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115-873: Walter Yeeling Wentz was born in Trenton, New Jersey in 1878. His father Christopher Wentz (1836 - February 4, 1921) - born in Weissengen, Baden, Germany - had emigrated to America with his parents in 1846. At the turn of the 20th century, Christopher was a real estate developer in Pablo Beach, Florida. Walter's mother (and Christopher's 1st wife) - Mary Evans Cook (died 1898) - was of Irish heritage. Christopher and Mary were married on August 11, 1862 in Trenton, Mercer County, New Jersey. Christopher's 2nd wife (they were married on June 4, 1900 in Duval County, Florida)

230-739: A Theosophist for the rest of his life, writing articles for Theosophical publications and provided financial support to the Maha Bodhi Society , Self-Realization Fellowship , and the Theosophical Society. He lived for 23 years at the Keystone Hotel in San Diego . Evans-Wentz spent his last months at Yogananda's Self-Realization Fellowship in Encinitas, California and died on July 17, 1965. His Tibetan Book of

345-557: A 150-foot (46 m) granite column topped with a statue of George Washington, was built in 1893 to commemorate the battle. Trenton became the state capital in 1790, but prior to that year the New Jersey Legislature often met in the city. The city was incorporated on November 13, 1792. In 1792, the New Jersey State House was built, making it the third-oldest state house in the country. In 1799,

460-401: A 50-year period with the city absorbing South Trenton (April 14, 1851), portions of Nottingham Township (April 14, 1856), Chambersburg Township and Millham Township (both on March 30, 1888), and Wilbur (February 28, 1898). Portions of Ewing Township and Hamilton Township were annexed to Trenton on March 23, 1900. The earliest known inhabitants of the area that is today Trenton were

575-524: A July daily average of 76.3 °F (24.6 °C); temperatures reaching or exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) occur on 21.8 days. Episodes of extreme heat and humidity can occur with heat index values reaching 100 °F (38 °C). Extremes in air temperature have ranged from −14 °F (−26 °C) on February 9, 1934, up to 106 °F (41 °C) as recently as July 22, 2011. However, air temperatures reaching 0 °F (−18 °C) or 100 °F (38 °C) are uncommon. Winters are cold and damp:

690-477: A Yogi , that introduced both Yogananda and himself to wider audiences in a book which has been in print for over sixty-five years and translated into at least thirty-four languages. He mentions having personally met Yogananda's guru , Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri , at his ashram in Puri and noted positive impressions of him. Evans-Wentz remains best known for his lasting legacy to Tibetology . Evans-Wentz remained

805-614: A camera and survey equipment, she hid, however, under her rags a compass, a pistol, and a purse with money for a possible ransom. Finally, they reached Lhasa in 1924, merged with a crowd of pilgrims coming to celebrate the Monlam Prayer Festival . They stayed in Lhasa for two months visiting the holy city and the large surrounding monasteries: Drepung , Sera , Ganden , Samye , and met Swami Asuri Kapila ( Cesar Della Rosa Bendio ). Foster Stockwell pointed out that neither

920-561: A charming welcome: he introduced her to his entourage's persons of rank, to his professors, and to his mother (with whom David-Néel tied bonds of friendship and who suggested to her to reside in a convent). The Panchen Lama bade and proposed her to stay at Shigatse as his guest, what she declined, leaving the town on 26 July, not without having received the honorary titles of a Lama and a doctor in Tibetan Buddhism and having experienced hours of great bliss. Upon her return to Sikkim,

1035-501: A conference held at the Theosophical Society in Paris. In 1952, she published the Textes tibétains inédits ("unpublished Tibetan writings"), an anthology of Tibetan literature including, among other things, the erotic poems attributed to the 6th Dalai Lama. In 1953, a newspiece followed, Le vieux Tibet face à la Chine nouvelle , in which she gave "a certain and documented opinion" on

1150-553: A disciple at the service of her guru", according to the words of Jacques Brosse. In 1925, she won the Award Monique Berlioux of the Académie des sports. Although she was not a sportswoman in a strict sense, she is part of the list of the 287 Gloires du sport français (English: Glories of French sport). In 2006, Priscilla Telmon paid tribute to Alexandra David-Néel through an expedition on foot and alone across

1265-420: A friend who had typed her manuscripts. She decided to live alone in a hotel, going from one establishment to the next, until June 1959, when she was introduced to a young woman, Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet , who she took as her personal secretary. She would stay with the old lady until the end, "watching over her like a daughter over her mother – and sometimes like a mother over her unbearable child – but also like

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1380-649: A friend; they stayed in touch until David-Néel's death. She finally left Asia with Aphur Yongden by airplane, departing from Calcutta in June 1946. On 1 July, they arrived at Paris, where they stayed until October, when they went back to Digne-les-Bains. At 78, Alexandra David-Néel returned to France to arrange the estate of her husband, then she started writing from her home in Digne. Between 1947 and 1950, Alexandra David-Néel came across Paul Adam – Venerable Aryadeva, she commended him because he took her place on short notice, at

1495-576: A group of black men arrested for the alleged murder of an elderly white shopkeeper in January 1948 with a soda bottle. They were arrested without warrants, denied lawyers and sentenced to death based on what were described as coerced confessions. With the involvement of the Communist Party and the NAACP, there were several appeals, resulting in a total of four trials. Eventually the accused men (with

1610-550: A hard time accepting the stories about such practices as levitation and tummo (the increase of body temperature to withstand cold). In 1972, Jeanne Denys, who was at one time working as a librarian for David-Néel, would publish Alexandra David-Néel au Tibet: une supercherie dévoilée (approximately: Alexandra David-Neel in Tibet: trickery uncovered), a book which caused rather little sensation by claiming to demonstrate that David-Néel had not entered Lhasa. Jeanne Denys maintained that

