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91-485: The first orbiter outfitted with the EDO hardware configuration was Endeavour , during its construction, and its last EDO flight was STS-67 , in 1995. Endeavour's EDO modifications were removed in 1996 as part of routine maintenance , to reduce the orbiter's weight prior to STS-89 . Columbia was outfitted for EDO flight during its maintenance period from August 10, 1991, through February 9, 1992, prior to STS-50 , which

182-429: A rower ) were among the devices and procedures developed to prevent the de-conditioning of the body that occurs during space flight. The crew transport vehicles, in which astronauts were transported after landing, were built to enhance medical capabilities at the landing site, as well as crew comfort and safety. A database of 125 formal publications, and 299 abstracts, technical papers, and presentations, also resulted from

273-499: A "rower's high" in crew , through the increased biosynthesis of at least three euphoriant neurochemicals: anandamide (an endocannabinoid ), β-endorphin (an endogenous opioid ), and phenethylamine (a trace amine and amphetamine analog). Supervised aerobic exercise without a risk of re-injury (falling, getting hit on the head) is prescribed as treatment for acute concussion. Some exercise interventions may also prevent sport-related concussion. Preliminary evidence from

364-677: A 2012 review indicated that physical training for up to four months may increase sleep quality in adults over 40 years of age. A 2010 review suggested that exercise generally improved sleep for most people, and may help with insomnia , but there is insufficient evidence to draw detailed conclusions about the relationship between exercise and sleep. A 2018 systematic review and meta-analysis suggested that exercise can improve sleep quality in people with insomnia. One 2013 study found that exercising improved sexual arousal problems related to antidepressant use. People who participate in physical exercise experience increased cardiovascular fitness. There

455-416: A 29% decreased incidence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), but studies of marathon runners found that their prolonged high-intensity exercise was associated with an increased risk of infection occurrence. However, another study did not find the effect. Immune cell functions are impaired following acute sessions of prolonged, high-intensity exercise, and some studies have found that athletes are at

546-747: A few of the tanks from Endeavour for reuse as storage containers for potable water on the International Space Station. On May 28, 2015, NASA donated the ET-94 external tank , the last mission-ready one in existence as all others were destroyed during launch. On April 12, 2016, the tank was transported by barge from the Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans , Louisiana , across the Panama Canal , and

637-560: A healthy BMI . Parents can promote physical activity by modelling healthy levels of physical activity or by encouraging physical activity. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States, children and adolescents should do 60 minutes or more of physical activity each day. Implementing physical exercise in the school system and ensuring an environment in which children can reduce barriers to maintain

728-429: A healthy lifestyle is essential. The European Commission 's Directorate-General for Education and Culture (DG EAC) has dedicated programs and funds for Health Enhancing Physical Activity (HEPA) projects within its Horizon 2020 and Erasmus+ program, as research showed that too many Europeans are not physically active enough. Financing is available for increased collaboration between players active in this field across

819-468: A higher risk for infections. Studies have shown that strenuous stress for long durations, such as training for a marathon, can suppress the immune system by decreasing the concentration of lymphocytes. The immune systems of athletes and nonathletes are generally similar. Athletes may have a slightly elevated natural killer cell count and cytolytic action, but these are unlikely to be clinically significant. Vitamin C supplementation has been associated with

910-512: A lower incidence of upper respiratory tract infections in marathon runners. Biomarkers of inflammation such as C-reactive protein , which are associated with chronic diseases, are reduced in active individuals relative to sedentary individuals, and the positive effects of exercise may be due to its anti-inflammatory effects. In individuals with heart disease, exercise interventions lower blood levels of fibrinogen and C-reactive protein, an important cardiovascular risk marker. The depression in

1001-524: A myocardial infarction, survivors who changed their lifestyle to include regular exercise had higher survival rates. Sedentary people are most at risk for mortality from cardiovascular and all other causes. According to the American Heart Association , exercise reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attack and stroke. Some have suggested that increases in physical exercise might decrease healthcare costs, increase

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1092-545: A new, multi-functional, electronic display system, often referred to as a glass cockpit , and an advanced GPS receiver, along with safety upgrades recommended by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) for the shuttle's return to flight following the loss of Columbia during reentry on February 1, 2003. The STS-118 mission, Endeavour ' s first since the refit, included astronaut Barbara Morgan , formerly assigned to

