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91-416: In addition to the zoological displays, the permanent collection includes works of visual art (many by Northeastern Pennsylvanian artists), ethnological artifacts, and fossils . The museum has an excellent permanent display of American folk art. The Everhart Museum of Natural History, Science & Art was founded by Dr. Isaiah Everhart , a Scranton-area philanthropist and ornithological enthusiast. When

182-599: A careful plan of attack. Despite efforts to retrieve the works by both the FBI and the Scranton police, nothing has been returned to the museum. After the theft there was some controversy relating to the origin of the Pollock. The Everhart Museum released a statement saying museum officials believed the stolen painting was an authentic Jackson Pollock and the painting's owner lent it in good faith. The museum's insurance broker called

273-822: A catalogue of her father's work. Matisse's son Pierre Matisse (1900–1989) opened a modern art gallery in New York City during the 1930s. The Pierre Matisse Gallery, which was active from 1931 until 1989, represented and exhibited many European artists and a few Americans and Canadians in New York often for the first time. He exhibited Joan Miró , Marc Chagall , Alberto Giacometti , Jean Dubuffet , André Derain , Yves Tanguy , Le Corbusier , Paul Delvaux , Wifredo Lam , Jean-Paul Riopelle , Balthus , Leonora Carrington , Zao Wou Ki , Sam Francis , and Simon Hantaï , sculptors Theodore Roszak , Raymond Mason , and Reg Butler , and several other important artists, including

364-728: A chapel in Vence, a small town he moved to in 1943, in her honor. Matisse remained, for the most part, isolated in southern France throughout the war, but his family was intimately involved with the French resistance. His son Pierre, the art dealer in New York, helped the Jewish and anti-Nazi French artists he represented to escape occupied France and enter the United States. In 1942, Pierre held an exhibition in New York, "Artists in Exile", which

455-478: A few years, 1904–1908, and had three exhibitions. The leaders of the movement were Matisse and André Derain . Matisse's first solo exhibition was at Ambroise Vollard 's gallery in 1904, without much success. His fondness for bright and expressive colour became more pronounced after he spent the summer of 1904 painting in St. Tropez with the neo-Impressionists Signac and Henri-Edmond Cross . In that year, he painted

546-540: A graphic artist and produced black-and-white illustrations for several books and over one hundred original lithographs at the Mourlot Studios in Paris. In 1941, Matisse was diagnosed with duodenal cancer . The surgery, while successful, resulted in serious complications from which he nearly died. Being bedridden for three months resulted in his developing a new art form using paper and scissors. That same year,

637-562: A large exhibition of Islamic art in Munich in 1910, he spent two months in Spain studying Moorish art. He visited Morocco in 1912 and again in 1913 and while painting in Tangier he made several changes to his work, including his use of black as a colour. The effect on Matisse's art was a new boldness in the use of intense, unmodulated colour, as in L'Atelier Rouge (1911). Matisse had

728-602: A large mural for the Barnes Foundation , The Dance II , which was completed in 1932; the Foundation owns several dozen other Matisse paintings. This move toward simplification and a foreshadowing of the cut-out technique is also evident in his painting Large Reclining Nude (1935). Matisse worked on this painting for several months and documented the progress with a series of 22 photographs, which he sent to Etta Cone. Matisse's wife Amélie, who suspected that he

819-566: A limited view of history as constituted by accumulative growth. Lévi-Strauss often referred to Montaigne 's essay on cannibalism as an early example of ethnology. Lévi-Strauss aimed, through a structural method, at discovering universal invariants in human society, chief among which he believed to be the incest taboo. However, the claims of such cultural universalism have been criticized by various 19th- and 20th-century social thinkers, including Marx, Nietzsche , Foucault , Derrida , Althusser , and Deleuze . The French school of ethnology

910-569: A long association with the Russian art collector Sergei Shchukin . He created one of his major works La Danse specially for Shchukin as part of a two painting commission, the other painting being Music (1910). An earlier version of La Danse (1909) is in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Around April 1906, Matisse met Pablo Picasso , who was 11 years his junior. The two became lifelong friends as well as rivals and are often compared. One key difference between them

1001-549: A major financial scandal, the Humbert Affair . Her mother (who was the Humbert family's housekeeper) and father became scapegoats in the scandal, and her family was menaced by angry mobs of fraud victims. According to art historian Hilary Spurling , "their public exposure, followed by the arrest of his father-in-law, left Matisse as the sole breadwinner for an extended family of seven." During 1902 to 1903, Matisse adopted