1725-601: A hermitage cavern at more than 4,000 meters (13,000 ft) above sea level in northern Sikkim. Sidkeong, then the spiritual leader of Sikkim, was sent to the meeting with Alexandra David-Néel by his father, the Maharaja of Sikkim, having been told about her arrival in April 1912 by the British resident at Gangtok . On the occasion of this first encounter, their mutual understanding was immediate: Sidkeong, eager for reformation,

1840-466: A member, provided with a letter of introduction by the governor of Bengal, a further link between them. He told her of his pleasure of having been allowed to become a member of this society. When his father was about to die, Sidkeong called Alexandra David-Néel for help, and asked her for advice in bringing about the reform of Buddhism that he wished to implement at Sikkim once he came to power. Returning to Gangtok via Darjeeling and Siliguri , David-Néel

1955-543: A monk of southern Buddhism was called to participate in it, as well as Sīlācāra (an Englishman) who was then living in Burma . Ma Lat ( Hteiktin Ma Lat ) came from that same country, David-Néel was in correspondence with her, and Sidkeong married Ma Lat, with Alexandra David-Néel becoming the Maharaja's marriage counselor. While she was at the monastery of Phodong, the abbot of which was Sidkeong, David-Néel declared she heard

2070-549: A monk. She planned to visit two great religious centers close to her Sikkim retreat: the monastery of Chorten Nyima and Tashilhunpo Monastery , close to Shigatse , one of the biggest cities of southern Tibet. At the monastery of Tashilhunpo, where she arrived on 16 July, she was allowed to consult the Buddhist scriptures and visit various temples. On the 19th, she met with the Panchen Lama , by whom she received blessings and

2185-558: A similar shift by the New Haven, Connecticut , area to the New York area, they were the first two cases where metropolitan statistical areas differed from their defined Nielsen television markets. Trenton was the site of the studios of the former public television station New Jersey Network . Alexandra David-N%C3%A9el Alexandra David-Néel (born Louise Eugénie Alexandrine Marie David ; 24 October 1868 – 8 September 1969)

2300-425: A studio. After her return, starting at her arrival at Havre on May 10, 1925, she was able to assess the remarkable fame her audacity had earned her. She hit the headlines of the newspapers and her portrait spread in the magazines. The account of her adventure would become the subject of a book, My Journey to Lhasa , which was published in Paris, London and New York in 1927, but met with disbelief of critics who had

2415-528: A translator with Alexandra David-Néel , the Belgian-French explorer, travel writer, and Buddhist convert, and Sir John Woodroffe , noted British Orientalist. For the next two months, Evans-Wentz spent morning hours before the opening of the school with Samdup working on the text. During this period, they worked out the origins of what was to become The Tibetan Book of the Dead . Evans-Wentz soon left for

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2530-440: A voice announcing to her that the reforms would fail. On 11 November 1914, leaving the cavern of Sikkim where she had gone to meet the gomchen , David-Néel was received at Lachen Monastery by Sidkeong. One month later, she learned about Sidkeong's sudden death, news that affected her and made her think of poisoning. On 13 July 1916, without asking for permission, Alexandra David-Néel left for Tibet, accompanied by Yongden and

2645-429: A wholesale and retail bakery established in 1936. De Lorenzo's Tomato Pies and Papa's Tomato Pies were also fixtures of the city for many years, though both recently relocated to the suburbs. Portions of Trenton are part of an Urban Enterprise Zone . The city was selected in 1983 as one of the initial group of 10 zones chosen to participate in the program. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment within

2760-426: Is 7a with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of 1.2 °F (−17.1 °C). The average precipitation is 45.47 inches (115 cm) per year, which is fairly evenly distributed through the year. The driest month on average is February, with 2.63 in (67 mm) of precipitation on average, while the wettest month is July with 4.39 in (11 cm) of rainfall on average which corresponds with

2875-670: Is also the second-smallest of the United States capital cities , behind Annapolis, Maryland . Several bridges across the Delaware River connect Trenton to Morrisville , Pennsylvania , all of which are operated by the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission . The Trenton–Morrisville Toll Bridge , originally constructed in 1952, stretches 1,324 feet (404 m), carrying U.S. Route 1 . The Lower Trenton Bridge , bearing

2990-770: Is geographically closer to Philadelphia, many people who have recently moved to the area commute to New York City, and have moved there to escape the New York region's high housing costs. Trenton is one of two state capitals that border another state—the other being Carson City, Nevada . It is also one of the seven state capitals located within the Piedmont Plateau . Trenton borders Ewing Township , Hamilton Township and Lawrence Township in Mercer County; and Falls Township , Lower Makefield Township and Morrisville in Bucks County, Pennsylvania , across

3105-479: Is now one of the most economically distressed, torn apart by race riots following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968. Nonetheless, the area still retains many important architectural and historic sites. North Trenton still has a large Polish-American neighborhood that borders Lawrence Township, many of whom attend St. Hedwig's Roman Catholic Church on Brunswick Avenue. St. Hedwig's church

3220-594: Is the smallest neighborhood in Trenton and is home to the Trenton Transit Center and Trenton Central High School . The Chambersburg neighborhood is within the East Ward and was once noted in the region as a destination for its many Italian restaurants and pizzerias. With changing demographics, many of these businesses have either closed or relocated to suburban locations. West Ward is the home of Trenton's more suburban neighborhoods. Neighborhoods in

