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Extended Industry Standard Architecture

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The Extended Industry Standard Architecture (in practice almost always shortened to EISA and frequently pronounced "eee-suh") is a bus standard for IBM PC compatible computers . It was announced in September 1988 by a consortium of PC clone vendors (the Gang of Nine ) as an alternative to IBM's proprietary Micro Channel architecture (MCA) in its PS/2 series.

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69-555: In comparison with the AT bus, which the Gang of Nine retroactively renamed to the ISA bus to avoid infringing IBM's trademark on its PC/AT computer , EISA is extended to 32 bits and allows more than one CPU to share the bus. The bus mastering support is also enhanced to provide access to 4  GB of memory. Unlike MCA, EISA can accept older ISA cards — the lines and slots for EISA are

138-516: A change in class numbers, from the 20/30 series to the 80 Series ( 6681 kiosk model, 6682 lobby model, 6684 through-the-wall model, and 6688 island / drive-through model). Next-generation dispensers, depositors, high-resolution display panels and anti-skimming technology are all standard with the MFR units. In 2021, the 206x and 208x line of products was released, incorporating cash recycling technology. Teradata partnered with NCR in 1990 and

207-516: A complementary field sales organization primarily made up of proven people from DEC, Wang and other faltering minicomputer firms. In the 1980s, NCR sold various PC compatible AT -class computers, like the small NCR-3390 (called an "intelligent terminal"). They proposed a customized version of MS-DOS named NCR-DOS , which for example offered support for switching the CPU between 6, 8 or 10 MHz speeds. The computers featured an improved CGA adapter,

276-461: A dedicated hard-drive partition. The utility software would detect all EISA cards in the system and could configure any hardware resources ( interrupts , memory ports, etc.) on any EISA card (each EISA card would include a disk with information that described the available options on the card) or on the EISA system motherboard . The user could also enter information about ISA cards in the system, allowing

345-405: A higher-clocked system. Most PC makers eventually decoupled the bus clock from the system clock, but there was still no standards body to "police" the industry. As companies like Dell modified the AT bus design, the architecture was so well entrenched that no single clone manufacturer had the leverage to create a standardized alternative, and there was no compelling reason for them to cooperate on

414-562: A major post-war force in developing new computing and communications technology. In 1953, chemists Barrett K. Green and Lowell Schleicher of NCR in Dayton submitted a patent "Pressure responsive record materials" for a carbon-less copy paper. This became US Patent 2,730,457 and was commercialized as " NCR Paper ." In February 1953, the company acquired the Computer Research Corporation (CRC), after which it created

483-537: A new standard. Because of this, when the first 386 -based system (the Compaq Deskpro 386 ) was sold in 1986, it still supported 16-bit slots. Other 386 PCs followed suit, and the AT (later ISA) bus remained a part of most systems even into the late 1990s. Meanwhile, IBM began to worry that it was losing control of the industry it had created. In 1987, IBM released the PS/2 line of computers, most of which included

552-685: A number of smaller cash register companies. By 1911 it had sold one million machines and had grown to almost 6,000 employees. Combined with rigorous legal attacks, Patterson's methods enabled the company to fight off bankruptcy, buy-out over 80 of its early competitors, and achieve control of 95% of the U.S. market. In 1912 the company was found guilty of violating the Sherman Antitrust Act . Patterson, Deeds, Watson and 25 other NCR executives and managers were convicted of illegal anti-competitive sales practices and were sentenced to one year of imprisonment. Their convictions were unpopular with

621-425: A performance standpoint, and EISA easily defeated MCA in industry support. EISA replaced the tedious jumper configuration common with ISA cards with software-based configuration. Every EISA system shipped with an EISA configuration utility; this was usually a slightly customized version of the standard utilities written by the EISA chipset makers. The user would boot into this utility, either from floppy disk or on

690-435: A piece of machinery. Sales demonstrations were set up in hotels (away from the distractions of the buyer's business) depicting a store interior complete with real merchandise and real cash. The sale prospect was described as the "P.P." or "Probable Purchaser." Once initial objections were swept aside and the P.P. admitted to internal theft losses, the product was demonstrated along with large business charts and diagrams. The deal