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1092-447: A new type of medium. With the help of his assistants, he began creating cut paper collages, or decoupage . He would cut sheets of paper, pre-painted with gouache by his assistants, into shapes of varying colours and sizes, and arrange them to form lively compositions. Initially, these pieces were modest in size, but eventually transformed into murals or room-sized works. The result was a distinct and dimensional complexity—an art form that

1183-436: A nursing student named Monique Bourgeois responded to an advertisement placed by Matisse for a nurse. A platonic friendship developed between Matisse and Bourgeois. He discovered that she was an amateur artist and taught her about perspective. After Bourgeois left the position to join a convent in 1944, Matisse sometimes contacted her to request that she model for him. Bourgeois became a Dominican nun in 1946, and Matisse painted

1274-486: A period of convalescence following an attack of appendicitis . He discovered "a kind of paradise" as he later described it, and decided to become an artist, deeply disappointing his father. In 1891, he returned to Paris to study art at the Académie Julian under William-Adolphe Bouguereau and at the École Nationale des Beaux-Arts under Gustave Moreau . Initially he painted still lifes and landscapes in

1365-474: A picture of deficiencies on all levels. It appeared that the museum was on the verge of closing without a resurgence of support from the entire region. At the end of the two-year period, board member Robert Munley and his firm drafted the necessary documents to be presented the Orphans Court of Lackawanna County for the amending of Dr. Everhart's will. There was no hesitation on the part of the court, and

1456-435: A plaster bust by Rodin , a painting by Gauguin , a drawing by Van Gogh, and Cézanne 's Three Bathers . In Cézanne's sense of pictorial structure and colour, Matisse found his main inspiration. Many of Matisse's paintings from 1898 to 1901 make use of a Divisionist technique he adopted after reading Paul Signac 's essay, " D' Eugène Delacroix au Néo-impressionisme ". In May 1902, Amélie's parents became ensnared in

1547-509: A professor at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, he pushed his students to think outside of the lines of formality and to follow their visions. In 1907, Guillaume Apollinaire , commenting about Matisse in an article published in La Falange , wrote, "We are not here in the presence of an extravagant or an extremist undertaking: Matisse's art is eminently reasonable." But Matisse's work of the time also encountered vehement criticism, and it

1638-501: A reputation, prisoner of success…" The number of independently conceived cut-outs steadily increased following Jazz , and eventually led to the creation of mural-size works, such as Oceania the Sky and Oceania the Sea of 1946. Under Matisse's direction, Lydia Delectorskaya, his studio assistant, loosely pinned the silhouettes of birds, fish, and marine vegetation directly onto the walls of

1729-560: A small collection of European paintings and classical and modern sculpture. The ancient civilizations collection (500 pieces) consists of ancient Egyptian funerary objects, Roman glass and bronze objects, sculpture, coins, seals and jewelry. The ethnographic collections (4000 pieces) include ceramics, textiles, religious objects, and arms. The African art (500 pieces) collection comprises masks, figures, arms, tools and textiles. The Americana and folk art collection contains paintings, works on paper, sculpture, textile arts and furniture. It

1820-509: A square, one for natural history, one for science, one for art," the Everhart Museum Trustees instead added two wings to the original building and wrapped the whole in a stripped classical facade. Construction was completed in 1929; the designs were by the Scranton architects David H. Morgan and Searle von Storch. In 1962, a new small gallery was built in the basement, where regular changing exhibits could be displayed. During

1911-442: A style of painting that was comparatively somber and concerned with form, a change possibly intended to produce saleable works during this time of material hardship. Having made his first attempt at sculpture, a copy after Antoine-Louis Barye , in 1899, he devoted much of his energy to working in clay, completing The Slave in 1903. Fauvism as a style began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910. The movement as such lasted only

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2002-401: A traditional style, at which he achieved reasonable proficiency. Matisse was influenced by the works of earlier masters such as Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin , Nicolas Poussin , and Antoine Watteau , as well as by modern artists, such as Édouard Manet , and by Japanese art . Chardin was one of the painters Matisse most admired; as an art student he made copies of four of Chardin's paintings in

