116-497: Evil May Day or Ill May Day is the name of a xenophobic riot which took place on 1 May 1517 as a protest against foreigners (called "strangers") living in London . Apprentices attacked foreign residents ranging from "Flemish cobblers" to "French royal courtiers". Some of the rioters were later hanged, although King Henry VIII granted a pardon for the remainder following public pleadings from his wife Catherine of Aragon . In
232-633: A Pew Research Center survey found that negative views concerning Jews were most common in the three predominantly Arab nations which were polled, with 97% of Lebanese having an unfavorable opinion of Jews, 95% of Egyptians and 96% of Jordanians. The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood leader Mohammed Mahdi Akef has denounced what he called "the myth of the Holocaust " in defense of the former-Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 's denial of it. In an article in October 2000 columnist Adel Hammoda alleged in
348-486: A cultural genocide . A number of discriminatory laws against Chinese Indonesians were enacted by the government of Indonesia . In 1959, President Sukarno approved PP 10/1959 that forced Chinese Indonesians to close their businesses in rural areas and relocate into urban areas. Moreover, political pressures in the 1970s and 1980s restricted the role of the Chinese Indonesian in politics, academics, and
464-438: A liberty north of St Paul's Cathedral where numerous foreigners lived. Here they were met by the under-sheriff of London, Thomas More , who attempted to persuade them to return to their homes. As soon as More had calmed them, however, the inhabitants of St Martin started to throw stones, bricks, bats, and boiling water from their windows, some of which fell on an official who screamed: "Down with them!" This sparked panic in
580-634: A " slow-motion genocide " in West Papua . Hostility towards the LGBT community has been recently reported, especially in Aceh . Japan had successfully isolated itself from the outside world, allowing anti-foreign sentiments and myths to multiply unchecked by actual observation. In 2005, a United Nations report expressed concerns about racism in Japan and it also stated that the government's recognition of
696-544: A 2010–2014 World Values Survey , 44.2% of South Koreans reported they would not want an immigrant or foreign worker as a neighbor. Racist attitudes are more commonly expressed towards immigrants from other Asian countries and Africa, and less so towards European and white North American immigrants who can occasionally receive what has been described as "overly kind treatment". Related discrimination have also been reported with regards to mixed-race children, Chinese Korean , and North Korean immigrants. There are no laws within
812-463: A band of Maderista soldiers entered Torreón, Mexico , and massacred 303 Chinese and five Japanese . Historian Larissa Schwartz argues that Kang Youwei had successfully organized the prosperous Chinese businessmen there, making them a visible target for class antagonism made extreme by xenophobia. The Chinese were easy to identify in northern cities and were frequent targets especially in Sonora in
928-531: A complaint by a religious Jew who was denied entry by stating that security concerns required that travelers who are entering the Hashemite Kingdom should not do so with prayer shawls ( Tallit ) and phylacteries ( Tefillin ). Jordanian authorities state that the policy is to ensure the Jewish tourists' safety. In July 2009, six Breslov Hasidim were deported after attempting to enter Jordan to visit
1044-471: A complex xenophobic discourse. Given ancient Egypt's long history, Egyptians encountered a number of different peoples. Peoples living in present-day Greece , Sudan , and Turkey , for instance, were referred to by various names in Egyptian . According to one source, "...all the names have at the end the same hieroglyphic sign– a determinative or taxogram– indicating the word-group. This is the hieroglyph for
1160-402: A continuation of xenophobic attacks on Chinese Americans for 150 years. In 1991–92, Bhutan is said to have deported between 10,000 and 100,000 ethnic Nepalis ( Lhotshampa ). The actual number of refugees who were initially deported is debated by both sides. In March 2008, this population began a multiyear resettlement in third countries including the U.S., Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Denmark,
1276-413: A fortnight before the riot an inflammatory xenophobic speech was made on Easter Tuesday by a preacher known as "Dr Bell" at St. Paul's Cross at the instigation of John Lincoln, a broker. Bell accused immigrants of stealing jobs from English workers and of "eat[ing] the bread from poor fatherless children". Bell called on all "Englishmen to cherish and defend themselves, and to hurt and grieve aliens for
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#17327809168461392-762: A general pardon for the rebels, that Parliament would meet in York in a year, and another pardon, this time directed at the abbeys until the Parliament had met. Jesse Childs (a biographer of the Earl of Surrey, Norfolk's son) specifically notes that Henry VIII did not authorise Norfolk to grant remedies for the grievances. The Duke's enemies had told the King that the Howards could put down a rebellion of peasants if they wanted to, suggesting that Norfolk, being Catholic, sympathised with
1508-532: A group of young men after the curfew. Mundy ordered the men to remove themselves from the streets to which one replied: "Why?" Mundy replied: "Thou shalt know" and grabbed his arm to arrest him. The man's friends defended him and Mundy fled "in great danger". Within a few hours, approximately a thousand young male apprentices had congregated in Cheapside. The mob freed several prisoners who were locked up for attacking foreigners and proceeded to St Martin le Grand ,
1624-446: A hilly country or the desert– indicating 'foreign land' (khaset)...By contrast, Egypt (Kemet/Black land) is written with the determinative for a town. This indicates that Egyptians regarded their part of the world as cultivated, ordered and civilized, while the other countries were not." This indicates an early example of a xenophobic attitude towards other peoples. In addition, ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics indicate xenophobic ideas about