3335-560: The 13th Dalai Lama in exile. She received an audience on 15 April 1912, and met Ekai Kawaguchi in his waiting room, whom she would meet again in Japan. The Dalai Lama welcomed her, accompanied by the inevitable interpreter, and he strongly advised her to learn Tibetan, an advice she followed. She received his blessing, then the Dalai Lama engaged the dialogue, asking her how she had become a Buddhist. David-Néel amused him by claiming to be

3450-530: The 2000 census . The Census Bureau 's Population Estimates Program calculated that the city's population was 89,661 in 2022, ranking the city the 382nd-most-populous in the country . Trenton is the only city in New Jersey that serves three separate commuter rail transit systems ( Amtrak , NJ Transit , and SEPTA ), and the city has encouraged a spate of transit-oriented development since 2010. Trenton dates back at least to June 3, 1719, when mention

3565-728: The American Revolutionary War , Trenton was the site of the Battle of Trenton . On December 25–26, 1776, George Washington and his army crossed the icy Delaware River to Trenton, where they defeated Hessian troops garrisoned there. The second battle of Trenton, Battle of the Assunpink Creek , was fought here on January 2, 1777. After the war, the Congress of the Confederation met for two months at

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3680-471: The Delaware River in Pennsylvania . The Northeast Corridor goes through Trenton. A straight line drawn between Center City, Philadelphia and Downtown Manhattan would pass within 2000 feet of the New Jersey State House . Trenton is home to numerous neighborhoods and sub-neighborhoods. The main neighborhoods are taken from the four cardinal directions (North, South, East, and West). Trenton

3795-505: The Egyptian Book of the Dead . For Westerners, the book would become a principal reference on Tibetan Buddhism. Evans-Wentz credited himself only as the compiler and editor of these volumes; the actual translation was performed by Tibetan Buddhists, primarily Lama Kazi Dawa-Samdup. Evans-Wentz's interpretations and organisation of this Tibetan material is hermeneutically controversial, being influenced by preconceptions he brought to

3910-577: The French Arms Tavern from November 1, 1784, to December 24, 1784. While the city was preferred by New England and other northern states as a permanent capital for the new country, the southern states ultimately prevailed in their choice of a location south of the Mason–Dixon line . On April 21, 1789, the city hosted a reception for George Washington on his journey to New York City for his first inauguration . The Trenton Battle Monument ,

4025-590: The French and Indian War . On January 19, 1764, Benjamin Franklin , Postmaster General of the colonies, appointed Abraham Hunt , a Lieutenant Colonel in the New Jersey Hunterdon County militia and prominent merchant in Trenton, as the city's first postmaster. Hunt was again appointed Trenton's postmaster on October 13, 1775, shortly after the American Revolutionary War broke out. During

4140-611: The Guimet Museum . At the suggestion of her father, David-Néel attended the Conservatoire royal de Bruxelles ( Royal Conservatory of Brussels ), where she studied piano and singing. To help her parents who were experiencing setbacks, David-Néel, who had obtained a first prize for singing, took the position of first singer at the Hanoi Opera House (Indochina) during the seasons 1895–1896 and 1896–1897 under

4255-790: The Lenape Native Americans , specifically the Axion band who were the largest tribe on the Delaware River in the mid-17th century. The first European settlement in what would become Trenton was established by Quakers in 1679, in the region then called the Falls of the Delaware, led by Mahlon Stacy from Handsworth , Sheffield , England . Quakers were being persecuted in England at this time, and North America provided an opportunity to exercise their religious freedom. By 1719,

4370-541: The Philadelphia metropolitan area to its west, and the city was part of the Philadelphia combined statistical area from 1990 until 2000. In the 2020 United States census , Trenton was the state's 10th-most-populous municipality , with a population of 90,871, an increase of 5,958 (+7.0%) from the 2010 census count of 84,913, which in turn had reflected a decline of 490 (−0.6%) from the 85,403 counted in

4485-564: The Trans-Siberian Railway . Her aim was to study ancient Taoism . She found herself in the middle of the Second Sino-Japanese War and attended the horrors of war, famine and epidemics. Fleeing the combat, she wandered through China on a shoestring budget. The Chinese journey took course during one and a half years between Beijing , Mount Wutai , Hankou and Chengdu . On 4 June 1938, she went back to

4600-558: The county seat of Mercer County . It was the capital of the United States from November 1 until December 24, 1784. Trenton and Princeton are the two principal cities of the Trenton–Princeton metropolitan statistical area , which encompasses those cities and all of Mercer County for statistical purposes and constitutes part of the New York combined statistical area by the U.S. Census Bureau . However, Trenton directly borders

4715-535: The 1970s, largely due to economic and social shifts to the suburbs surrounding the city. Today Chambersburg has a large Latino community. Many of the Latino immigrants are from Mexico, Guatemala and Nicaragua. There is also a significant and growing Asian community in the Chambersburg neighborhood primarily made up of Burmese and Bhutanese/Nepali refugees. The North Ward , once a mecca for the city's middle class,

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4830-463: The 19th century, Trenton grew steadily, as European immigrants came to work in its pottery and wire rope mills. Trenton became known as an industrial hub for railroads , trucking , rubber , plastics , metalworking , electrical , automobile parts, glass , and textiles industries. In 1837, with the population now too large for government by council, a new mayoral government was adopted, with by-laws that remain in operation to this day. During

4945-478: The British colonial authorities, pushed by missionaries exasperated by the welcome afforded David-Néel by the Panchen Lama and annoyed by her having ignored their ban of entering Tibet, informed her that she was to be deported for violating the no-entry edict. As it was impossible to return to Europe during World War I , Alexandra David-Néel and Yongden left Sikkim for India and then Japan . There she met