2093-604: Is now exhibited in the Baltimore Museum of Art . While numerous artists visited the Stein salon, many of these artists were not represented among the paintings on the walls at 27 rue de Fleurus . Where the works of Renoir , Cézanne, Matisse, and Picasso dominated Leo and Gertrude Stein's collection, Sarah Stein's collection particularly emphasised Matisse. Contemporaries of Leo and Gertrude Stein, Matisse and Picasso became part of their social circle and routinely joined

2184-647: Is now the third-largest collection of Matisse works in France. According to David Rockefeller , Matisse's final work was the design for a stained-glass window installed at the Union Church of Pocantico Hills near the Rockefeller estate north of New York City. "It was his final artistic creation; the maquette was on the wall of his bedroom when he died in November of 1954", Rockefeller writes. Installation

2275-525: Is sometimes conceived of as any comparative study of human groups. The 15th-century exploration of America by European explorers had an important role in formulating new notions of the Occident (the Western world ), such as the notion of the " Other ". This term was used in conjunction with "savages", which was either seen as a brutal barbarian, or alternatively, as the " noble savage ". Thus, civilization

2366-413: Is that Matisse drew and painted from nature, while Picasso was more inclined to work from imagination. The subjects painted most frequently by both artists were women and still lifes , with Matisse more likely to place his figures in fully realised interiors. Matisse and Picasso were first brought together at the Paris salon of Gertrude Stein with her partner Alice B. Toklas . During the first decade of

2457-663: Is the Dorflinger Glass which was produced in White Mills, Pennsylvania, from 1852 to 1921. The factory, founded by Christian Dorflinger, was renowned for its cut glass and stemware. The prestige of the factory was enhanced by its reputation for fine tableware that was sought after by eight American presidents, from Abraham Lincoln to Woodrow Wilson, and selected European royalty. 41°24′02″N 75°38′39″W  /  41.4006°N 75.6442°W  / 41.4006; -75.6442 Ethnological Ethnology (from

2548-399: The ‹See Tfd› Greek : ἔθνος , ethnos meaning ' nation ') is an academic field and discipline that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different scenarios peoples and the relationships between them (compare cultural , social , or sociocultural anthropology ). Compared to ethnography , the study of single groups through direct contact with the culture, ethnology takes

2639-533: The Chapelle du Rosaire de Vence , which allowed him to expand this technique within a truly decorative context. The experience of designing the chapel windows, chasubles , and tabernacle door—all planned using the cut-out method—had the effect of consolidating the medium as his primary focus. Finishing his last painting in 1951 (and final sculpture the year before), Matisse utilized the paper cut-out as his sole medium for expression up until his death. This project

2730-561: The Civil War , Dr. Everhart conceived the idea of assembling a comprehensive collection of Pennsylvania's native birds and animals. A skilled taxidermist, he built a collection of mounted specimens which soon expanded into one of the finest and largest collections in the United States. In 1905, he composed a will specifying that funds from his estate be used to construct the "Dr. I.F. Everhart general museum to be built in Nay Aug Park in

2821-491: The French Riviera , a suburb of the city of Nice . His work of the decade or so following this relocation shows a relaxation and softening of his approach. This " return to order " is characteristic of much post- World War I art, and can be compared with the neoclassicism of Picasso and Stravinsky as well as the return to traditionalism of Derain . Matisse's orientalist odalisque paintings are characteristic of

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2912-550: The Louvre . In 1896, Matisse, an unknown art student at the time, visited the Australian painter John Russell on the island of Belle Île off the coast of Brittany . Russell introduced him to Impressionism and to the work of Vincent van Gogh —who had been a friend of Russell—and gave him a Van Gogh drawing. Matisse's style changed completely: abandoning his earth-coloured palette for bright colours. He later said Russell

3003-527: The Museum of Modern Art by Henry Kravis and the new president of the museum, Marie-Josée Drouin . Estimated price was $ 25 million. Previously, it had not been seen by the public since 1970. In 2002, a Matisse sculpture, Reclining Nude I (Dawn), sold for $ 9.2 million, a record for a sculpture by the artist. Matisse's daughter Marguerite often aided Matisse scholars with insights about his working methods and his works. She died in 1982 while compiling

3094-587: The Salon d'Automne in 1905. The paintings expressed emotion with wild, often dissonant colours, without regard for the subject's natural colours. Matisse showed Open Window and Woman with the Hat at the Salon. Critic Louis Vauxcelles commented on a lone sculpture surrounded by an "orgy of pure tones" as " Donatello chez les fauves" (Donatello among the wild beasts), referring to a Renaissance -type sculpture that shared