1183-540: A population's level of physical activity. Studies to determine the effectiveness of these types of programs need to be interpreted cautiously as the results vary. There is some evidence that certain types of exercise programmes for older adults, such as those involving gait, balance, co-ordination and functional tasks, can improve balance. Following progressive resistance training, older adults also respond with improved physical function. Brief interventions promoting physical activity may be cost-effective, however this evidence

1274-522: A positive correlation to childhood physical activity and fitness levels, while less proficiency in motor skills results in a more sedentary lifestyle. The type and intensity of physical activity performed may have an effect on a person's fitness level. There is some weak evidence that high-intensity interval training may improve a person's VO2 max slightly more than lower intensity endurance training. However, unscientific fitness methods could lead to sports injuries. The beneficial effect of exercise on

1365-721: A single exercise session and persistent effects on cognition following consistent exercise over the course of several months. People who regularly perform an aerobic exercise (e.g., running, jogging , brisk walking, swimming, and cycling) have greater scores on neuropsychological function and performance tests that measure certain cognitive functions, such as attentional control , inhibitory control , cognitive flexibility , working memory updating and capacity, declarative memory , spatial memory , and information processing speed . Aerobic exercise has both short and long term effects on mood and emotional states by promoting positive affect , inhibiting negative affect , and decreasing

1456-1190: A slight reduction in depression and reduction in fatigue. The neurobiological effects of physical exercise involve possible interrelated effects on brain structure, brain function, and cognition . Research in humans has demonstrated that consistent aerobic exercise (e.g., 30 minutes every day) may induce improvements in certain cognitive functions , neuroplasticity and behavioral plasticity ; some of these long-term effects may include increased neuron growth , increased neurological activity (e.g., c-Fos and BDNF signaling), improved stress coping, enhanced cognitive control of behavior , improved declarative , spatial , and working memory, and structural and functional improvements in brain structures and pathways associated with cognitive control and memory. The effects of exercise on cognition may affect academic performance in children and college students, improve adult productivity, preserve cognitive function in old age, preventing or treating certain neurological disorders , and improving overall quality of life . In healthy adults, aerobic exercise has been shown to induce transient effects on cognition after

1547-611: A statement saying the Endeavour mission was rescheduled for February 27, 2011. "The target dates were adjusted because critical payload hardware for STS-133 will not be ready in time to support the previously planned 16 September launch," NASA said in a statement. With the Discovery launch moving to November, Endeavour mission "cannot fly as planned, so the next available launch window is in February 2011," NASA said, adding that

1638-700: A suburb of Montreal, where it was to be placed on display. In a Canadian poll on which science or aerospace museum should be selected to display the Canadarm, originally built by SPAR Aerospace , the Canadian Space Agency's headquarters placed third to last with only 35 out of 638 votes. Endeavour ' s Canadarm has since gone on permanent display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa . In August 2015, NASA engineers removed

1729-570: Is physical activity that enhances or maintains fitness and overall health . which is performed for various reasons, including weight loss or maintenance, to aid growth and improve strength, develop muscles and the cardiovascular system , prevent injuries, hone athletic skills, improve health, or simply for enjoyment. Many people choose to exercise outdoors where they can congregate in groups, socialize, and improve well-being as well as mental health . In terms of health benefits, usually, 150minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week

1820-406: Is a new building that is under construction, will serve as Endeavour's new permanent home. The Space Shuttle will be in a 20-story-tall display mounted on with the ET-94 tank, and solid rocket boosters, as it looks like its were about to make one more flight. Once finished, it will be the only Space Shuttle mounted vertically in launch position . Originally slated to open in 2015, construction on

1911-478: Is currently insufficient evidence regarding the association between physical activity and mortality for survivors of other cancers." Evidence suggests that exercise may positively affect the quality of life in cancer survivors, including factors such as anxiety, self-esteem and emotional well-being. For people with cancer undergoing active treatment, exercise may also have positive effects on health-related quality of life, such as fatigue and physical functioning. This

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2002-649: Is effective as an adjunct treatment (i.e., treatments that are used together) with antidepressant medication; the other two indicated that physical exercise has marked antidepressant effects and recommended the inclusion of physical activity as an adjunct treatment for mild–moderate depression and mental illness in general. A 2016 meta-analysis concluded that physical exercise improves overall quality of life in individuals with depression relative to controls. One systematic review noted that yoga may be effective in alleviating symptoms of prenatal depression . Another review asserted that evidence from clinical trials supports