5060-562: The Camden and Amboy Railroad in the 1830s spurred industrial development in Trenton. In 1845, industrialist Peter Cooper opened a rolling mill. In 1848, engineer John Roebling moved his wire rope mill to the city, where suspension cables for bridges were manufactured, including the Brooklyn Bridge . In the late 19th century, Walter Scott Lenox was internationally recognized for the fine china made in his Trenton factory. Throughout

5175-539: The City of Trenton was formed within Trenton Township. Trenton Township was incorporated as one of New Jersey's initial group of 104 townships by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798. On February 22, 1834, portions of Trenton Township were taken to form Ewing Township . The remaining portion of Trenton Township was absorbed by the city on April 10, 1837. A series of annexations took place over

5290-551: The Dalai Lama nor his assistants welcomed David-Néel, that she was neither shown the treasures of lamasery nor awarded a diploma. Jacques Brosse states more precisely that she knew the Dalai Lama well, but he didn't know that she was in Lhasa and she could not reveal her identity. She found "nothing very special" in Potala, of which she remarked that the interior design was "entirely Chinese-style". Despite her face smeared with soot, her yak wool mats, and her traditional fur hat, she

5405-482: The Dead was read at his funeral. The Department of Religious Studies at Stanford University has hosted "The Evans-Wentz Lectureship in Asian Philosophy, Religion, and Ethics" since 1969, funded by a bequest from Evans-Wentz. [REDACTED] Media related to Walter Evans-Wentz at Wikimedia Commons Trenton, New Jersey Trenton is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Jersey and

5520-630: The Far East. He spent the years of the First World War in Egypt . He boarded a ship from Port Said , Egypt for Colombo , Sri Lanka (then Ceylon). There he started studying the history, customs and religious traditions of the country, and also collected a large number of important Pali manuscripts, which were later donated to Stanford University . Next in 1918, he travelled across India , covering important religious sites, "seeking wise men of

5635-582: The Intermediate State (or Bardo Thodol ) from Major Campbell, a British officer who had just returned from Tibet. He next met Lama Kazi Dawa-Samdup (1868–1922), an English teacher and headmaster at Maharaja's Boys School, in Gangtok , Sikkim . Samdup had been with 13th Dalai Lama during the latter's exile years in India in 1910; more importantly for Evans-Wentz, he had already worked as

5750-773: The Isle of Man. In 1911 Evans-Wentz published his degree thesis as a book, The Fairy - Faith in Celtic Countries . While at Oxford, he added his mother's Welsh surname Evans to his name, being known henceforth as Evans-Wentz. At Oxford, Evans-Wentz met archaeologist and British Army officer T.E. Lawrence , who advised him to travel to the Orient . Thereafter, funded by his rental properties in Florida, he started travelling extensively, spending time in Mexico , Europe , and

5865-717: The Lamas (not in Forbidden Journey' s bibliography), on pp. 110–113 gives an account of his accompanying Ms. Sydney partway back, then putting her under the care of Lolo bandits to continue the journey to Chengdu . While in Eastern Tibet David-Néel and Yongden completed circumambulation of the holy mountain Amnye Machen . In 1945, Alexandra David-Néel went back to India thanks to Christian Fouchet , French Consul at Calcutta , who became

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5980-588: The Swami Satyananda's ashram , where he was practicing yoga. Samdup meanwhile was appointed as a lecturer at the University of Calcutta , in the same year, and died in Calcutta three years later, long before the book could be finally published. In 1927, The Tibetan Book of the Dead was published by Oxford University Press . Evans-Wentz chose the title "Book of the Dead" because it reminded him of

6095-501: The Tibetan oratory of Samten Dzong, awaiting to be thrown into the Ganges , together with those of David-Néel after her death. With age, David-Néel suffered more and more from articular rheumatism that forced her to walk with crutches. "I walk on my arms", she used to say. Her work rhythm slowed down: she did not publish anything in 1955 and 1956, and, in 1957, only the third edition of the Initiations lamaïques . In April 1957, she left Samten Dzong in order to live at Monaco with

6210-456: The Tibetan town of Tachienlu for a retreat of five years. She was deeply touched by the announcement of the death of her husband in 1941. One minor mystery relating to Alexandra David-Néel has a solution. In Forbidden Journey , p. 284, the authors wonder how Mme. David-Néel's secretary, Violet Sydney, made her way back to the West in 1939 after Sous des nuées d'orage (Storm Clouds) was completed in Tachienlu . Peter Goullart 's Land of

6325-462: The Tunisian railways and her future husband. During a stay of Jean Haustont in Tunis in the Summer of 1902, she gave up her singing career and assumed artistic direction of the casino of Tunis for a few months, while continuing her intellectual work. On 4 August 1904, at age 36, she married Philippe Néel de Saint-Sauveur, whose lover she had been since 15 September 1900. Their life together was sometimes turbulent but characterized by mutual respect. It

6440-411: The Zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half of the 6 + 5 ⁄ 8 % rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants. Established in January 1986, the city's Urban Enterprise Zone status expires in December 2023. The UEZ program in Trenton and four other original UEZ cities had been allowed to lapse as of January 1, 2017, after Governor Chris Christie , who called

6555-513: The alarm boxes. This experience, along with similar experiences in other major cities, effectively ended the use of open-cab fire engines. As an interim measure, the Trenton Fire Department fabricated temporary cab enclosures from steel deck plating until new equipment could be obtained. The losses incurred by downtown businesses were initially estimated by the city to be $ 7 million, but the total of insurance claims and settlements came to $ 2.5 million. Trenton's Battle Monument neighborhood