3185-562: The humanities and including fine arts (paintings, works on paper and sculpture), ethnographic collections (Native American, Oceania, South American and Asian), ancient civilizations, African art, American folk art, local/regional history and decorative arts (Dorflinger glass is a large component of this collection). The remaining half of the collection is focused on natural science specimens, including fossils, birds, mammals, reptiles, fish, minerals, insects, shells and herbaria. The natural science collection often features in exhibit development, as

3276-657: The "modern Renaissance" style were made by Scranton architects Harvey J. Blackwood and John Nelson. Construction soon began and the original core building of the Everhart Museum was dedicated on Memorial Day , May 30, 1908. At that time, the museum's collections primarily consisted of Dr. Everhart's ornithological specimens. In honor of the museum's founder, a bronze statue of Dr. Everhart and Lake Everhart were dedicated on May 20, 1911. Dr. Everhart died just five days later on May 25, 1911. Although Dr. Everhart's original plan called for "three buildings forming three sides of

3367-559: The 1960s by Adele Levy from her collection. The intent was to put well-known artists in the collections of smaller museums, and to give these museum communities an opportunity to see works otherwise not available to them. Prior to the formation of the Community Board in the early 1990s, the Everhart had a series of directors during the 1990s and early 2000s who often had no previous museum experience and no education or background in

3458-561: The 1980s the entire upper floor of the museum was renovated to accommodate the permanent collections and to create a suite of temporary exhibition galleries. In the late 1980s and early '90s, the question of governance was becoming an issue for the Everhart. Funding sources, e.g. The Pennsylvania Council on the Arts, questioned the efficiency of the County Judges as trustees for a public, non-profit institution. In 1910, Dr. Everhart deemed

3549-557: The City of Scranton, Pennsylvania," and that additional funds were to be used for an endowment to support such an institution. Dr. Everhart continued to collect specimens and three years after his will was prepared recognized the need to build the museum during his lifetime. In 1907 he publicly announced that he would provide funds and guidance for the creation of a museum "for the young and old of this generation and for all of those who follow after ... for their pleasure and education." Plans in

3640-565: The Pollock piece a fake after appraisers could not authenticate it. The Everhart continues to identify the painting as Pollock's 1949 Springs Winter . The lender of the work said the correct title is Winter in Springs . The from 2019 onward the FBI arrested and charged a group of 10 men for robbing the Everhart ; and other museums. The Everhart Museum's collections include approximately 20,000 objects, with roughly half focused on

3731-574: The Saturday evenings were Fernande Olivier (Picasso's mistress), Georges Braque , André Derain , the poets Max Jacob and Guillaume Apollinaire , Marie Laurencin (Apollinaire's mistress and an artist in her own right), and Henri Rousseau . His friends organized and financed the Académie Matisse in Paris, a private and non-commercial school in which Matisse instructed young artists. It operated from 1907 until 1911. The initiative for

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3822-730: The academy came from the Steins and the Dômiers , with the involvement of Hans Purrmann , Patrick Henry Bruce , and Sarah Stein . Matisse spent seven months in Morocco from 1912 to 1913, producing about 24 paintings and numerous drawings. His frequent orientalist topics of later paintings, such as odalisques , can be traced to this period. Goldfish in aquariums also became a frequently recurring theme in Matisse's art following his trip to Morocco. In 1917, Matisse relocated to Cimiez on

3913-488: The advice of Camille Pissarro , he went to London to study the paintings of J. M. W. Turner and then went on a trip to Corsica . Upon his return to Paris in February 1899, he worked beside Albert Marquet and met André Derain , Jean Puy , and Jules Flandrin . Matisse immersed himself in the work of others and went into debt from buying work from painters he admired. The work he hung and displayed in his home included

4004-408: The anachronistic governance of the Everhart by the county judges. They felt their trusteeship was hindering the potential and progress to move forward. The PCA, as a major funder for the Everhart, anticipated that they could no longer guarantee continued support without the museum helping themselves through other funding channels. The PCA encouraged Mr. Lettieri to investigate the possibility of amending

4095-434: The approval of the budget and the engaging of the museum director. After the two-year period the judges would then evaluate the museum's status before going to court to officially modify Dr. Everhart's will. During that period, the museum's board began to evaluate the entire operation of all museum programs and the condition of the collections and the infrastructure. The long absence of consistent leadership and funding painted