2093-459: Is likely to be more pronounced with higher intensity exercise. Exercise may contribute to a reduction of cancer-related fatigue in survivors of breast cancer. Although there is only limited scientific evidence on the subject, people with cancer cachexia are encouraged to engage in physical exercise. Due to various factors, some individuals with cancer cachexia have a limited capacity for physical exercise. Compliance with prescribed exercise

2184-435: Is low in individuals with cachexia and clinical trials of exercise in this population often have high drop-out rates. There is low-quality evidence for an effect of aerobic physical exercises on anxiety and serious adverse events in adults with hematological malignancies . Aerobic physical exercise may result in little to no difference in the mortality, quality of life, or physical functioning. These exercises may result in

2275-617: Is not yet announced. Following their May 30, 2020, launch on board the SpaceX Crew Dragon Demo-2 vehicle, the crew announced in orbit that they had named their spacecraft Endeavour . Astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley said the name has a dual meaning: first, after the "incredible endeavor" put forth by SpaceX and NASA after the retirement of the Space Shuttle fleet in 2011 ; and second, because both Hurley and Behnken each flew their first flight aboard

2366-505: Is one of the key physiological differences between elite athletes and the larger population. There is evidence that exercising in middle age may lead to better physical ability later in life. Early motor skills and development is also related to physical activity and performance later in life. Children who are more proficient with motor skills early on are more inclined to be physically active, and thus tend to perform well in sports and have better fitness levels. Early motor proficiency has

2457-403: Is recommended for reducing the risk of health problems. At the same time, even doing a small amount of exercise is healthier than doing none. Only doing an hour and a quarter (11 minutes/day) of exercise could reduce the risk of early death, cardiovascular disease , stroke , and cancer . Physical exercises are generally grouped into three types, depending on the overall effect they have on

2548-422: Is seen in sedentary individuals who become moderately active. Studies have shown that since heart disease is the leading cause of death in women, regular exercise in aging women leads to healthier cardiovascular profiles. The most beneficial effects of physical activity on cardiovascular disease mortality can be attained through moderate-intensity activity (40–60% of maximal oxygen uptake, depending on age). After

2639-463: Is some level of concern about additional exposure to air pollution when exercising outdoors , especially near traffic. Resistance training and subsequent consumption of a protein-rich meal promotes muscle hypertrophy and gains in muscle strength by stimulating myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and inhibiting muscle protein breakdown (MPB). The stimulation of muscle protein synthesis by resistance training occurs via phosphorylation of

2730-458: Is weak and there are variations between studies. Environmental approaches appear promising: signs that encourage the use of stairs, as well as community campaigns, may increase exercise levels. The city of Bogotá , Colombia , for example, blocks off 113 kilometers (70 mi) of roads on Sundays and holidays to make it easier for its citizens to get exercise. Such pedestrian zones are part of an effort to combat chronic diseases and to maintain

2821-480: The American English ("Endeavor"). This has caused confusion, including when NASA itself misspelled a sign on the launch pad in 2007. The Space Shuttle carried a piece of the original wood from Cook's ship inside the cockpit. The name also honored Endeavour , the command module of Apollo 15 , which was also named for Cook's ship. On May 30, 2020, Dragon 2 capsule C206 was named Endeavour during

Extended Duration Orbiter - Misplaced Pages Continue

2912-908: The California Science Center in Los Angeles . The Space Shuttle was mounted on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft and departed from the Kennedy Space Center on September 19, 2012, heading to the Los Angeles International Airport , with some refueling stops in Ellington Field and Edwards Air Force Base . After low level flyovers above NASA and civic landmarks across the country and in California, it

3003-516: The Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission by astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken in honor of the shuttle, on which both astronauts took their first flights ( STS-127 and STS-123 respectively). On its first mission, it captured and redeployed the stranded Intelsat VI communications satellite. The first African-American woman astronaut, Mae Jemison , was launched into space on the mission STS-47 on September 12, 1992. Endeavour flew

3094-511: The LAPD , LASD , CHP , and NASA officials, controlled the large crowds gathered, with support from the LAFD and LACoFD to treat heat exhaustion victims as Endeavour made its way through the city. Endeavour was sometimes parked for a few hours at certain places, such as Randy's Donuts , and The Forum where it was available for viewing. Endeavour 's biggest part of the journey was crossing