6670-426: The annual peak in thunderstorm activity. The all-time single-day rainfall record is 7.25 in (18.4 cm) on September 16, 1999, during the passage of Hurricane Floyd . The all-time monthly rainfall record is 14.55 in (37.0 cm) in August 1955, due to the passage of Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane . The wettest year on record was 1996, when 67.90 in (172 cm) of precipitation fell. On

6785-476: The city include: According to the Köppen climate classification , Trenton lies in the transition from a cooler humid continental climate ( Dfa ) and the warmer humid subtropical ( Cfa ), and precipitation fairly evenly distributed through the year. The Cfa climate is the result of adiabatic warming of the Appalachians , low altitude and proximity to the coast without being on the immediate edge for moderate temperatures. Summers are hot and humid, with

6900-487: The city. The population density was 11,101.9 per square mile (4,286.5/km ). There were 33,035 housing units at an average density of 4,319.2 per square mile (1,667.7/km ). The racial makeup was 26.56% (22,549) White , 52.01% (44,160) Black or African American , 0.70% (598) Native American , 1.19% (1,013) Asian , 0.13% (110) Pacific Islander , 15.31% (13,003) from other races , and 4.10% (3,480) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 33.71% (28,621) of

7015-466: The construction of Route 29, despite the protests toward its construction. After it was built, the area was then mostly filled with parking lots and scattered state office buildings, disconnecting the city from the riverfront. The Trenton Riots of 1968 were a major civil disturbance that took place during the week following the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. in Memphis on April 4. Race riots broke out nationwide following

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7130-408: The daily average temperature in January is 32.0 °F (0.0 °C), and temperatures at or below 10 °F (−12 °C) occur on 3.9 nights annually, while there are 17 days where the temperature fails to rise above freezing. Episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur with wind chill values below 0 °F (−18 °C), every few years. The plant hardiness zone at the Trenton Municipal Court

7245-428: The downtown area by making it the center of state government. Between 1982 and 1992, more than a dozen office buildings were constructed primarily by the state to house state offices. Today, Trenton's biggest employer is still the state of New Jersey. Each weekday, 20,000 state workers flood into the city from the surrounding suburbs. Notable businesses of the thousands based in Trenton include Italian Peoples Bakery ,

7360-455: The east". He met spiritual figures like Yogananda , J. Krishnamurti , Paul Brunton , Ramana Maharishi , Sri Krishna Prem and Shunyata . He also visited the Theosophical Society Adyar , where he met Annie Besant and Swami Shyamananda Giri (1911-1971). Finally he reached Darjeeling in 1919; there he encountered Tibetan religious texts firsthand, when he acquired a Tibetan manuscript of Karma Lingpa 's Liberation through Hearing during

7475-428: The exception of one who died in prison) were released. The incident was the subject of the book Jersey Justice: The Story of the Trenton Six , written by Cathy Knepper. In the 1950s, the State of New Jersey purchased a large portion of what was then Stacy Park, a large riverfront park located next to downtown that contained large open lawns, landscaping, and promenades . Much of the park was demolished to make way for

7590-449: The explorer, exhausted, "without money and in rags", was accommodated together with her companion at the Macdonald home for a fortnight. She managed to reach Northern India through Sikkim thanks partly to the 500 rupees she borrowed from Macdonald and to the necessary papers that he and his son-in-law, captain Perry, obtained for her. In Calcutta, dressed in the new Tibetan outfit Macdonald had bought for her, she got herself photographed in

7705-432: The famous Prajnaparamita . David-Néel preferred to eat vegetarian food throughout her life but whilst traveling in Tibet would often eat meat dishes as a guest at monasteries. Disguised as a beggar and a monk, respectively, and carrying a backpack as discreet as possible, Alexandra David-Néel and Yongden then left for the Forbidden City. In order not to betray her status as a foreigner, David-Néel did not dare to take

7820-431: The federal government relocated its offices to Trenton for a period of several months, following an outbreak of yellow fever in the then-capital of Philadelphia. During the War of 1812 , the United States Army 's primary hospital was at a site on Broad Street. Trenton had maintained an iron industry since the 1730s and a pottery industry since at least 1723. The completion of both the Delaware and Raritan Canal and

7935-441: The ferocity of humans. Two years later, the Davids emigrated to Belgium. Since before the age of 15, she had been exercising austerities such as fasting and corporal torments drawn from biographies of ascetic saints found in the library of one of her female relatives, to which she refers to in Sous des nuées d'orage , published in 1940. At the age of 15, spending her holidays with her parents at Ostend , she ran away and reached

8050-412: The flip side, the driest month on record was October 1963, when only 0.05 in (0.1 cm) of rain was recorded. The 28.79 in (73 cm) of precipitation recorded in 1957 were the lowest ever for the city. Snowfall can vary even more year to year. The average seasonal (November–April) snowfall total is 24 to 30 inches (61 to 76 cm), but has ranged from as low as 2 in (5.1 cm) in

8165-468: The latter half of the century, Trenton annexed multiple municipalities: South Trenton Borough on April 14, 1851, portions of Nottingham Township on April 14, 1856, Chambersburg and Millham Township on March 30, 1888, and Wilbur borough on February 28, 1898. In 1855, the College of New Jersey was founded in Trenton. In 1865, Rider University was also founded in Trenton. Mercer Community College began in Trenton in 1966. The Trenton Six were

8280-439: The legend "Trenton Makes The World Takes Bridge", is a 1,022-foot (312 m) span that was constructed in 1928 on the site of a bridge that dates back to 1804. The Calhoun Street Bridge , dating back to 1884, is 1,274 feet (388 m) long. Trenton is located near the geographic center of the state, which is located 5 miles (8.0 km) southeast of the city. The city is sometimes included as part of North Jersey and as