4186-418: The book, rather than as independent pictorial works. At this point, Matisse still thought of the cut-outs as separate from his principal art form. His new understanding of this medium unfolds with the 1946 introduction for Jazz . After summarizing his career, Matisse refers to the possibilities the cut-out technique offers, insisting "An artist must never be a prisoner of himself, prisoner of a style, prisoner of

4277-485: The classical tradition in French painting . After 1930, he adopted a bolder simplification of form . When ill health in his final years prevented him from painting, he created an important body of work in the medium of cut paper collage . His mastery of the expressive language of colour and drawing, displayed in a body of work spanning over a half-century, won him recognition as a leading figure in modern art . Matisse

4368-467: The community board officially became the trustees of the Everhart Museum. Mr. Lettieri was the founding president of the first Community Board and served for three years. In a controversy that aroused national attention in museum circles, in the mainstream press and among certain members of the general public, the Everhart tried several times during the 1990s and early 2000s to sell their lone Matisse painting Pink Shrimps . The painting had been donated in

4459-430: The conventional, conservative trends of the art world in favor of what she deemed of value. Like other early folk art collectors, she sought American art outside the established halls of the academy, understanding the intrinsic beauty, the evident craftsmanship and the inherent history of these objects. The decorative arts collection includes ceramics, glass and furniture from Asia, Europe and America. Of special interest

4550-447: The fine arts, which resulted in years of mismanagement that put the museum in dire financial condition. The issue came to a head in 2001-02 when then-curator Bruce Lanning refused an order from the Everhart's Board of Trustees directing him to pack up the Matisse to be shipped to Sotheby's where it was to be offered in a public auction , a move that cost him his position at the Everhart. The newly created Community Board felt that, while

4641-547: The gatherings that took place on Saturday evenings at 27 rue de Fleurus. Gertrude attributed the beginnings of the Saturday evening salons to Matisse, remarking: More and more frequently, people began visiting to see the Matisse paintings—and the Cézannes: Matisse brought people, everybody brought somebody, and they came at any time and it began to be a nuisance, and it was in this way that Saturday evenings began. Among Pablo Picasso's acquaintances who also frequented

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4732-518: The gradual retreat of the Ottoman Empire in the more distant Balkans . Among the goals of ethnology have been the reconstruction of human history , and the formulation of cultural invariants , such as the incest taboo and culture change, and the formulation of generalizations about " human nature ", a concept which has been criticized since the 19th century by various philosophers ( Hegel , Marx , structuralism , etc.). In some parts of

4823-462: The judges as the most "trustworthy" sector of the community to govern his newly created museum. During that period, the judges as the Board of Trustees watched over the museum's operations with various degrees of interest and participation. Judges changed and the level of their time constraints and overall interest did not always formulate an atmosphere for a solid managerial foundation. Protocol precluded

4914-434: The judges from raising money from private parties and over the years various auxiliary groups helped in an assortment of ways to bring funding to the Everhart by holding a variety of events. Naturally, those volunteers eventually wanted to participate in determining the use of the money raised. The ideas put forth by the workers on these occasions failed to always meet the approval of the trustees. Without any meaningful input in

5005-803: The mineral collection. The fossil collection has 300 pieces, some of which are on display in the Life Through Time Gallery. The entomological collection includes approximately 300 specimens of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) and Coleoptera (beetles). In 1913, Alfred Twining, the Associate Editor of the Scranton Times and foremost botanist in the region, donated his Herbarium to the museum that comprises 2100 specimens. The fine art collection consists of nineteenth-century paintings by nationally and locally recognized artists, works on paper, contemporary prints and paintings,

5096-404: The most important of his works in the neo-Impressionist style, Luxe, Calme et Volupté . In 1905, he travelled southwards again to work with André Derain at Collioure . His paintings of this period are characterised by flat shapes and controlled lines, using pointillism in a less rigorous way than before. Matisse and a group of artists now known as " Fauves " exhibited together in a room at

5187-551: The museum opened its doors on May 30, 1908, there were only eight other public museums found in the Commonwealth, none of which were located in Northeastern Pennsylvania . Dr. Everhart's gift to the City of Scranton was intended to bring the world to his community. His goal was to create an institution that would “educate and delight for generations to come.” Following military service as a surgeon during