3185-512: The Manchester Boulevard Bridge over Interstate 405 . However, due to weight restrictions of the bridge, the shuttle was moved from the robotic transporters to a lighter non-powered dolly and was towed across the bridge by an unmodified Toyota Tundra . Once it had completely crossed the bridge, the shuttle was then returned to the robotic transporters to continue its course. Toyota used the footage of Endeavour crossing

3276-540: The Space Shuttle Enterprise , and used structural spares built during the construction of Discovery and Atlantis in its assembly. The space shuttle will soon be on display in the upcoming Samuel Oschin Air and Space Center at the California Science Center . Following the loss of Challenger in 1986, NASA was authorized to begin the procurement process for a replacement orbiter. A major refit of

3367-581: The Teacher in Space project , and later a member of the Astronaut Corps from 1998 to 2008, as part of the crew. Morgan was the backup for Christa McAuliffe who was on the ill-fated mission STS-51-L in 1986. As it was constructed later than its elder sisters, Endeavour was built with new hardware designed to improve and expand orbiter capabilities. Most of this equipment was later incorporated into

3458-619: The master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Developing research has demonstrated that many of the benefits of exercise are mediated through the role of skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ. That is, contracting muscles release multiple substances known as myokines which promote the growth of new tissue, tissue repair, and multiple anti-inflammatory functions, which in turn reduce the risk of developing various inflammatory diseases. Exercise reduces levels of cortisol , which causes many health problems, both physical and mental. Endurance exercise before meals lowers blood glucose more than

3549-750: The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and subsequent activation of mTORC1 , which leads to protein biosynthesis in cellular ribosomes via phosphorylation of mTORC1's immediate targets (the p70S6 kinase and the translation repressor protein 4EBP1 ). The suppression of muscle protein breakdown following food consumption occurs primarily via increases in plasma insulin . Similarly, increased muscle protein synthesis (via activation of mTORC1) and suppressed muscle protein breakdown (via insulin-independent mechanisms) has also been shown to occur following ingestion of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid . Aerobic exercise induces mitochondrial biogenesis and an increased capacity for oxidative phosphorylation in

3640-411: The mitochondria of skeletal muscle, which is one mechanism by which aerobic exercise enhances submaximal endurance performance. These effects occur via an exercise-induced increase in the intracellular AMP : ATP ratio, thereby triggering the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) which subsequently phosphorylates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α),

3731-423: The systolic pressure to rise significantly, albeit transiently, during the performance of the exercise. Physical exercise is important for maintaining physical fitness and can contribute to maintaining a healthy weight, regulating the digestive system, building and maintaining healthy bone density, muscle strength, and joint mobility, promoting physiological well-being, reducing surgical risks, and strengthening

Extended Duration Orbiter - Misplaced Pages Continue

3822-602: The EDO pallet provided extended opportunities for scientific research. They enabled detailed studies in areas like microgravity , life sciences , terrestrial observations , and astronomical observations . They also facilitated an understanding of human adaptability in reduced gravity conditions. The following missions used the EDO pallet: Prior to the EDO project, no shuttle had flown a mission longer than 10 days. Since space travelers may faint when they stand up ( orthostatic intolerance) after returning to normal gravity even after short flights, and muscle strength may be reduced,

3913-464: The EDOMP project focused on ensuring that the crew could land the orbiter, and exit from it without help after a 16-day flight. Astronauts on 40 shuttle flights ( STS-32 through STS-72 ) participated in 36 EDOMP investigations. The results of these investigations were used to make rules and recommendations for 16-day flights. Several types of exercise devices (i.e. a treadmill , a cycle ergometer , and

4004-539: The EDOMP. The project saw its successor in the ISS Medical Project . Space Shuttle Endeavour Space Shuttle Endeavour ( Orbiter Vehicle Designation : OV-105 ) is a retired orbiter from NASA 's Space Shuttle program and the fifth and final operational Shuttle built. It embarked on its first mission, STS-49 , in May 1992 and its 25th and final mission, STS-134 , in May 2011. STS-134

4095-524: The EU and around the world, the promotion of HEPA in the EU and its partner countries, and the European Sports Week. The DG EAC regularly publishes a Eurobarometer on sport and physical activity. Worldwide there has been a large shift toward less physically demanding work. This has been accompanied by increasing use of mechanized transportation, a greater prevalence of labor-saving technology in

4186-518: The Russian spacecraft Soyuz TMA-20 departed from the ISS and paused at a distance of 200 metres (660 ft). Italian astronaut Paolo Nespoli took a series of photographs and videos of the ISS with Endeavour docked. This was the second time a shuttle was photographed docked and the first time since 1996. Commander Mark Kelly was the last astronaut off Endeavour after the landing, and the crew stayed on