1740-773: A long history. Historically, Mexicans with light skin tones had absolute control over dark skinned Amerindians due to the structure of the Spanish colonial caste system. When a Mexican of a darker-skinned tone marries one of a lighter skinned-tone, it is common for them say that they are " 'making the race better' ( mejorando la raza )". This can be interpreted as a self-attack on their ethnicity. Despite improving economic and social conditions of indigenous Mexicans, discrimination against them continues to this day and there are few laws to protect indigenous Mexicans from discrimination. Violent attacks against indigenous Mexicans are moderately common and many times go unpunished. On 15 March 1911,
1856-669: A mass sounding board for what otherwise might have been rather arid denunciations of imperialists. It is well to remember that both Nationalists and Communists have struck this note. In China, xenophobia against non-Chinese residents has been inflamed by the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China , with foreigners being described as "foreign garbage" and targeted for "disposal". Some black people in China were evicted from their homes by police and told to leave China within 24 hours, due to disinformation that they and other foreigners were spreading
1972-676: A mistress, Elizabeth Holland (died 1547/8), whom he installed in the Howard household. Lady Elizabeth formally separated from her husband in the 1530s. She claimed that in March 1534, the Duke of Norfolk 'locked me up in a chamber, [and] took away my jewels and apparel'. Howard then moved her to Redbourn , Hertfordshire, where she lived as an actual prisoner with a meagre annual allowance of only £200. She also claimed to have been physically maltreated by Howard and his household servants. On 10 March 1536,
2088-666: A necessity to conquer non-Egyptians, with Hittites in particular being referred to as "vile". An early example of xenophobic sentiment in Western culture is the Ancient Greek denigration of foreigners as " barbarians ", the belief that the Greek people and culture were superior to all other peoples and cultures , and the subsequent conclusion that barbarians were naturally meant to be enslaved . Ancient Romans also held notions of superiority over other peoples. such as in
2204-459: A new creation, but treated for all practical purposes as a recreation of the forfeited title previously held by his father), and by letters patent issued on the same day, Howard was created Earl of Surrey . Both were granted lands in support of their new dignities, although Henry, ever cautious of rivals, scattered the grants across the realm to prevent a Howard landed base in East Anglia. Over
2320-577: A severe drought, Boxer violence spread across Shandong and the North China Plain , destroying foreign property, attacking or murdering Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians . In June 1900, Boxer fighters, convinced that they were invulnerable to foreign weapons, converged on Beijing , and their slogan was "Support the Qing government and exterminate the foreigners." Diplomats, missionaries, soldiers and some Chinese Christians took refuge in
2436-522: A speech attributed to Manius Acilius : There, as you know, there were Macedonians and Thracians and Illyrians, all most warlike nations, here Syrians and Asiatic Greeks, the most worthless peoples among mankind and born for slavery. Black Africans were considered especially exotic, and perhaps they were considered threateningly alien, so they are seldom if ever mentioned in Roman literature without some negative connotations. The historian Appian claims that
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#17327809168462552-495: A time, Howard enjoyed political prominence and material rewards. According to Nicholas Sander , the religiously conservative Howards may have seen Catherine as a figurehead for a fight to restore Catholicism in England. Despite the fact that the King was much in love with Catherine, referring to her as his "rose without a thorn", the marriage quickly came to a disastrous end. While Henry and Queen Catherine were on progress during
2668-539: A time. In July, the Duke of Richmond, Norfolk's only son-in-law, died at the age of 17 and was buried at Thetford Priory , one of the Howard properties. When the Pilgrimage of Grace broke out in Lincolnshire and the northern counties in October 1536 in response to the government-sponsored suppression of monasteries and abbeys across England , Norfolk and his eldest son, the Earl of Surrey shared command of
2784-603: A wide range of other protection risks, including racism, discrimination and xenophobia". Since the start of the migrant crisis, media outlets and state officials have raised concerns about increasing discrimination against migrants in the country, especially xenophobia and violence against the migrants. There have been racial tension between the Indo-Guyanese people and the Afro-Guyanese . Racism in Mexico has
2900-414: Is "an element of a political struggle about who has the right to be cared for by the state and society: a fight for the collective good of the modern state." According to Italian sociologist Guido Bolaffi, xenophobia can also be exhibited as an "uncritical exaltation of another culture" which is ascribed "an unreal, stereotyped and exotic quality". In Ancient Egypt , foreigners were conceived of through
3016-401: Is an expression that is based on the perception that a conflict exists between an in-group and an out-group and it may manifest itself in suspicion of one group's activities by members of the other group, a desire to eliminate the presence of the group that is the target of suspicion, and fear of losing a national, ethnic, or racial identity. A 1997 review article on xenophobia holds that it
3132-492: Is an integral element within the very fabric of American culture and society. It is embedded in the country's first collective definition, enunciated in its subsequent laws, and imbued in its dominant way of life." A 2019 survey by the Pew Research Center suggested that 76% of black and Asian respondents had experienced some form of discrimination, at least from time to time. Studies which have been conducted by
3248-657: Is mirrored by a letter to the Venetian doge written five days after the riot. While the mob were on the rampage, Sir Richard Cholmeley , the Lieutenant of the Tower of London , furiously ordered the firing of some of the Tower's artillery at the city, drawing the ire of the city elders. In other versions, the rioters closed the city gates to prevent the King's guard from being reinforced and then temporarily took control over