5278-570: The museum's operation, the motivation for continued support by disenfranchised volunteers waned and the museum become out of the focus of the region's citizens. At the time, Robert N. Lettieri, a Scranton native, and longtime supporter of the arts, was serving on the Executive Committee of the Pennsylvania Council of the Arts under Governor Robert P. Casey . The PCA panels, evaluating Everhart grant requests, questioned

5369-653: The natural world is frequently the subject of artistic inspiration, and the collections are used as a resource by artists and children alike. The natural science collection includes regional specimens, as well as examples from environments around the world. The ornithological collection includes 2,300 specimens, many of which are on display in the museum's Bird Gallery. The mammal collection consists of approximately 400 specimens that include primates, regional fauna and tropical animals. The fish, reptile and amphibian collections number approximately 285 items. The museum's shell collection has 3,500 specimens and there are 800 pieces in

5460-433: The origins, languages, customs, and institutions of various nations, and finally into the fatherland and ancient seats, in order to be able better to judge the nations and peoples in their own times." Kollár's interest in linguistic and cultural diversity was aroused by the situation in his native multi-ethnic and multilingual Kingdom of Hungary and his roots among its Slovaks , and by the shifts that began to emerge after

5551-416: The ownership of a Matisse gave the museum a limited amount of prestige, the museum would better serve the spirit of Ms. Levy's gift by creating an endowment from its sale to acquire a wider variety of works and exhibitions. It was an acceptable museum practice to deaccession works not consistent with its current collections. With board approval, the Matisse was offered for auction at Sotheby's but did not make

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5642-461: The period; while this work was popular, some contemporary critics found it shallow and decorative. In the late 1920s, Matisse once again engaged in active collaborations with other artists. He worked with not only Frenchmen, Dutch, Germans, and Spaniards, but also a few Americans and recent American immigrants. After 1930, a new vigor and bolder simplification appeared in his work. American art collector Albert C. Barnes convinced Matisse to produce

5733-451: The research that ethnographers have compiled and then compares and contrasts different cultures. The term ethnologia ( ethnology ) is credited to Adam Franz Kollár (1718–1783) who used and defined it in his Historiae ivrisqve pvblici Regni Vngariae amoenitates published in Vienna in 1783. as: "the science of nations and peoples, or, that study of learned men in which they inquire into

5824-421: The reserve of $ 1 million. Later, a deal was struck with a private buyer for a net amount of $ 1 million which was placed in a separate endowment fund for acquisitions and exhibitions. The Scranton Times lamented the loss of the city's "masterpiece." On November 17, 2005, two works, a Jackson Pollock painting and pop artist Andy Warhol 's 1984 Le Grande Passion , were stolen in a robbery involving ladders and

5915-454: The room with them. His comment was printed on 17 October 1905 in Gil Blas , a daily newspaper, and passed into popular usage. The exhibition garnered harsh criticism—"A pot of paint has been flung in the face of the public", said the critic Camille Mauclair —but also some favourable attention. When the painting that was singled out for special condemnation, Matisse's Woman with a Hat ,

6006-608: The room. The two Oceania pieces, his first cut-outs of this scale, evoked a trip to Tahiti he made years before. In May 1954, his cut out The Sheaf was exhibited at the Salon de Mai and met with success. The artwork was a commission for American collectors Mr and Mrs Brody and the cut out was then adapted to a ceramic for their house in Los Angeles. It is now located in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art . In 1948, Matisse began to prepare designs for

6097-469: The stage sets and costumes for Sergei Diaghilev 's Ballets Russes . However, it was only after his operation that, bedridden, Matisse began to develop the cut-out technique as its own form, rather than its prior utilitarian origin. He moved to the hilltop of Vence, France in 1943, where he produced his first major cut-out project for his artist's book titled Jazz . However, these cut-outs were conceived as designs for stencil prints to be looked at in

6188-829: The studio, and coordinating his business affairs. Matisse was visiting Paris when the Nazis invaded France in June 1940, but managed to make his way back to Nice. His son, Pierre, by then a gallery owner in New York, begged him to flee while he could. Matisse was about to depart for Brazil to escape the occupation of France but changed his mind and remained in Nice, in Vichy France . "It seemed to me as if I would be deserting," he wrote Pierre in September 1940. "If everyone who has any value leaves France, what remains of France?". Although he