8395-616: The library of the British Museum , and met several members of the Theosophical Society. The following year, back in Paris, she introduced herself to Sanskrit and Tibetan and followed different instructions at the Collège de France and at the Ecole pratique des hautes Etudes (practical school of advanced studies) without ever passing an exam there. According to Jean Chalon , her vocation to be an orientalist and Buddhist originated at

8510-593: The murder of the civil rights activist. More than 200 Trenton businesses, mostly in Downtown, were ransacked and burned. More than 300 people, most of them young black men, were arrested on charges ranging from assault and arson to looting and violating the mayor's emergency curfew. In addition to 16 injured policemen, 15 firefighters were treated at city hospitals for injuries suffered while fighting raging blazes or inflicted by rioters. Area residents pulled false alarms and would then throw bricks at firefighters responding to

8625-703: The name Alexandra Myrial. She interpreted the role of the Violetta in La traviata (by Giuseppe Verdi ), then she sang in Les Noces de Jeannette (by Victor Massé ), in Faust and in Mireille (by Charles Gounod ), Lakmé (by Léo Delibes ), Carmen (by Georges Bizet ), and Thaïs (by Jules Massenet ). She maintained a pen friendship with Frédéric Mistral and Massenet at that time. From 1897 to 1900, she

8740-528: The only Buddhist in Paris, and surprised him by telling him that the Gyatcher Rolpa , a sacred Tibetan book, had been translated by Phillippe-Édouard Foucaux , a professor at the Collège de France. She asked for many additional explanations that the Dalai Lama tried to provide, promising to answer all her questions in writing. In late May, she went to Lachen , where she met Lachen Gomchen Rinpoche ,

8855-655: The philosopher Ekai Kawaguchi who had managed to stay for eighteen months in Lhasa as a Chinese monk in disguise a few years earlier. David-Néel and Yongden subsequently left for Korea and then Beijing , China . From there, they chose to cross China from east to west, accompanied by a colourful Tibetan Lama. Their journey took several years through the Gobi, Mongolia, before a break of three years (1918–1921) at Kumbum Monastery in Tibet, where David-Néel, helped by Yongden, translated

8970-470: The photograph of David-Néel and Aphur sitting in the area before the Potala, taken by Tibetan friends, was a montage. She pretended that David-Néel's parents were modest Jewish storekeepers who spoke Yiddish at home. She went as far as to accuse David-Néel of having invented the accounts of her voyages and of her studies. Back in France, Alexandra David-Néel rented a small house in the hills of Toulon and

9085-576: The popularisers of Eastern philosophy Alan Watts and Ram Dass , and the esotericist Benjamin Creme . In 1871, when David-Néel was two years old, her father Louis David, appalled by the execution of the last Communards , took her to see the Communards' Wall at the Père-Lachaise cemetery in Paris; she never forgot this early encounter with the face of death, from which she first learned of

9200-434: The population were under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 32.5% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32.6 years. For every 100 females, the population had 106.5 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 107.2 males. The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income

9315-419: The population. Of the 28,578 households, 32.0% had children under the age of 18; 25.1% were married couples living together; 28.1% had a female householder with no husband present and 37.9% were non-families. Of all households, 30.8% were made up of individuals and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.40. 25.1% of

9430-638: The port of Vlissingen in the Netherlands to try and embark for England. Lack of money forced her to give up. At the age of 18, David-Néel had already visited England, Switzerland and Spain on her own, and she was studying in Madame Blavatsky 's Theosophical Society . "She joined various secret societies – she would reach the thirtieth degree in the mixed Scottish Rite of Freemasonry – while feminist and anarchist groups greeted her with enthusiasm... Throughout her childhood and adolescence, she

9545-439: The program an "abject failure", vetoed a compromise bill that would have extended the status for two years. In May 2018, Governor Phil Murphy signed a law that reinstated the program in these five cities and extended the expiration date in other zones. In 2018, the city had an average property tax bill of $ 3,274, the lowest in the county, compared to an average bill of $ 8,292 in Mercer County and $ 8,767 statewide. The city had

9660-515: The second time to India to further her study of Buddhism . In 1912, she arrived at the royal monastery of Sikkim , where she befriended Maharaj Kumar (crown prince) Sidkeong Tulku Namgyal , the eldest son of the sovereign (Chogyal) of this kingdom (which would become a state of India), and traveled in many Buddhist monasteries to improve her knowledge of Buddhism. In 1914, she met young Aphur Yongden in one of these monasteries, 15 years old, whom she would later adopt as her son. Both decided to retire in

9775-403: The sixth-highest property tax rate in New Jersey, with an equalized rate of 5.264% in 2020, compared to 2.760% in the county as a whole and a statewide average of 2.279%. Trenton has long been part of the Philadelphia television market. After the 2000 United States census , Trenton was shifted from the Philadelphia metropolitan statistical area to the New York metropolitan statistical area. With

9890-539: The southern tip of North Trenton is the city's Battle Monument, also known as "Five Points". It is a 150 ft (46 m) structure that marks the spot where George Washington 's Continental Army launched the Battle of Trenton during the American Revolutionary War . It faces downtown Trenton and is a symbol of the city's historic past. South Ward is a diverse neighborhood, home to many Latin American, Italian-American, and African American residents. East Ward

10005-673: The southernmost city of the Tri-State Region , while others consider it a part of South Jersey and thus, the northernmost city of the Delaware Valley . However, Mercer County constitutes its own metropolitan statistical area , the Trenton- Princeton MSA. Locals consider Trenton to be a part of Central Jersey , and thus part of neither region. They are generally split as to whether they are within New York or Philadelphia's sphere of influence. While it