3364-540: Is scarce and typically relegated for musicians/their shows. In the case of telenovelas , Brazilians of darker skin tone are typically depicted as housekeepers or in positions of lower socioeconomic standing. Muslim and Sikh Canadians have faced racism and discrimination in recent years, especially since the 2001 terrorist attacks on the U.S. and the spillover effect of the United States' War on Terror . An increase in hate crimes targeting Ontario Muslims
3480-707: Is towards foreign labourers, who normally came from Indonesia, Bangladesh and Africa. There is also a significant degree of xenophobia towards neighbouring Singaporeans and Indonesians. Xenophobia in South Korea has been recognized by scholars and the United Nations as a widespread social problem. An increase in immigration to South Korea since the 2000s catalyzed more overt expressions of racism, as well as criticism of those expressions. Newspapers have frequently reported on and criticized discrimination against immigrants, in forms such as being paid lower than
3596-527: The PNAS and Nature have found that during traffic stops, officers spoke to black men in a less respectful tone than they spoke to white men and those same studies have also found that black drivers are more likely to be pulled over and searched by police than white drivers. Black people are also reportedly overrepresented as criminals in the media. In 2020 the COVID-19 epidemic was often blamed on China, leading to attacks on Chinese Americans. This represents
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3712-623: The Duke of Richmond , a union that was politically advantageous to Norfolk. Because as Henry VIII did not yet have a legitimate male heir and Princess Mary had been removed from the line of succession, Richmond was seen by many as a potential heir to the throne. The marriage was never consummated by order of the King due to the youth of the couple, and it was then cut short by FitzRoy's death in 1536. Thomas Howard's marriage to his second wife, Lady Elizabeth Stafford, which had apparently been mutually affectionate at first, deteriorated in 1527 when he took
3828-520: The Norman conquest . In 1483, his father and grandfather were created Earl of Surrey and Duke of Norfolk respectively in reward for their loyalty to the Duke of Gloucester, who became King Richard III after usurping the throne from his nephews, the sons of Edward IV , and in 1485 the Howards fought on the side of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth , where the 1st Duke lost his life and the Earl of Surrey
3944-455: The minimum wage , having their wages withheld, unsafe work conditions, physical abuse, or general denigration. After 2010, xenophobia became increasingly prevalent in the widely used social media. Jiyeon Kang reports a common pattern scapegoating dark-skinned migrants by gender, race and class. They are presented as accomplices and beneficiaries of the elite coalition allegedly taking traditional rights away from South Korean male citizens. In
4060-577: The 1930s. Systematic persecution resulted from economic, political, and psychological fears of the Chinese, and the government showed little interest in protecting them. Theresa Alfaro-Velcamp argues that the Porfiriato, 1876–1910 promoted immigration from the Middle East. However the revolution of 1910–20 saw a surge in xenophobia and nationalism based on "mestizaje." The community divided into
4176-577: The COVID-19 pandemic. Since 2017, China has come under intense international criticism for its treatment of one million Muslims (the majority of them are Uyghurs , a Turkic ethnic minority mostly in Xinjiang ) who are being held in detention camps without any legal process. Critics of the policy have described it as the Sinicization of Xinjiang and some have also called it an ethnocide or
4292-626: The Crown from his son, the future Edward VI to reverse the Reformation and thus return the English Church to papal jurisdiction. Norfolk's family, including his estranged wife, his daughter Mary, and his mistress, Elizabeth Holland , all gave evidence against him. His son was convicted of treason and executed on 19 January 1547, and on 27 January 1547, the Howards, father and son, were attainted by statute. The dying King gave his assent to
4408-405: The Duke's death through royal commissioners, and it was rumoured that he would be executed on the following day. Norfolk was saved due to the King's death in the early morning of 28 January and the council's decision not to inaugurate the new reign with bloodshed, but remained a prisoner in the Tower of London . His estates fell prey to the ruling clique in the reign of King Edward VI , for which he
4524-477: The Duke. On 29 June 1539, Howard, the Duke of Suffolk and Cromwell dined with the King as guests of the Archbishop of Canterbury , Thomas Cranmer at Lambeth Palace . During a heated discussion about Cardinal Wolsey, Cromwell charged Thomas Howard with disloyalty; Howard in turn called Cromwell a liar. Their mutual hostility was now out in the open. Cromwell inadvertently played into Howard's hands by taking
4640-468: The Earl of Surrey's eldest son Thomas was born. On 2 May of the same year, Anne Boleyn and her brother Viscount Rochford were arrested by order of the King. They were tried in the great hall of the Tower of London . Norfolk presided over the trial as Lord High Steward . The Boleyn siblings were sentenced to death; Rochford was executed on 17 May, and Anne two days later. Following his niece's fall from grace, Howard's power and influence at court waned for
4756-482: The English expedition against France, but were left behind when the King departed for Calais at the end of June. Shortly thereafter King James IV of Scotland launched an invasion into England (despite being married to Princess Margaret Tudor , sister of Henry VIII) in fulfilment of his alliance with France, and Thomas along with his brother Edmund, joined their father and the barons Dacre and Monteagle in leading
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4872-508: The French navy. Howard's ships besieged the strategic port of Brest but when he abandoned the siege, he left Vice-Admiral William FitzWilliam on station to blockade the port. The English navy patrolled the Brittany coast for the next three months, but was unable to gain a decisive victory even with their Spanish allies. In July 1522, the forces commanded by Surrey burned Morlaix , and over
4988-577: The House of Lords appointed a committee to consider questions of doctrine. Although he was not a member of the committee, on 16 May, Howard presented six conservative articles of religion to Parliament for consideration. On 30 May, the Six Articles and the penalties for failure to conform to them were enacted into law, and on 28 June, received royal assent. In February 1540, Norfolk tried to save Thetford Priory from closure, petitioning Henry VIII for