6279-454: The technique was in 1919 during the design of decor for the Le chant du rossignol , an opera composed by Igor Stravinsky . Albert C. Barnes arranged for cardboard templates to be made of the unusual dimensions of the walls onto which Matisse, in his studio in Nice, fixed the composition of painted paper shapes. Another group of cut-outs were made between 1937 and 1938, while Matisse was working on

6370-521: The train to Ravensbrück, which was halted during an Allied air raid; she survived in the woods in the chaos of the closing days of the war until rescued by fellow resisters. Matisse's student Rudolf Levy was killed in the Auschwitz concentration camp in 1944. Diagnosed with abdominal cancer in 1941, Matisse underwent surgery that left him reliant on a wheelchair and often bedbound. Painting and sculpture had become physical challenges, so he turned to

6461-589: The twentieth century, the Americans in Paris—Gertrude Stein, her brothers Leo Stein , Michael Stein, and Michael's wife Sarah —were important collectors and supporters of Matisse's paintings. In addition, Gertrude Stein's two American friends from Baltimore , the Cone sisters Claribel and Etta, became major patrons of Matisse and Picasso, collecting hundreds of their paintings and drawings. The Cone collection

6552-401: The will of Dr. Everhart in order to form a community board of directors. Mr. Lettieri approached the then-museum director, Kevin O'Brien, on the subject. Mr. O'Brien met with the judges on a regular basis, and Mr. Lettieri asked to be included in order to make a proposal to them. Without hesitation, the judges welcomed the idea and were very receptive to Mr. Lettieri's point of view. The meeting

6643-542: The work of Henri Matisse. Henri Matisse's grandson Paul Matisse is an artist and inventor living in Massachusetts . Matisse's great-granddaughter Sophie Matisse is active as an artist. Les Heritiers Matisse functions as his official Estate. The U.S. copyright representative for Les Heritiers Matisse is the Artists Rights Society . The Musée Matisse in Nice, a municipal museum, has one of

6734-501: The works he painted between 1900 and 1905 brought him notoriety as one of the Fauves ( French for "wild beasts"). Many of his finest works were created in the decade or so after 1906, when he developed a rigorous style that emphasized flattened forms and decorative pattern. In 1917, he relocated to a suburb of Nice on the French Riviera , and the more relaxed style of his work during the 1920s gained him critical acclaim as an upholder of

6825-579: The world, ethnology has developed along independent paths of investigation and pedagogical doctrine, with cultural anthropology becoming dominant especially in the United States , and social anthropology in Great Britain . The distinction between the three terms is increasingly blurry. Ethnology has been considered an academic field since the late 18th century, especially in Europe and

6916-512: Was a French visual artist , known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman , printmaker , and sculptor , but is known primarily as a painter. Matisse is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso , as one of the artists who best helped to define the revolutionary developments in the visual arts throughout the opening decades of the twentieth century, responsible for significant developments in painting and sculpture. The intense colourism of

7007-427: Was attended by all but one of the judges, and accepted the basic premise of the presentation. They agreed to have Mr. Lettieri back the following month for a further review. Subsequently, the judges asked Mr. Lettieri form a community board from his experience with leaders in the arts and business community. The initial responsibilities of the board would be to manage the full operation of the museum for 2 years except for

7098-679: Was born in Le Cateau-Cambrésis , in the Nord department in Northern France on New Year's Eve in 1869, the oldest son of a wealthy grain merchant . He grew up in Bohain-en-Vermandois , Picardie . In 1887, he went to Paris to study law, working as a court administrator in Le Cateau-Cambrésis after gaining his qualification. He first started to paint in 1889, after his mother brought him art supplies during

7189-460: Was bought by Gertrude and Leo Stein , the embattled artist's morale improved considerably. Matisse was recognised as a leader of the Fauves, along with André Derain; the two were friendly rivals, each with his own followers. Other members were Georges Braque , Raoul Dufy , and Maurice de Vlaminck . The Symbolist painter Gustave Moreau (1826–1898) was the movement's inspirational teacher. As

7280-606: Was completed in 1956. Matisse died of a heart attack at the age of 84 on 3 November 1954. He is buried in the cemetery of the Monastère Notre Dame de Cimiez, in the Cimiez neighbourhood of Nice. The first painting of Matisse acquired by a public collection was Still Life with Geraniums (1910), exhibited in the Pinakothek der Moderne . His The Plum Blossoms (1948) was purchased on 8 September 2005 for