759-609: A separate company and involved the spin-off of Lucent Technologies from AT&T. In June 2009, the company sold most of the Dayton properties and moved its headquarters to the Atlanta metropolitan area , near Duluth . In early January 2018, the new NCR Global Headquarters opened in Midtown Atlanta near Technology Square (adjacent to the Georgia Institute of Technology ). In October 2023, NCR Corporation

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828-676: A specialized electronics division. In 1956, NCR introduced its first electronic device, the Class 29 Post-Tronic, a bank machine using magnetic stripe technology. With the General Electric Company (now known as GE ), the company manufactured its first transistor -based computer in 1957, the NCR 304 . Also in the 1950s NCR introduced MICR ( magnetic ink character recognition ) and the NCR 3100 accounting machines. In 1962, NCR introduced

897-491: A superset of ISA. EISA was much favoured by manufacturers due to the proprietary nature of MCA, and even IBM produced some machines supporting it. It was somewhat expensive to implement (though not as much as MCA), so it never became particularly popular in desktop PCs. However, it was reasonably successful in the server market, as it was better suited to bandwidth-intensive tasks (such as disk access and networking). Most EISA cards produced were either SCSI or network cards. EISA

966-571: A tape read speed of 400 characters a second. The company's first all- integrated circuit computer was the Century 100 of 1968. The Century 200 was added in 1970. The line was extended through the Century 300 in 1973. The Century series was followed by the Criterion series in 1976, NCR's first virtual machine system. During this period, NCR also produced the 605 minicomputer for in-house use. It

1035-471: A ventilation system to provide clean air. There were special provisions for female employees including restrooms, shorter work hours, high-back chairs, a women's dining room, and lessons in domestic science. In 1893, NCR constructed the first "daylight factory" buildings with floor-to-ceiling glass windows that let in light and could be opened to let in fresh air as well. NCR expanded quickly and became multi-national in 1888. Between 1893 and 1906 it acquired

1104-494: Is a complete redesign of both outlook and technological contents. It is also a cost down product. Self-Serv 20 series are single-function (e.g. cash-out) ATMs, while Self-Serv 30 series are full-function (cash-out and intelligent deposit) machines. Starting in 2015, the SelfServ series was updated with new design language (called MFR or Multi-Function Refresh ), modernizing the look of the product line. This corresponded with

1173-514: Is newer, similar, or seen in everyday life; thus, avoiding confusion between the two. The term retronym , a neologism composed of the combining forms retro- (from Latin retro , "before") + -nym (from Greek ónoma , "name"), was coined by Frank Mankiewicz in 1980 and popularized by William Safire in The New York Times Magazine . In 2000, The American Heritage Dictionary (4th edition) became

1242-542: Is that we don't think enough. We don't get paid for working with our feet — we get paid for working with our heads". Watson then wrote THINK on the easel. Signs with this motto were later erected in NCR factory buildings, sales offices and club rooms during the mid-1890s. "THINK" later became a widely known symbol of IBM, which was created by Watson after he joined the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) . Kettering designed

1311-447: The MCA bus. MCA included numerous enhancements over the 16-bit AT bus, including bus mastering , burst mode , software-configurable resources, and 32-bit capabilities. However, in an effort to reassert its dominant role, IBM patented the bus and placed stringent licensing and royalty policies on its use. A few manufacturers did produce licensed MCA machines (most notably, NCR ), but overall

1380-484: The NCR 315 Electronic Data Processing System which included the CRAM storage device, the first automated mass storage alternative to magnetic tape libraries accessed manually by computer operators. The NCR 390 and 500 computers were also offered to customers who did not need the full power of the 315. The NCR 390 accepted four types of input: magnetic ledger cards, punched cards, punched tape, and keyboard entry, with

1449-789: The Pick Operating System and Prime Information . The 1970s saw the widespread installations of the Model 770 in National Westminster and Barclays banks throughout the UK, but it was not until the Model 5070, developed at its Dundee plant in Scotland and introduced in 1983 that the company began to make more serious inroads into the ATM market. Subsequent models included the 5084, and 58xx (Personas) series. In early 2008,

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1518-425: The consortium of personal computer manufacturing companies, led by Compaq, that together created the EISA bus. Compaq was among the first clone makers, and had the largest market share for 386-based computers. Rival members generally acknowledged its leadership, with one stating in 1989 that within the Gang of Nine "when you have 10 people sit down before a table to write a letter to the president, someone has to write