10120-484: The subject from Theosophy and other metaphysical schools. This book was followed by Tibet's Great Yogi Milarepa (1928), also based on Samdup's translations. Evans-Wentz was a practitioner of the religions he studied. He became Dawa-Samdup's "disciple" (E-W's term), wore robes, and ate a simple vegetarian diet. In 1935, he met Ramana Maharshi and went to Darjeeling, where he employed three translators, Sikkimese of Tibetan descent, to translate another text which

10235-491: The superior ( gomchen ) of the town's monastery, with the improvised interpreter M. Owen (E. H. Owen), a reverend who replaced the absent Kazi Dawa Samdup. In Lachen, she lived for several years close to one of the greatest gomchens of whom she had the privilege to be taught, and above all, she was very close to the Tibetan border, which she crossed twice against all odds. In her anchorite cave, she practiced Tibetan yoga. She

10350-431: The tense situation in the regions once visited by her. Yongden died suddenly on 7 October 1955. According to Jacques Brosse, Yongden, seized by a strong fever and sickness, which David-Néel attributed to a simple indigestion, fell into a coma during the night and died carried off by kidney failure according to the doctor's diagnosis. Just having turned 87, David-Néel found herself alone. Yongden's ashes were kept safe in

10465-470: The town adopted the name "Trent-towne", after William Trent , one of its leading landholders who purchased much of the surrounding land from Stacy's family. This name was later shortened to "Trenton". The first municipal boundaries were recorded on March 2, 1720, and a courthouse and jail were constructed around the same time. In 1758, the Old Barracks were built to house British soldiers during

10580-478: The winter of 1918–1919 to as high as 76.5 in (194.3 cm) in 1995–1996, which included the greatest single-storm snowfall, the Blizzard of January 7–8, 1996 , when 24.2 inches (61.5 cm) of snow fell. The average snowiest month is February which corresponds with the annual peak in nor'easter activity. The 2010 United States census counted 84,913 people, 28,578 households, and 17,747 families in

10695-519: The young Lama Aphur Yongden, whom she would make her adopted son in 1929. Legend has it that her husband was also her patron. The truth is probably quite different. She had, at her marriage, her own personal fortune. During that time, she wrote for journals and lectured about controversial subjects in the cities of Europe. She advocated in favour of Buddhism, Zionism and radical feminism . Her marriage started to unravel, as her travels kept her apart from her husband. Alexandra David-Néel traveled for

10810-420: Was $ 36,601 (with a margin of error of +/− $ 1,485) and the median family income was $ 41,491 (+/− $ 2,778). Males had a median income of $ 29,884 (+/− $ 1,715) versus $ 31,319 (+/− $ 2,398) for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 17,400 (+/− $ 571). About 22.4% of families and 24.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.3% of those under age 18 and 17.5% of those age 65 or over. Trenton

10925-463: Was Olivia F. Bradford (1863-1949). Walter had two brothers and two sisters. Though initially a Baptist, Walter's father had turned to spiritualism and Theosophy . As a teenager, Walter read Madame Blavatsky 's Isis Unveiled and The Secret Doctrine in his father's library, and became interested in the teachings of Theosophy and the occult. Subsequently, Walter moved to San Diego , California to join his father's profession, but also because it

11040-431: Was a Belgian–French explorer , spiritualist , Buddhist , anarchist , opera singer, and writer. She is most known for her 1924 visit to Lhasa , Tibet , when it was forbidden to foreigners. David-Néel wrote over 30 books about Eastern religion, philosophy, and her travels, including Magic and Mystery in Tibet , which was published in 1929. Her teachings influenced the beat writers Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg ,

11155-543: Was a major manufacturing center in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. One relic of that era is the slogan "Trenton Makes, The World Takes", which is displayed on the Lower Free Bridge (just north of the Trenton–Morrisville Toll Bridge ). The city adopted the slogan in 1917 to represent Trenton's then-leading role as a major manufacturing center for rubber, wire rope, ceramics and cigars. It

11270-467: Was associated with the French geographer and anarchist Elisée Reclus (1820–1905). This led her to become interested in the anarchistic ideas of the time and in feminism, that inspired her to publish Pour la vie ( For Life ) in 1898. In 1899, she composed an anarchist treatise with a preface by Reclus. Publishers did not dare to publish the book, though her friend Jean Haustont printed copies himself and it

11385-619: Was built in 1904 by Polish immigrants, many of whose families still attend the church. North Trenton is also home to the historic Shiloh Baptist Church—one of the largest houses of worship in Trenton and the oldest African American church in the city, founded in 1888. The church is currently pastored by Rev. Darrell L. Armstrong, who carried the Olympic torch in 2002 for the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. Also located just at

11500-653: Was close to Lomaland , the American headquarters for the Theosophical Society , which he joined in 1901. At age 24 Evans-Wentz went to Stanford University , where he studied religion, philosophy, and history and was deeply influenced by visitors William James and W. B. Yeats . He went on to receive B.A. and M.A degrees. He then studied Celtic mythology and folklore at Jesus College, Oxford (1907). He performed ethnographic fieldwork collecting fairy folklore in Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Cornwall, Brittany, and

11615-517: Was correspondence between Sidkeong and Alexandra David-Néel. In a letter by Sidkeong written at Gangtok on 8 October 1912, he thanked her for the meditation method she had sent him. On 9 October, he accompanied her to Darjeeling , where they visited a monastery together, while she prepared to return to Calcutta . In another letter, Sidkeong informed David-Néel that, in March 1913, he was able to enter Freemasonry at Calcutta, where he had been admitted as