5104-516: The King by other nobles, and he refused them all; at the same time however, Henry VIII ordered that the dissolution of the monasteries be briefly suspended, so that everyone who wished had time to rebury the remains of their relations. Howard moved those of his own relations to the Church of St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham . After the dissolution of the monastic church, the lands were given to
5220-518: The King in the annulment of his first marriage, added to his extensive loyalty and services to the Crown, brought Howard extensive rewards in the form of monastic lands in Norfolk and Suffolk, employment on diplomatic missions, and being named a knight of the French Order of St Michael in 1532 and Earl Marshal of England on 28 May 1533. In November of that same year, his daughter Mary married
5336-491: The King sent Howard and the Duke of Suffolk to obtain the great seal from the Cardinal. In early 1530, Anne Boleyn was promoting a marriage between her first cousin and eldest son of Norfolk, Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and the King's daughter, Princess Mary . The Duke was enthusiastic about the match as it might give him greater political influence at court and put his family closer to the throne. Boleyn may have considered
5452-451: The King's forces with the Earl of Shrewsbury . The Howards and Shrewsbury opened negotiations with the main leader of the insurgents, Robert Aske at Scawsby Leys, near Doncaster , where Aske had assembled between 30,000 and 40,000 people. The 24 Articles to the King, also called "The Commons' Petition", was given to Norfolk to present to the King. The Duke promised to do so, and also promised
5568-441: The King's name and was appointed Lieutenant-General of the army. During the campaign of May–October 1544, he besieged Montreuil , while King Henry VIII captured Boulogne , before returning home. Complaining of lack of provisions and munitions, Howard eventually raised the siege of Montreuil, and realising that Boulogne could not realistically be held by the English for long, he left it garrisoned and withdrew to Calais , for which he
5684-613: The Kingdom of Thailand which criminalize racial discrimination and the use of racist cliches. Unlike neighboring nations which were colonized , Thailand's history as an uncolonized state further shaped its existing laws. Anti-refugee sentiment has been significant in Thailand, with a 2016 Amnesty International survey indicating that 74% of surveyed Thais do not believe (to varying degrees) that people should be able to take refuge in other countries to escape war or persecution. In 2008,
5800-534: The Netherlands and Australia. At present, the United States is working towards resettling more than 60,000 of these refugees in the US in accordance with its third country settlement program. Brunei law permits positive discrimination in favor of ethnic Malays . The Boxer Rebellion was a violent anti-foreign, anti-Christian , and anti-imperialist uprising which occurred in China between 1899 and 1901. It
5916-515: The Order of the Garter) from Cromwell's shoulders, saying: "A traitor must not wear it". On 9 July, King Henry's marriage to Anne of Cleves was annulled. By then Catherine Howard , another of the Duke's nieces, had already caught the King's eye. Henry and Catherine were married at a private ceremony at Oatlands on 28 July, the same day that Cromwell was executed. As a result of this marriage, for
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#17327809168466032-536: The Pilgrimage. Howard and Shrewsbury were outnumbered: they had between 5,000 and 7,000 men but there were more than 40,000 rebels. Upon seeing their numbers, Norfolk negotiated and made promises to avoid being massacred by insurgent forces. However, the promises of both the King and Parliament were never fulfilled and in January 1537 Bigod's rebellion broke out. In response to this, forces led by Norfolk headed to
6148-456: The Priory's church to become a collegiate church on the grounds that not only Anne of York, Howard's first wife and aunt to the King, but also the monarch's illegitimate son, the Duke of Richmond, were buried there. The Dean was to be Prior William Ixworth, and the six prebendaries and eight secular canons to be the monks of the former house. The request had no effect. The same request was made to
6264-693: The Sikh religion favourably. 45% of respondents believed Islam encourages violence. In Quebec in particular, only 17% of respondents had a favourable view of Islam. According to the UNHCR , by June 2019, 1.3 million of the 4 million Venezuelan refugees were in Colombia . Because of their urgent situation, many migrants from Venezuela crossed the border illegally, indicating they had few opportunities to gain "access to legal and other rights or basic services and are exposed to exploitation, abuse, manipulation and
6380-636: The UNHCR. New Zealand, which is 30 times smaller than Japan, accepted 1,140 refugees in 1999. Just 305 persons were recognized as refugees by Japan from 1981, when Japan ratified the UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees , to 2002. Former Prime Minister Taro Aso called Japan a "one race" nation. A 2019 Ipsos poll also suggested that Japanese respondents had a relatively lower sympathy for refugees compared to most other countries in
6496-643: The United States brought in large numbers of laborers from the Caribbean—called " Afro-Panamanians "—to build the Panama Canal (1905–1914), xenophobia emerged. The local elite in Panama felt its culture was threatened: they cried out, "La Patria es el Recuerdo." ("The Homeland is the Memory") and developed a Hispanophile elitist identity through an artistic literary movement known as "Hispanismo." Another result
6612-576: The United States, and it extends to all communities of color ." Discrimination against racial, ethnic, and religious minorities is widely acknowledged, especially in the case of [African Americans] and African Diasporic peoples in the United States], as well as other ethnic groups. Members of every major American ethnic and religious minority group have perceived discrimination in their dealings with members of other minority racial and religious groups. Philosopher Cornel West has argued that "racism