4277-417: The Space Shuttle was then moved into its position, thus completing the stack. Once all components are mounted into place, construction on the building continues, as it will be built a complex diagrid structure around it. Construction work on the building is scheduled to be completed in mid-2025. It will take several more years to install the artifacts and exhibits inside the building. An official grand opening

4368-655: The advice of the NASA Administrator, Richard Truly . The national winners were Senatobia Middle School in Senatobia, Mississippi , in the elementary division and Tallulah Falls School in Tallulah Falls, Georgia , in the upper school division. They were honored at several ceremonies in Washington, D.C., including a White House ceremony where President Bush presented awards to each school. Endeavour

4459-450: The benefits from exercise are achieved with around 3500 metabolic equivalent (MET) minutes per week, with diminishing returns at higher levels of activity. For example, climbing stairs 10 minutes, vacuuming 15 minutes, gardening 20 minutes, running 20 minutes, and walking or bicycling for transportation 25 minutes on a daily basis would together achieve about 3000 MET minutes a week. A lack of physical activity causes approximately 6% of

4550-804: The biological response to acute psychological stress . Aerobic exercise may affect both self-esteem and overall well-being (including sleep patterns) with consistent, long term participation. Regular aerobic exercise may improve symptoms associated with central nervous system disorders and may be used as adjunct therapy for these disorders. There is some evidence of exercise treatment efficacy for major depressive disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . The American Academy of Neurology 's clinical practice guideline for mild cognitive impairment indicates that clinicians should recommend regular exercise (two times per week) to individuals who have been diagnosed with these conditions. Some preclinical evidence and emerging clinical evidence supports

4641-554: The bridge in a commercial for the 2013 Super Bowl , and the Tundra used to pull the shuttle was donated to the Science Center, where it became part of an exhibit on leverage. Having taken longer than expected, Endeavour reached the Science Center on October 14 at 7:30pm. Prior to its arrival, a building was constructed on the side of the museum to temporary house the Space Shuttle. The Space Shuttle's entire journey through

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4732-651: The burden of disease from coronary heart disease, 7% of type 2 diabetes, 10% of breast cancer, and 10% of colon cancer worldwide. Overall, physical inactivity causes 9% of premature mortality worldwide. The American-British writer Bill Bryson wrote: "If someone invented a pill that could do for us all that a moderate amount of exercise achieves, it would instantly become the most successful drug in history." Most people can increase fitness by increasing physical activity levels. Increases in muscle size from resistance training are primarily determined by diet and testosterone. This genetic variation in improvement from training

4823-507: The cardiovascular system is well documented. There is a direct correlation between physical inactivity and cardiovascular disease, and physical inactivity is an independent risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease . Low levels of physical exercise increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases mortality. Children who participate in physical exercise experience greater loss of body fat and increased cardiovascular fitness. Studies have shown that academic stress in youth increases

4914-417: The efficacy of physical exercise as a treatment for depression over a 2–4 month period. These benefits have also been noted in old age , with a review conducted in 2019 finding that exercise is an effective treatment for clinically diagnosed depression in older adults. Continuous aerobic exercise can induce a transient state of euphoria , colloquially known as a "runner's high" in distance running or

5005-736: The first servicing mission STS-61 for the Hubble Space Telescope in 1993. In 1997 it was withdrawn from service for eight months for a retrofit, including installation of a new airlock. In December 1998, it delivered the Unity Module to the International Space Station . Endeavour ' s last Orbiter Major Modification period began in December 2003 and ended on October 6, 2005. During this time, Endeavour received major hardware upgrades, including

5096-417: The home, and fewer active recreational pursuits . Personal lifestyle changes , however, can correct the lack of physical exercise. Research published in 2015 suggests that incorporating mindfulness into physical exercise interventions increases exercise adherence and self-efficacy, and also has positive effects both psychologically and physiologically. Exercising looks different in every country, as do

5187-406: The human body: Physical exercise can also include training that focuses on accuracy , agility , power , and speed . Types of exercise can also be classified as dynamic or static. 'Dynamic' exercises such as steady running, tend to produce a lowering of the diastolic blood pressure during exercise, due to the improved blood flow. Conversely, static exercise (such as weight-lifting) can cause