11730-514: Was eventually translated into five languages." In 1891, she visited India for the first time, and met her spiritual preceptor, Swami Bhaskarananda Saraswati of Varanasi . According to Raymond Brodeur, she converted to Buddhism in 1889, which she noted in her diary that was published under the title La Lampe de sagesse (The Lamp of Wisdom) in 1896. She was 21 years old. That same year, to refine her English, an indispensable language for an orientalist's career, she went to London where she frequented

11845-516: Was finally unmasked (due to too much cleanliness – she went to wash herself every morning at the river) and denounced to Tsarong Shape, the Governor of Lhasa. By the time the latter took action, David-Néel and Yongden had already left Lhasa for Gyantse . They were told about the story only later, by letters of Ludlow and David Macdonald (the British sales representative in Gyantse). In May 1924,

11960-493: Was hardest hit. Since the 1950s, North Trenton had witnessed a steady exodus of middle-class residents, and the riots spelled the end for North Trenton. By the 1970s, the region had become one of the most blighted and crime-ridden in the city. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had a total area of 8.21 square miles (21.25 km ), including 7.58 square miles (19.63 km ) of land and 0.63 square miles (1.62 km ) of water (7.62%). In terms of land area, Trenton

12075-424: Was home to American Standard 's largest plumbing fixture manufacturing facility. Along with many other United States cities in the 1970s, Trenton fell on hard times when manufacturing and industrial jobs declined. Concurrently, state government agencies began leasing office space in the surrounding suburbs. State government leaders (particularly governors William Cahill and Brendan Byrne ) attempted to revitalize

12190-560: Was in company of Lachen Gomchen Rinpoche, Alexandra David-Néel encountered Sidkeong again on an inspection tour in Lachen on 29 May 1912. These three personalities of Buddhism, thus reunited, reflected and worked together to reform and expand Buddhism, as the Gomchen would declare. For David-Néel, Sidkeong organized a one-week expedition into the high areas of Sikkim, at 5,000 meters (16,000 ft) of altitude, which started on 1 July. There

12305-536: Was interrupted by her departure, alone, for her third trip to India (1911–1925) (the second one was carried out for a singing tour) on 9 August 1911. She did not want children, aware that motherhood was incompatible with her need of independence and her inclination to education. She promised to return to Philippe in nineteen months, but it was fourteen years later, in May 1925, when they met again, separating after some days. David-Néel had come back with her exploration partner,

12420-558: Was listening to Alexandra David-Néel's advice, and before returning to his occupations, he left behind the Lama Kazi Dawa Samdup as a guide, interpreter and professor of Tibetan. After that, Sidkeong confided in Alexandra David-Néel that his father wished for him to renounce the throne in favor of his half-brother. Lama Kazi Dawa Samdup accompanied Alexandra David-Néel to Kalimpong , where she met with

12535-471: Was living together with the guitarist Jean Haustont in Paris, writing Lidia with him, a lyric tragedy in one act, for which Haustont composed the music and David-Néel the libretto. She left to sing at the opera of Athens from November 1899 to January 1900. Then, in July of the same year, she went to the opera of Tunis . Soon after her arrival in the city, she met a distant cousin, Philippe Néel, chief engineer of

12650-833: Was looking for a home in the sun and without too many neighbors. An agency from Marseille suggested a small house in Digne-les-Bains ( Provence ) to her in 1928. She, who was looking for the sun, visited the house during a rainstorm, but she liked the place and she bought it. Four years later, she began to enlarge the house, called Samten-Dzong or "fortress of meditation", the first hermitage and Lamaist shrine in France according to Raymond Brodeur. There she wrote several books describing her various trips. In 1929, she published her most famous and beloved work, Mystiques et Magiciens du Tibet ( Magicians and Mystics in Tibet ). In 1937, aged sixty-nine, Alexandra David-Néel decided to leave for China with Yongden via Brussels , Moscow and

12765-520: Was made of a constable being appointed for Trenton while the area was still part of Hunterdon County . Boundaries were recorded for Trenton Township as of March 2, 1720. A courthouse and jail were constructed in Trenton around 1720, and the Freeholders of Hunterdon County met annually in Trenton. Abraham Hunt was appointed in 1764 as Trenton's first Postmaster. On November 25, 1790, Trenton became New Jersey's capital, and by November 13, 1792,

12880-642: Was once home to large Italian, Hungarian, and Jewish communities, but, since the 1950s, demographic shifts have changed the city into a relatively segregated urban enclave of middle and lower income African Americans and newer immigrants, many of whom arrive from Latin America. Italians are scattered throughout the city, but a distinct Italian community is centered in the Chambersburg neighborhood, in South Trenton. This community has been in decline since

12995-477: Was published as Tibetan Yoga and Secret Doctrines (1935). Evans-Wentz intended to settle permanently in India, but was compelled by World War II to return to the U.S. There he would publish The Tibetan Book of the Great Liberation in 1954. A final work, Cuchama and Sacred Mountains (1989), was published posthumously. In 1946, he wrote the preface to Yogananda's well known Autobiography of

13110-435: Was received like an official figure, with guard of honor, by Sidkeong on 3 December 1913. On 4 January 1914, he gave her, as a gift for the new year, a lamani's (female lama) dress sanctified according to the Buddhist rites. David-Néel had her picture taken with a yellow hat completing the ensemble. On 10 February 1914, the Maharaja died, and Sidkeong succeeded him. The campaign of religious reform could begin, Kali Koumar,

13225-483: Was sometimes in tsam , that is to retreat for several days without seeing anyone, and she learned the technique of tummo , which mobilized her internal energy to produce heat. As a result of this apprenticeship, her master, the Gomchen of Lachen, gave her the religious name of Yeshe Tome, "Lamp of Wisdom", which proved valuable to her because she was then known by Buddhist authorities everywhere she went in Asia. While she

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