1587-456: The "seven dwarfs," namely Burroughs , UNIVAC , NCR , Control Data , Honeywell , General Electric , and RCA ) to 6 (IBM and the " BUNCH ") and further reduced to 4 (IBM, Unisys, NCR, and Control Data Corporation). The adoption of the name NCR Corporation occurred in 1974. In 1982, NCR became involved in open systems architecture . Its first such system was the UNIX -powered TOWER 16/32,

1656-845: The 82350DT, announced in April 1991; it began shipping in June of that year. The first EISA computer announced was the HP Vectra 486 in October 1989. The first EISA computers to hit the market were the Compaq Deskpro 486 and the SystemPro . The SystemPro, being one of the first PC-style systems designed as a network server , was built from the ground up to take full advantage of the EISA bus. It included such features as multiprocessing , hardware RAID , and bus-mastering network cards. One of

1725-682: The American bombe designed by Joseph Desch . The US Navy Bombe was built by NCR for the United States Naval Computing Machine Laboratory to decrypt the Enigma machine that encrypted German military messages. The NCR-made American bombes (decryption machines) were faster, and soon more available, than the British bombes at Bletchley Park and its outstations. The American bombe was essentially

1794-495: The NGA, which had a 640×400 text mode more suitable for business uses than the original 640×200 mode, with characters drawn using single-pixel-wide lines, giving an appearance similar to that of classic IBM 3270 terminals. The additional four-color 640×400 graphical mode was identical to CGA's 320×200 mode from a programming point of view. NCR also manufactured two proprietary series of mini-to-midrange computers: In 1990, NCR introduced

1863-504: The System 3000, a seven-level family of computers based on Intel 's 386 and 486 CPUs. The majority of the System 3000 range utilised IBM's Micro Channel architecture rather than the more prevalent ISA architecture, and utilised SCSI peripherals as well as the more popular parallel and serial port interfaces, resulting in a premium product with premium pricing. The 3600, through NCR subsidiary Applied Digital Data Systems supported both

1932-451: The benefits to come out of the EISA standard was a final codification of the standard to which ISA slots and cards should be held (in particular, clock speed was fixed at an industry standard of 8.33 MHz). Thus, even systems that didn't use the EISA bus gained the advantage of having the ISA standardized, which contributed to its longevity. The Gang of Nine was the informal name given to

2001-407: The bus began to be apparent. First, because the "AT slot" (as it was known at the time) was not managed by any central standards group, there was nothing to prevent a manufacturer from "pushing" the standard. One of the most common issues was that as PC clones became more common, PC manufacturers began increasing the processor speed to maintain a competitive advantage. Unfortunately, because the ISA bus

2070-443: The coinage of retronyms. For example, the term acoustic guitar was coined with the advent of the electric guitar , analog watch was introduced to distinguish from the digital watch , push bike was created to distinguish from the motorized bicycle , and feature phone was coined to distinguish from the smartphone . Likewise, visible light refers to electromagnetic radiation on the narrow visible spectrum , and water ice

2139-494: The company launched its new generation of ATMs—the 662x/663x SelfServ series. NCR currently commands over a third of the entire ATM market, with an estimated $ 18 trillion being withdrawn from NCR ATMs every year. In addition, NCR's expertise in this field led the company to contract with the U.S. military to support the Eagle Cash program with customized ATMs. The NCR 5xxx -series is the range of (ATMs) produced by NCR from

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2208-418: The company's market share was dominant and it was successfully prosecuted under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 . The ruling was appealed and executives avoided at least some of the court's strictures. When John H. Patterson and his brother took over the company, cash registers were expensive (US$ 50) and only about a dozen of "Ritty's Incorruptible Cashier" machines were in use. There was little demand for

2277-493: The computer industry into a new era of intelligent standardized peripheral communications with the development the Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) . The SCSI standard enabled such diverse devices as disks, tapes, printers, and scanners to share a common interface to one or more computer systems in a way that was never before possible and a model for subsequent interfaces to follow. NCR developed

2346-925: The early 1900s. Formally added to its company structure in March 1981, NCR's OEM System's Division spearheaded the design, sales revenue and market awareness and acceptance of NCR's Tower family. Part of the cause of this success was the decision by NCR senior management to hire reseller industry veterans for key positions within the fledgling operation and have that unit work with, but not answerable to, NCR's traditional management structure. The industry shift from proprietary minicomputers brought personnel with minicomputer and reseller backgrounds such as division heads Roger Nielsen (ex-Data General), Robert Hahn (ex-Data General), and Dan Kiegler (ex-Datapoint marketing), marketing manager and later Director of Field Sales, Dave Lang (ex-DEC reseller marketing director and salesperson) and other critical contributors at corporate levels; who then hired