5278-459: The immune system following acute bouts of exercise may be one of the mechanisms for this anti-inflammatory effect. A systematic review evaluated 45 studies that examined the relationship between physical activity and cancer survival rates. According to the review, "[there] was consistent evidence from 27 observational studies that physical activity is associated with reduced all-cause, breast cancer–specific, and colon cancer–specific mortality. There

5369-410: The immune system. Some studies indicate that exercise may increase life expectancy and the overall quality of life. People who participate in moderate to high levels of physical exercise have a lower mortality rate compared to individuals who by comparison are not physically active. Moderate levels of exercise have been correlated with preventing aging by reducing inflammatory potential. The majority of

5460-601: The landing strip to sign autographs and pose for pictures. STS-134 was the penultimate Space Shuttle mission; STS-135 was added to the schedule in January 2011, and in July Atlantis flew for the final time. ‡ Longest shuttle mission for Endeavour The Flow Director was responsible for the overall preparation of the Shuttle for launch and processing it after landing, and remained permanently assigned to head

5551-554: The launch dates were subject to change. The launch was further postponed until April to avoid a scheduling conflict with a Russian supply vehicle heading for the International Space Station. STS-134 did not launch until May 16 at 08:56 EDT . Endeavour landed at the Kennedy Space Center at 06:34 UTC on June 1, 2011, completing its final mission. It was the 25th night landing of a shuttle. Over its flight career, Endeavour flew 122,883,151 miles (197,761,262 km) and spent 299 days in space. During Endeavour's last mission,

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5642-482: The motivations behind exercising. In some countries, people exercise primarily indoors (such as at home or health clubs ), while in others, people primarily exercise outdoors . People may exercise for personal enjoyment, health and well-being, social interactions, competition or training, etc. These differences could potentially be attributed to a variety of reasons including geographic location and social tendencies. In Colombia, for example, citizens value and celebrate

5733-619: The new building started on June 1, 2022. Meanwhile, the ET-94 tank underwent some restoration after being used to analyze the foam on its sister tank, ET-93, which was a factor during the STS-107 mission, which resulted in the Columbia disaster . On July 20, 2023, the assembly of the stack began with the aft skirts (bottom segments of the rocket boosters) being precisely positioned on a concrete slab supported by six base isolators that will protect Endeavour from earthquakes. The motors for

5824-467: The new orbiter—the criteria included a requirement that it be named after an exploratory or research vessel, with a name "easily understood in the context of space"; entries included an essay about the name, the story behind it and why it was appropriate for a NASA shuttle, and the project that supported the name. Amongst the entries, Endeavour was suggested by one-third of the participating schools, with President George H.W. Bush eventually selecting it on

5915-608: The orbiter, to reduce its weight and allow it to carry more cargo to the ISS. No replacement for the pallet was planned, since the Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System provided much of the same abilities, and the 2011 retirement of the shuttle fleet made it redundant. The EDO tanks stored 368 pounds (167 kg) of liquid hydrogen at −418 degrees Fahrenheit (−250.0 °C), and 3,124 pounds (1,417 kg) of liquid oxygen at −285 degrees Fahrenheit (−176.1 °C). Total empty weight of

6006-455: The other three orbiters during out-of-service major inspection and modification programs. Endeavour ' s upgrades include: Modifications resulting from a 2005–2006 refit of Endeavour included: Endeavour flew its final mission, STS-134, to the International Space Station (ISS) in May 2011. After the conclusion of STS-134, Endeavour was formally decommissioned. STS-134 was intended to launch in late 2010, but on July 1 NASA released

6097-617: The outdoor environments of their country. In many instances, they use outdoor activities as social gatherings to enjoy nature and their communities. In Bogotá, Colombia, a 70-mile stretch of road known as the Ciclovía is shut down each Sunday for bicyclists, runners, rollerbladers, skateboarders and other exercisers to work out and enjoy their surroundings. Similarly to Colombia, citizens of Cambodia tend to exercise socially outside. In this country, public gyms have become quite popular. People will congregate at these outdoor gyms not only to use

6188-418: The pallet. The pallet made its debut on STS-50 , and was lost on STS-107 in 2003. Initially, NASA considered adding a second EDO pallet to Endeavour , placed in front of the first, for a total of thirteen tank sets, that would have allowed an orbiter to remain in space for 28 days, but managers decided against it when the International Space Station assembly began, and instead removed the EDO capability from

