlinsii Coaz , syn. L. × eurolepis ), is extensively used in forestry, and is also naturalised in Britain, Ireland, and elsewhere. It is faster-growing than either parent, and more resistant to larch canker Lachnellula willkommii . Hybrids with several other larches have been made, but are rare;
2448-505: The wall on account of the weight, orders were given to approach and to throw bundles of brushwood and lighted torches at this outwork. These the soldiers soon got together. The flames soon kindled the brushwood which lay about that wooden structure and, rising towards heaven, made everybody think that the whole pile had fallen. But when the fire had burned itself out and subsided, and the tower appeared to view entirely uninjured, Caesar in amazement gave orders that they should be surrounded with
2499-515: Was first cultivated in Britain in or shortly before 1629. John Evelyn encouraged its wider planting and use. Three successive Dukes of Atholl planted it widely and the fourth Duke wrote "Observations on Larch" in 1807 further encouraged its cultivation, which he practiced on a large scale. One of the larches planted by the second Duke of Atholl at Dunkeld in 1737 is still standing, as are two slightly older specimens planted in 1725 at Kailzie , near Peebles in southern Scotland. European larch
2550-496: Was formerly owned and run by the local council before being taken over and run by its own members. Peebles has three primary schools: Kingsland (now relocated to Neidpath Road from its original position on Rosetta Road), Priorsford, and the Roman Catholic Halyrude Primary School (now relocated from Elcho Street to the former Kingsland primary school building on Rosetta road ). Peebles also has
2601-445: Was the traditional construction method for Scottish fishing boats in the 19th century. Larch has also been used in herbal medicine ; see Bach flower remedies and Arabinogalactan for details. Often, in Eurasian shamanism , the " world tree " is depicted as specifically a larch tree. Planted on borders with birch , both tree species were used in pagan cremations. Peebles Peebles ( Scottish Gaelic : Na Pùballan )
SECTION 50
#1732783710921#920079