2415-445: The early 1980s. Most models were designed and initially manufactured at its Dundee factory in Scotland , but later produced at several other locations around the world. There have been several distinct generations: NCR's 6th generation of ATMs have been noted for the further move towards intelligent deposit and the expansion of secondary functions such as barcode reading. NCR's latest ATM services, introduced in 2008. This series

2484-421: The expensive device, but Patterson believed the product would sell once shopkeepers understood it would drastically decrease theft by salesclerks. He created a sales team known as the "American Selling Force" which worked on commissions and followed a standard sales script, the "N.C.R. Primer." This was the first known sales training manual in existence. The philosophy was to sell a business function rather than just

2553-591: The extended portion of the slot) and continue to run in 8-bit mode. One of the key reasons for the success of the IBM PC (and the PC clones that followed it) was the active ecosystem of third-party expansion cards available for the machines. IBM was restricted from patenting the bus and widely published the bus specifications. As the PC-clone industry continued to build momentum in the mid- to late-1980s, several problems with

2622-745: The firm was renamed the National Cash Register Company. Patterson formed NCR into one of the first modern American companies by introducing new, aggressive sales methods and business techniques. He established the first sales training school in 1893 and introduced a comprehensive social welfare program for his factory workers. Other significant figures in the early history of the company were Thomas J. Watson, Sr. , Charles F. Kettering and Edward A. Deeds . Watson—later fired by Patterson in 1914—eventually worked his way up to general sales manager. At an uninspiring sales meeting, Watson interrupted, saying "The trouble with every one of us

2691-494: The first cash register powered by an electric motor in 1906. Within a few years he developed the Class 1000 register which was in production for 40 years, and the O.K. Telephone Credit Authorization system for verifying credit in department stores. Deeds and Kettering went on to found Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company which later became the Delco Electronics Division of General Motors . In 1913,

2760-510: The first major dictionary to include the word retronym . The global war from 1914 to 1918 was referred to at the time as the Great War . However, after the subsequent global war erupted in 1939, the phrase Great War was gradually deprecated. The first came to be known as World War I and the second as World War II . The first bicycles with two wheels of equal size were called " safety bicycles " because they were easier to handle than

2829-506: The industry balked at IBM's restrictions. Steve Gibson proposed that clone makers adopt NuBus . A group of companies led by Compaq (the Gang of Nine ) created a new bus instead. This new bus was named the Extended (or Enhanced) Industry Standard Architecture, or "EISA", while the older AT bus had already been renamed Industry Standard Architecture , or "ISA". This provided virtually all of

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2898-476: The insulating gap of the upper / ISA card card edge connector. Additionally, the lower part of the bus has five keying notches, so an ISA card with unusually long traces cannot accidentally extend down into the lower part of the slot. Intel introduced their first EISA chipset (and also their first chipset in the modern sense of the word) as the 82350 in September 1989. Intel introduced a lower-cost variant as

2967-632: The launch of its successor, the Atari 5200 , and all hardware and software related to the platform were released under this new branding from that point on. Prior to that time, Atari often used the initialism "VCS" in official literature and other media, but colloquially the Video Computer System was often simply called "the Atari." The first film in the Star Wars franchise released in 1977

3036-470: The letter. Compaq is sitting down at the typewriter". The members were: Although the MCA bus had a slight performance advantage over EISA (bus speed of 10 MHz, compared to 8.33 MHz), EISA contained almost all of the technological benefits that MCA boasted, including bus mastering , burst mode , software-configurable resources, and 32-bit data/address buses. These brought EISA nearly to par with MCA from

3105-433: The primary costs associated with MCA, and at which the industry revolted, were royalties to be paid per system shipped). Olivetti included EISA in its Olivetti NetStrada 7000 (CONDOR) product which embraced multiple bus architectures, its Adaptec RAID Controller occupied an EISA slot that could be accessed by up to 4 of its Pentium Pro 200 CPU's concurrently. On the other hand, when it became clear to IBM that Micro Channel