7371-842: Was difficult for him to provide for his family. His painting Nu bleu (1907) was burned in effigy at the Armory Show in Chicago in 1913. The decline of the Fauvist movement after 1906 did not affect the career of Matisse; many of his finest works were created between 1906 and 1917, when he was an active part of the great gathering of artistic talent in Montparnasse , even though he did not quite fit in, with his conservative appearance and strict bourgeois work habits. He continued to absorb new influences. He travelled to Algeria in 1906 studying African art and Primitivism . After viewing

7462-528: Was having an affair with her young Russian emigre companion, Lydia Delectorskaya , ended their 41-year marriage in July 1939, dividing their possessions equally between them. Delectorskaya attempted suicide by shooting herself in the chest; remarkably, she survived with no serious after-effects, and returned to Matisse and worked with him for the rest of his life, running his household, paying the bills, typing his correspondence, keeping meticulous records, assisting in

7553-577: Was his teacher, and that Russell had explained colour theory to him. The same year, Matisse exhibited five paintings in the salon of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts , two of which were purchased by the state. With the model Caroline Joblau, he had a daughter, Marguerite, born in 1894. In 1898, he married Amélie Noellie Parayre; the two raised Marguerite together and had two sons, Jean (born 1899) and Pierre (born 1900). Marguerite and Amélie often served as models for Matisse. In 1898, on

7644-425: Was in 1934 that Mr. and Mrs. John Law Robertson lent significant pieces of American Folk Art for an exhibition at the Everhart Museum. Most of these collections were later acquired in the years 1946 to 1948 and these form the base of the extensive American Folk Art collection. Mrs. Robertson (whose actual full name has been difficult to determine, since she is always referenced publicly only as "Mrs. John Law Robertson")

7735-771: Was never a member of the resistance, it became a point of pride to the occupied French that one of their most acclaimed artists chose to stay. While the Nazis occupied France from 1940 to 1944, they were more lenient in their attacks on "degenerate art" in Paris than they were in the German-speaking nations under their military dictatorship. Matisse was allowed to exhibit, along with other former Fauves and Cubists whom Hitler had initially claimed to despise, though without any Jewish artists, all of whose works had been purged from all French museums and galleries; any French artists exhibiting in France had to sign an oath assuring their "Aryan" status, including Matisse. He also worked as

7826-402: Was not quite painting, but not quite sculpture. He called the last fourteen years of his life "une seconde vie", meaning his second life. When talking about his work, Matisse mentioned that, while his mobility was limited, he could wander through gardens in the form of his artwork. Although the paper cut-out was Matisse's major medium in the final decade of his life, his first recorded use of

7917-412: Was one of the first individuals who exclusively dedicated time and money to develop on one of the seminal collections of folk art in the country. Her enthusiasm for folk art is recorded in letters from the museum archives where she explicitly states her commitment to and passion for art that was frequently ignored by institutions exclusively dedicated to “fine arts.” Mrs. Robertson, an area native, balked at

8008-403: Was opposed in a dualist manner to barbary , a classic opposition constitutive of the even more commonly shared ethnocentrism . The progress of ethnology, for example with Claude Lévi-Strauss 's structural anthropology , led to the criticism of conceptions of a linear progress , or the pseudo-opposition between "societies with histories" and "societies without histories", judged too dependent on

8099-400: Was particularly significant for the development of the discipline, since the early 1950s. Important figures in this movement have included Lévi-Strauss, Paul Rivet , Marcel Griaule , Germaine Dieterlen , and Jean Rouch . See: List of scholars of ethnology Matisse Henri Émile Benoît Matisse ( French: [ɑ̃ʁi emil bənwa matis] ; 31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954)

8190-591: Was the result of the close friendship between Matisse and Bourgeois, now Sister Jacques-Marie, despite him being an atheist. They had met again in Vence and started the collaboration, a story related in her 1992 book Henri Matisse: La Chapelle de Vence and in the 2003 documentary "A Model for Matisse". In 1952, he established a museum dedicated to his work, the Matisse Museum in Le Cateau , and this museum

8281-707: Was to become legendary. Matisse's estranged wife, Amélie, was a typist for the French Underground and jailed for six months. Matisse was shocked when he heard that his daughter Marguerite, who had been active in the Résistance during the war, was tortured (almost to death) by the Gestapo in a Rennes prison and sentenced to the Ravensbrück concentration camp in Germany. Marguerite managed to escape from

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