6728-472: The army, which despite their numerical inferiority, managed to decisively crush the Scottish forces at the Battle of Flodden , near Branxton , Northumberland , on 9 September. The Scots lost thousands of men, and James IV lost his life in the battle. Leading the victorious forces at Flodden gave the Howards enormous prestige both socially and at court, and the Howard coat of arms was changed in honour of
6844-461: The autumn of 1541, the religious reformer John Lassells and his sister Mary Hall told Archbishop Cranmer of the Queen's premarital sexual indiscretions. On 1 November 1541 Cranmer revealed Queen Catherine's extramarital behaviour in a letter to the King, who vented his wrath on the Howard family, accusing them of concealing the Queen's misconduct. Catherine was condemned by a bill of attainder and
6960-580: The basis of race, and the Israeli government effectively enforced these prohibitions. Former Likud MK and Minister of Defense Moshe Arens has criticized the treatment of minorities in Israel, saying that they did not bear the full obligation of Israeli citizenship, nor were they extended the full privileges of citizenship. Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk , KG , PC (10 March 1473 – 25 August 1554)
7076-570: The bitterness and hatred which existed towards Americans and Europeans in the decades before the Communist takeover in 1949 , she argues: The crude fear of the white peril that the last imperial dynasty had been able to exploit in the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 had been submerged but not overcome, and expanding special privileges of foreigners were irritants in increasingly wide spheres of Chinese life. These fears and irritations provided
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#17327809168467192-578: The city. King Henry was woken up in the middle of the night at his residence in Richmond and was told of the mayhem ensuing in the capital. Then forces under the command of the Duke of Norfolk (or the Earl of Shrewsbury and Duke of Suffolk ) and his son the Earl of Surrey finally arrived in the city and seized prisoners. According to Hall's account, only eleven of the 400 or so rioters were women. By 5 May 1517, there were over 5,000 troops in London. When
7308-427: The common weal". Over the following two weeks, there were sporadic attacks on foreigners and rumors abounded that "on May Day next the city would rebel and slay all aliens". The mayor and aldermen , afraid of any possible disturbances, announced at 8:30 pm on the 30 April 1517 that there would be a 9:00 pm curfew that night. John Mundy, a local alderman, travelling through Cheapside on his way home that night, saw
7424-437: The conduct of foreign affairs. In 1523, Wolsey had secured to the Duke of Suffolk the reversion of the office of Earl Marshal by Howard's father, and in 1525, he was replaced as Lord Admiral by Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond , the King's illegitimate but acknowledged son, who a few years later became Norfolk's son-in-law. Finding himself pushed aside, Howard spent considerable time away from court between 1525 and 1527–28. In
7540-406: The country's Arab citizens." The 2005 US Department of State report on Israel wrote: "[T]he government generally respected the human rights of its citizens; however, there were problems in some areas, including... institutional, legal, and societal discrimination against the country's Arab citizens ." The 2010 U.S. State Department Country Report stated that Israeli law prohibits discrimination on
7656-471: The daughter of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Eleanor Percy , and the granddaughter of Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland . Through his mother Catherine Woodville , Elizabeth's father was a first cousin to Howard's first wife. On 4 May 1513, he was appointed Lord Admiral , a position previously held by his brother, Edward Howard , who had died on 25 April, to combat the French navy. Surrey and his sons Thomas and Edmund had hoped to lead
7772-429: The daughter of Sir Frederick Tilney and widow of Sir Humphrey Bourchier, and the grandson of John Howard, 1st Baron Howard , later 1st Duke of Norfolk. Through his great-grandmother Margaret Mowbray, Howard was a descendant of Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk , the sixth son of King Edward I of England . Through his great-grandfather Sir Robert Howard , of Tendring Hall, Stoke-by-Nayland , Suffolk , Howard
7888-495: The daughters of John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford with his second wife, Elizabeth Trussell . In November 1530, Wolsey was arrested but while on his way from York to London the Cardinal became seriously ill and died in Leicester . Howard benefited from Wolsey's fall, becoming the King's leading councillor and applying himself energetically in the King's efforts to find a way out of his marriage to Queen Catherine. Assisting
8004-505: The daughters of the Earl of Arundel , with the aim of uniting the two most prominent Catholic families in England. In early 1554 the elderly Norfolk carried out his last service to the Crown by leading some of the forces which put down Wyatt's Rebellion , a group of disaffected Protestant gentlemen who opposed the Queen's projected marriage to Philip II of Spain . The Duke died at his Kenninghall residence on 25 August 1554 after several weeks in which his health gradually declined. Norfolk
8120-589: The depth of the problem was not total. The author of the report, Doudou Diène ( Special Rapporteur of the UN Commission on Human Rights ), concluded after a nine-day investigation that racial discrimination and xenophobia in Japan primarily affected three groups: national minorities , Latin Americans of Japanese descent , mainly Japanese Brazilians , and foreigners from poor countries. Surveys conducted in 2017 and 2019 have shown that 40 to nearly 50% of
8236-528: The diplomatic Legation Quarter . They were besieged for 55 days by the Imperial Army of the Chinese government and the Boxers. George Makari says that the Boxers, "promoted a violent hatred of all those from other lands and made no effort to distinguish the beneficent from the rapacious ones.... They were unabashedly xenophobic." The Boxers were overthrown by an Eight Nation Alliance of American, Austro-Hungarian, British, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Russian troops—20,000 in all—that invaded China to lift
8352-416: The early part of the reign of King Henry VIII, Londoners came to resent the presence of foreigners (called "strangers") arriving from the continent , especially immigrant Flemish workers and the wealthy foreign merchants and bankers of Lombard Street . At the time, only about 2% of London's population of approximately 50,000 were foreign-born. According to the chronicler Edward Hall (c. 1498–1547),