6279-516: The prototype orbiter Enterprise was looked at and rejected on cost grounds, with instead the cache of structural spares that were produced as part of the construction of Discovery and Atlantis earmarked for assembly into the new orbiter. Assembly was completed in July 1990, and the new orbiter was rolled out in April 1991. As part of the process, NASA ran a national competition for schools to name

6370-622: The public facilities, but also to organize aerobics and dance sessions, which are open to the public. Sweden has also begun developing outdoor gyms, called utegym . These gyms are free to the public and are often placed in beautiful, picturesque environments. People will swim in rivers, use boats, and run through forests to stay healthy and enjoy the natural world around them. This works particularly well in Sweden due to its geographical location. Exercise in some areas of China, particularly among those who are retired, seems to be socially grounded. In

6461-451: The rate of job attendance, as well as increase the amount of effort women put into their jobs. Although there have been hundreds of studies on physical exercise and the immune system , there is little direct evidence on its connection to illness. Epidemiological evidence suggests that moderate exercise has a beneficial effect on the human immune system ; an effect which is modeled in a J curve . Moderate exercise has been associated with

6552-411: The removed trees were replaced two-for-one by the Science Center, using part of the $ 200 million funding for the move. The power had to be turned off and power carrying poles had to be removed temporarily as the orbiter crept along the streets. News crews lined the streets along the path with visible news personalities in the news trucks. Police escorts and other security personnel, among them including

6643-421: The risk of cardiovascular disease in later years; however, these risks can be greatly decreased with regular physical exercise. There is a dose-response relationship between the amount of exercise performed from approximately 700–2000   kcal of energy expenditure per week and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged and elderly men. The greatest potential for reduced mortality

6734-484: The rocket boosters were installed on October 11, which was in storage at the Mojave Air and Space Port . The rocket boosters was fully assembled when the tops were added on December 5. On January 3, 2024, Endeavour was protected in a shrink wrap, likely to stay on until construction is complete. The ET-94 tank was then moved into its position in January 16 and was mounted to the rocket boosters. On January 30,

6825-513: The same exercise after meals. There is evidence that vigorous exercise (90–95% of VO 2 max ) induces a greater degree of physiological cardiac hypertrophy than moderate exercise (40 to 70% of VO 2 max), but it is unknown whether this has any effects on overall morbidity and/or mortality. Both aerobic and anaerobic exercise work to increase the mechanical efficiency of the heart by increasing cardiac volume (aerobic exercise), or myocardial thickness (strength training). Ventricular hypertrophy ,

6916-634: The shuttle Endeavour (Behnken on STS-123 , Hurley on STS-127 ) and wanted to name this new spacecraft after the one that took each of them into space. The shuttle appeared in the 2022 films Moonfall and Beavis and Butt-Head Do the Universe . A replica of a section of Endeavour is on exhibit outside the Discovery Cube Orange County , a science museum in Santa Ana, California . Physical exercise Exercise

7007-481: The spacecraft's ground crew while the astronaut flight crews changed for every mission. Each Shuttle's Flow Director was supported by a Vehicle Manager for the same spacecraft. Space Shuttle Endeavour ' s Flow Directors were: After more than twenty organizations submitted proposals for the display of an orbiter, on April 12, 2011, NASA announced that the Space Shuttle Endeavour would go to

7098-568: The streets of Los Angeles was often dubbed as Mission 26: The Big Endeavour , a nod to its 25 space missions during its career. On October 30, 2012, the Space Shuttle Endeavour was opened to the public. The shuttle was display inside the temporary Samuel Oschin Pavilion, where guests offered to not only walk around Endeavour, but also under it, as the vehicle was displayed in the horizontal atop four friction-pendulum seismic isolators to protect it from earthquakes. The shuttle remained inside

7189-448: The system was 3,571 pounds (1,620 kg). When filled with cryogens, the system weight was approximately 7,000 pounds (3.2 t ). The EDO pallet was designed to augment the orbiter's endurance for prolonged missions by supplying additional hydrogen and oxygen for its fuel cells . These fuel cells, in turn, converted hydrogen and oxygen into electrical energy essential for the orbiter's operations. For instance, during STS-80, 5,856 kWh

7280-516: The temporary pavilion until December 31, 2023. A companion exhibit inside the Science Center features images and artifacts that related the Space Shuttle program to California , where the orbiters were originally constructed. After its decommissioning, Endeavour ' s Canadarm (formally the 'Shuttle Remote Manipulator System') was removed in order to be sent to the Canadian Space Agency's John H. Chapman Space Centre in Longueuil , Quebec ,