8468-448: The economically prosperous Lebanese Mexicans who took pride in a distinct Lebanese-Mexican identity, while the downscale remainder often merged into the mestizo community. Racism against indigenous people has been a current problem in Mexico. Domestic workers, many of whom are indigenous women who have moved from rural villages to cities, often face discrimination including verbal, physical or sexual abuse. Peter Szok argues that when
8584-470: The education of his grandson and heir Thomas , to Bishop Gardiner, now Lord Chancellor to Queen Mary. Shortly afterwards, however, the Duke once again reassigned the education of his heir, and that of his other grandson Henry , this time to the Catholic priest John White who was soon elected to be Bishop of Lincoln. In late 1553, Howard arranged for a marriage between Thomas and Mary FitzAlan , one of
8700-501: The execution of Henry six years earlier, devolved upon Henry Howard's eldest son Thomas, who was now the Duke's heir-apparent. Shortly after his release, Howard took over the care of his five grandchildren, the Earl of Surrey's children, who up to that time had been under the tutelage of John Foxe . Howard dismissed him (Foxe soon went into exile to various countries in continental Europe to escape anti-Protestant measures taken by Queen Mary). Shortly after dismissing Foxe, Howard reassigned
8816-457: The foreigners who were surveyed have experienced some form of discrimination. Another report has also noted differences in how the media and some Japanese treat visitors from the West as compared to those from East Asia, with the latter being viewed much less positively than the former. Japan accepted just 16 refugees in 1999, while the United States took in 85,010 for resettlement, according to
8932-469: The house, the men found the Duke's daughter, Mary, his daughter-in-law Frances, who was pregnant with their fifth child, and Norfolk's mistress, Bess Holland, alone in the home. Southwell and his companions arrived, placed men at all the doors and sent for the Duchess of Richmond and Bess Holland, 'who were only just risen', Southwell reported. The fate of Norfolk's personal property is well documented, for
9048-490: The initiative in the King's marriage to Anne of Cleves . The King's disillusionment with Anne's physical appearance when he met her, and his desire to have the marriage annulled after the wedding had taken place, gave Howard an opportunity to bring down Cromwell. On 10 June 1540 Cromwell was arrested at a Privy Council meeting on charges of high treason , and the Duke of Norfolk snatched the St George's collar (insignia of
9164-533: The inventories drawn up at the time of his arrest were annotated as goods were sold or given away. On 24 December, the elder Howard acknowledged that he had "concealed high treason, in keeping secret the false acts of my son, Henry Earl of Surrey, in using the arms of St. Edward the Confessor, which pertain only to kings", and offered his lands to the King. Although the arms of their ancestor, Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk (1397 creation), show that Surrey
9280-561: The match to be a way of neutralising the threat Mary posed to the succession of any children Anne might have by the King. But she changed her mind, fearing that the Duke could use the match to support Mary's claim to the throne as well as supporting Catherine of Aragon in the annulment proceedings which were still continuing, and thereby prevent the Church of England's break from Rome. By October 1530, Boleyn persuaded her reluctant uncle to arrange instead for Surrey to marry Frances de Vere , one of
9396-416: The mid-1520s, Howard's niece, Anne Boleyn , had caught the eye of King Henry VIII, thereby reviving his political fortunes with his involvement in the King's attempt to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon . By 1529, matters of state were being increasingly handled by Norfolk, his brother-in-law Thomas Boleyn , and the Duke of Suffolk , who pressed King Henry VIII to remove Cardinal Wolsey. In October,
9512-663: The military commander Marcus Junius Brutus , before the battle of Philippi in 42BC, met an 'Ethiopian' outside the gates of his camp: his soldiers instantly hacked the man to pieces, taking his appearance for a bad omen—to the superstitious Roman, black was the colour of death." The COVID-19 pandemic , which was first reported in the city of Wuhan , Hubei, China, in December 2019, has led to an increase in acts and displays of Sinophobia , as well as prejudice , xenophobia, discrimination, violence , and racism against people of East Asian and Southeast Asian descent and appearance around
9628-426: The military. As a result, they were thereafter constrained professionally to becoming entrepreneurs and professional managers in trade, manufacturing, and banking. In 1998, Indonesia riots over higher food prices and rumors of hoarding by merchants and shopkeepers often degenerated into anti-Chinese attacks. Native Papuans in the country have faced racism, and several reports have accused Indonesia of committing
9744-415: The mob and they looted foreigners' houses there and elsewhere in the city. The Duke of Norfolk entered the city with his private army of 1,300 retainers to suppress the riots. By 3 a.m. the riot had died down, and 300 people under arrest were released. However, 13 of the rioters were convicted of treason and executed on 4 May 1517 and John Lincoln was executed three days later. This account by Hall
9860-436: The next few months razed everything around Boulogne , until the winter caused the fleet to withdraw to England. The sea patrol was abandoned with little achieved. On 4 December 1522, Howard was made Lord Treasurer upon his father's resignation of the office, and on 21 May 1524, he succeeded his father as Duke of Norfolk. His liking for war brought him into conflict with Cardinal Thomas Wolsey , who preferred diplomacy in
9976-498: The next few years, the younger Thomas Howard served King Henry VIII in a variety of ways. In September 1514, he escorted the King's sister Mary to France for her forthcoming marriage to King Louis XII of France . In 1517, he quelled a May Day riot in London with the use of soldiers. On 10 March 1520 Howard was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland . By July 1520, he entered upon the thankless task of endeavouring to keep Ireland in order. His letters contain accounts of attempts to pacify