7371-407: The thickening of the ventricular walls, is generally beneficial and healthy if it occurs in response to exercise. The effects of physical exercise on the central nervous system may be mediated in part by specific neurotrophic factor hormones released into the blood by muscles , including BDNF , IGF-1 , and VEGF . Community-wide and school campaigns are often used in an attempt to increase

7462-493: The treatment of depressive disorders . The 2013 Cochrane Collaboration review on physical exercise for depression noted that, based upon limited evidence, it is more effective than a control intervention and comparable to psychological or antidepressant drug therapies. Three subsequent 2014 systematic reviews that included the Cochrane review in their analysis concluded with similar findings: one indicated that physical exercise

7553-414: The use of exercise as an adjunct therapy for the treatment and prevention of drug addictions . Numerous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have indicated that exercise has a marked and persistent antidepressant effect in humans, an effect believed to be mediated through enhanced BDNF signaling in the brain. Several systematic reviews have analyzed the potential for physical exercise in

7644-410: Was a 15-foot-diameter (4.6 m) equipment assembly which attached vertically to the payload bay rear bulkhead of an orbiter , and allowed the orbiter to support a flight of up to 16 days duration. The equipment included cryogenic tanks, associated control panels, and avionics equipment. Although Atlantis was partially upgraded to accommodate the EDO, only Columbia and Endeavour actually flew with

7735-613: Was delivered by Rockwell International Space Transportation Systems Division in May 1991 and first launched a year later, in May 1992, on STS-49 . Endeavour cost $ 1.7 billion to build. The orbiter is named after the British HMS Endeavour , the ship which took Captain James Cook on his first voyage of discovery (1768–1771). This is why the name is spelled in the British English manner, rather than

7826-451: Was delivered to LAX on September 21. It was then hoisted off the aircraft and placed inside a United Airlines hangar to prepare for its transportation through the streets of Los Angeles. On October 11 at 11:30pm, Endeavour left the hangar on four self-propelled robotic transporters and the orbiter was slowly left the airport and was carefully transported through the streets of Los Angeles. The Space Shuttle's 12-mile (19 km) journey

7917-590: Was expected to be the final mission of the Space Shuttle program, but with the authorization of STS-135 by the United States Congress , Atlantis became the last shuttle to fly. The United States Congress approved the construction of Endeavour in 1987 to replace the Space Shuttle Challenger , which was destroyed in 1986 . NASA chose, on cost grounds, to build much of Endeavour from spare parts rather than refitting

8008-450: Was meticulously measured and each move was carefully choreographed. In multiple locations, there were only inches of clearance for the shuttle's wide wings between telephone poles, apartment buildings and other structures. Many street light standards and traffic signals were temporarily removed as the shuttle passed through. It was necessary to remove over 400 street trees as well, some of which were fairly old, leading to concern. However,

8099-503: Was produced from 3,989 lb of oxygen and 502 lb of hydrogen. For STS-50, 6,204.7 kWh was generated from 4,367 lb of oxygen and 550 lb of hydrogen. In comparison, STS-77 , a mission without the EDO pallet, yielded 3,924 kWh from 2,745 lb of oxygen and 346 lb of hydrogen. Another byproduct of the fuel cell operation was potable water. STS-77 produced 3,091 lb, while missions utilizing the EDO pallet, such as STS-50 and STS-80, yielded 4,914.6 lb and 4,492 lb, respectively. Missions incorporating

8190-703: Was safely docked in Marina del Rey on May 15. The tank was delivered to the Science Center on May 21. It was displayed outside the Samuel Oschin Pavilion until 2023. On March 28, 2017, both Northrop Grumman and NASA donated a pair of flight-proven solid rocket boosters for Endeavour exhibit. The rocket parts were delivered on September 11, 2020, and was temporarily stored in the Mojave Air and Space Port in Mojave , California until construction begins. The Samuel Oschin Air and Space Center ,

8281-454: Was the first EDO flight. From 1992, through 1994, Atlantis went through a maintenance period, during which Atlantis was modified to have the provisions needed for EDO capability, but NASA chose not to proceed with the final modifications, and Atlantis never had EDO capability. The EDO-pallet used in these orbiter configurations was destroyed in the 2003 Columbia disaster . The Extended Duration Orbiter Cryogenic kit (EDO-pallet or CRYO)

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