10092-412: The north of England, where they carried out a policy of brutal repression on behalf of the King, despite the fact that the Duke himself was a Catholic. In 1539, Norfolk, who was a conservative, was seriously challenging the reformist religious policies of the King's chief minister, Thomas Cromwell . In that year, Henry VIII sought to have Parliament put an end to diversity in religious opinion. On 5 May,
10208-745: The oldest Christian saints. On the south side are St Matthew the Evangelist , St James the Great , St James the Less and St Andrew ; on the west St Peter , the Prophet Aaron and St Paul ; on the north St Matthias , St Jude Thaddeus , Simon the Zealot (also known as Simon the Canaanite) and St Philip ; and on the east St John the Evangelist , Simeon of Jerusalem and St Thomas . Parts of
10324-488: The prisoners had an audience with King Henry in Westminster Hall , the nobility then got on its knees to plead for a pardon for the prisoners. Henry announced the pardon after his wife, Catherine of Aragon , appealed before him to spare the lives of the rebels for the sake of their wives and children. At this the prisoners "took the halters from their necks and danced and sang". Historian Brodie Waddell summarised
10440-516: The provocative behaviour of his eldest son and heir, the Earl of Surrey, who was accused of assuming the royal arms of Edward the Confessor as part of his personal heraldry. On 12 December 1546 both Norfolk and his son were arrested and sent to the Tower . In the early morning of 14 December, Howard's residence in Kenninghall was raided by Richard Southwell , John Gates and Wymond Carew , looking for evidence of Surrey's treason. Arriving at
10556-437: The riots by saying that, despite the fact that "Flemish cobblers had little in common with French royal courtiers", both wealthy and working-class immigrants "suffered at the hands of the crowd." Xenophobia Xenophobia (from Ancient Greek : ξένος ( xénos ), "strange, foreign, or alien", and φόβος ( phóbos ), "fear") is the fear or dislike of anything that is perceived as being foreign or strange. It
10672-409: The rival factions of the Earl of Kildare and the Earl of Ormonde , and are full of demands for more money and troops. At the end of 1521 Surrey was recalled from Ireland to take command of the English fleet in naval operations against France. His ships were ill-provisioned, and his attack consisted of a series of raids near the French coast for the purpose of inflicting as much damage as possible on
10788-569: The scandal. However, the French ambassador Marillac wrote on 17 January 1542, that the Duke had not only escaped punishment, but had apparently been restored to his "full former credit and authority". Howard was appointed Lieutenant-General north of the River Trent on 29 January 1541, and Captain-General in a campaign against the Scots in August 1542. In June 1543, he declared war on France in
10904-692: The second time Agnes Tilney , Thomas' mother's cousin. Howard was an able soldier, and was often employed in military operations. In 1497, he served in a campaign against the Scots under the command of his father, who knighted him on 30 September 1497. He was made a Knight of the Garter after the accession of his nephew by marriage, King Henry VIII, and became the King's close companion, with lodgings at court. His first wife, Anne of York , daughter of Edward IV and thereby Henry's aunt, died in November 1511, and early in 1513, Howard married Elizabeth Stafford ,
11020-484: The siege in August 1900. The allies imposed the Boxer Protocol in 1901, with a massive annual cash indemnity to be paid by the Chinese government. The episode generated worldwide attention and denunciation of xenophobia. Historian Mary C. Wright has argued that the combination of Chinese nationalism and xenophobia had a major impact on the Chinese worldview in the first half of the 20th century. Examining
11136-434: The state-owned Egyptian newspaper al-Ahram that Jews make Matza from the blood of non-Jewish children (see Blood libel ). Mohammed Salmawy, the editor of Al-Ahram Hebdo , "defended the use of old European myths like the blood libel against Jews" in his newspapers. Jordan does not allow entry to Jews who have visible signs of Judaism or possess personal religious items. The Jordanian ambassador to Israel replied to
11252-435: The survey. Sharon Yoon and Yuki Asahina argue that Zaitokukai , a right-wing organization, succeeded in framing Korean minorities as undeserving recipients of Japanese welfare benefits. Even as Zaitokukai declined, the perceptions of a Korean internal threat powerfully influences public fears. The racial tension between the dominant poor Malay Muslims and the minority wealthier Chinese has long characterized Malaysia. It
11368-516: The tomb are believed to be parts of the 2nd Duke's tomb, which was located at Thetford and was destroyed when the Priory was closed. The remains of two other men in the tomb are likely the first and second Dukes. The effigy of Howard is to the left of that of his first wife, rather than the usual right, due to the latter's royal lineage. He was succeeded as Duke and as Earl Marshal by his grandson, Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk . Thomas Howard married twice: As dowager duchess, Elizabeth survived
11484-546: The tomb of Aaron / Sheikh Harun on Mount Hor , near Petra . The group had taken a ferry from Sinai , Egypt because they understood that Jordanian authorities were making it hard for visible Jews to enter their country from Israel. According to the 2004 U.S. State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for Israel and the Occupied Territories, the Israeli government had done "little to reduce institutional, legal, and societal discrimination against
11600-429: The victory, incorporating the Scottish lion pierced through the mouth with an arrow within a double tressure flory-counterflory-gules , an emblem of the Scottish royal arms granted by Scottish kings on rare occasions as a special mark of favour. The grant to Howard was thus a blatant heraldic insult to the kings of Scotland. On 1 February 1514, Howard's father, then Earl of Surrey, was created Duke of Norfolk (technically
11716-482: The virus. Expressions of Chinese xenophobia and discriminatory practices, such as the exclusion of black customers from restaurants, were criticized by foreign governments and members of the diplomatic corps. Black people in Hong Kong have experienced negative comments and instances of discrimination in the job market and on public transport. Expats and South Asian minorities have faced increased xenophobia during
11832-518: The world. With the spread of the pandemic and the formation of COVID-19 hotspots, such as those in Asia, Europe, and the Americas, discrimination against people from these hotspots has been reported. Despite the majority of the country's population being of mixed ( Pardo ), African, or indigenous heritage, depictions of non-European Brazilians on the programming of most national television networks
11948-473: Was a major factor in the separation of Singapore in 1965 to become an independent, primarily Chinese nation. Amy L. Freedman points to the electoral system, the centrality of ethnic parties, gerrymandering, and systematic discrimination against the Chinese in education and jobs as critical factors in xenophobia. Recently the goal of creating a more inclusive national identity has been emphasized. In Malaysia, xenophobia occurs regardless of race. Most xenophobia
12064-491: Was a prominent English politician and nobleman of the Tudor era . He was an uncle of two of the wives of King Henry VIII , Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard , both of whom were beheaded, and played a major role in the machinations affecting these royal marriages. After falling from favour in 1546, he was stripped of his dukedom and imprisoned in the Tower of London , avoiding execution when Henry VIII died on 28 January 1547. He
12180-405: Was also restored to the office of Earl Marshal and officiated in that capacity at Mary's coronation on 1 October 1553. In Mary's first parliament (October–December of that year), Howard's attainder was declared void, thereby restoring him to the dukedom and its subsidiary titles. Because Norfolk's son Henry Howard was dead, the courtesy title of Earl of Surrey , which had been left vacant since
12296-415: Was badly wounded. As the battle resulted in the accession of Henry VII Tudor , the Howards' loyalty to the losing side resulted in the forfeiture of their titles and most of their properties. Nevertheless, they soon began to be rehabilitated, and in 1489 Thomas' father was restored as Earl of Surrey. In April 1497 his mother died, and in August of that year, by papal dispensation, his father married for
12412-467: Was buried in the Church of St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham , Suffolk , where his spectacular tomb, richly decorated with religious iconography and with heraldic lions that hold the coats of arms of both the Howard family and the House of York , because Anne of York, the Duke's first wife, was buried in the same tomb. The religious representations on Howard's tomb are of the twelve Apostles and some of
12528-399: Was descended from Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall , the second son of King John , who had an illegitimate son, named Richard (died 1296), whose daughter, Joan of Cornwall, married Sir John Howard (d. shortly July 1331). Likewise, through his ancestor Isabel d'Aubigny, wife of John Fitzalan, 3rd Lord of Clun and Oswestry , Howard was descended from Roger Bigod , the first Lord of Norfolk after
12644-528: Was entitled to bear Edward the Confessor's arms, doing so was an act of pride, and provocative in the eyes of the Crown. There were also religious motives behind Surrey's fall from grace and Norfolk's imprisonment. The Duke was the premier Catholic nobleman of England and his son was also a Catholic, although he had reformist leanings. Henry VIII, possibly influenced by the Seymours, supporters of Protestantism, believed that Norfolk and Surrey were going to usurp
12760-429: Was executed on 13 February 1542. Various members of the Duke's family were punished, including his daughter Mary, his stepmother the widowed Duchess of Norfolk , and the latter's son William Howard , who was Thomas's half-brother. Norfolk tried to detach himself from the situation by retiring to his residence at Kenninghall, from where he wrote a letter of apology to the King blaming both his niece and his stepmother for
12876-671: Was later partly compensated by lands worth £1,626 a year from Queen Mary I . Howard remained in the Tower throughout the reign of Edward VI, being released and pardoned along with the Bishop of Winchester Stephen Gardiner , after the accession of the Catholic Queen Mary I in July 1553. He was appointed to the Privy Council, and presided as Lord High Steward at the trial of the Duke of Northumberland on 18 August. He
12992-626: Was led by a new group, the "Militia United in Righteousness', the group was popularly known as the Boxers because many of its members had practiced Chinese martial arts , at the time, these martial arts were popularly referred to as Chinese Boxing. After China's defeat in war by Japan in 1895, villagers in North China feared the expansion of foreign spheres of influence and resented the extension of privileges to Christian missionaries. In
13108-537: Was released on the accession of the Roman Catholic Queen Mary I , whom he aided in securing the throne, thus setting the stage for tensions between his Catholic family and the Protestant royal line that would be continued by Mary's half-sister, Elizabeth I . Thomas was the son of Sir Thomas Howard , later 2nd Duke of Norfolk (1443–1524), by his first wife, Elizabeth Tilney (died 1497),
13224-504: Was reported after ISIS took responsibility for the November 2015 Paris attacks . A 2016 survey from The Environics Institute, which was a follow-up to a study conducted 10 years prior, found that there may be discriminating attitudes that may be a residual of the effects of the 11 September 2001 attacks in the United States. A poll in 2009 by Maclean's revealed that only 28% of Canadians view Islam favourably, and only 30% viewed
13340-533: Was severely rebuked by the King. During the last years of the reign of Henry VIII, the Seymour family , and the King's last wife, Catherine Parr , supporters of the Reformation, were gaining greater power and influence at court while conservative Norfolk was left politically isolated. Howard attempted to form an alliance with the Seymours by marrying his widowed daughter, Mary to Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley , but all his efforts were in vain due to
13456-595: Was the election of the "overtly nationalist and anti-imperialist" Arnulfo Arias as president in 1940. In Venezuela, like other South American countries, economic inequality often breaks along ethnic and racial lines. A 2013 Swedish academic study stated that Venezuela was the most racist country in the Americas, followed by the Dominican Republic . In a 2010 report, a network of more than 300 US-based civil rights and human rights organizations stated that " Discrimination permeates all aspects of life in
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