3174-577: The public due to the efforts of Patterson and Watson to help those affected by the Dayton, Ohio, floods of 1913 , but efforts to have them pardoned by President Woodrow Wilson were unsuccessful. However, their convictions were overturned on appeal in 1915 on the grounds that important defense evidence should have been admitted. In 1918, the company signed a contract with the US Army to produce 100,000 M1911 pistols for use in World War I . The contract

3243-566: The same as the English bombe, though it functioned better (six times faster) as they were not handicapped by having to make it, as Keen was forced to do owing to production difficulties, on the framework of a three-wheel machine. By late autumn 1943, new American machines were coming into action at the rate of about two a week, the ultimate total being in the region of 125. Building on its wartime experience with secret communication systems, high speed counters and cryptanalytic equipment, NCR became

3312-478: The success of which (approximately 100,000 were sold) established NCR as a pioneer in bringing industry standards and open systems architecture to the computer market. These 5000-series systems were based on Motorola 68k CPUs and supported NCR's proprietary transaction processing system TMX , which was mainly used by financial institutions. This product line also saw the first time NCR had offered its products through other than its own direct sales channels since

3381-430: The system clock speed of 4.77 MHz. The PC/AT , introduced in 1984, had three 8-bit slots and five 16-bit slots, all running at the system clock speed of 6 MHz in the earlier models and 8 MHz in the last version of the computer. The 16-bit slots were a superset of the 8-bit configuration, so most 8-bit cards were able to plug into a 16-bit slot (some cards used a "skirt" design that physically interfered with

3450-435: The technical advantages of MCA, while remaining compatible with existing 8-bit and 16-bit cards, and (most enticing to system and card makers) minimal licensing cost. The EISA bus slot is a two-level staggered pin system, with the upper part of the slot corresponding to the standard ISA bus pin layout. The additional features of the EISA bus are implemented on the lower part of the slot connector, using thin traces inserted into

3519-431: The then-dominant style that had one large wheel and one small wheel, which then became known as an "ordinary" bicycle. Since the end of the 19th century, most bicycles have been expected to have two equal-sized wheels, and the other type has been renamed " penny-farthing " or "high-wheeler" bicycle. The Atari Video Computer System platform was rebranded the "Atari 2600" (after its product code, CX-2600) in 1982 following

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3588-442: The utility to automatically reconfigure EISA cards to avoid resource conflicts. Similarly, Windows 95 , with its Plug-and-Play capability, was not able to change the configuration of EISA cards, but it could detect the cards, read their configuration, and reconfigure Plug-and-Play hardware to avoid resource conflicts. Windows 95 would also automatically attempt to install appropriate drivers for detected EISA cards. EISA's success

3657-479: The world's first SCSI interface chip, the NCR 5380 , based on the SCSI interface standard collaboratively developed. In the third quarter of 1982, NCR announced the release of a 32-bit VLSI processor architecture and chipset called NCR/32 . These devices were used in several of their 9x00 and System 10000 computer systems. By 1986, the count of American mainframe computer manufacturers had dwindled from 8 ( IBM and

3726-527: Was also available on some non-IBM-compatible machines such as the DEC AlphaServer , HP 9000 D-class , SGI Indigo2 and MIPS Magnum . By the time there was a strong market need for a bus of these speeds and capabilities for desktop computers, the VESA Local Bus and later PCI filled this niche, and EISA vanished into obscurity. The original IBM PC included five 8-bit slots, running at

3795-541: Was canceled a few months later after the war ended, with no pistols having been delivered. Two million units were sold by 1922, the year John Patterson died. In January, 1926, NCR went public with an issue of $ 55 million in stock, at that time the largest public offering in United States history. During the first World War, NCR manufactured fuses and aircraft instrumentation, and during World War II built aero-engines, bomb sights and code-breaking machines, including

3864-555: Was coined to distinguish the solid state of water (including exotic forms) from the solid state of other volatiles such as carbon dioxide and argon. NCR Corporation NCR Voyix Corporation , previously known as NCR Corporation and National Cash Register , is an American software, consulting and technology company providing several professional services and electronic products . It manufactured self-service kiosks , point-of-sale terminals , automated teller machines , check processing systems, and barcode scanners . NCR

3933-490: Was dying, IBM actually licensed EISA for use in a few server systems. As a final jab at their competitor, Compaq (leader of the EISA consortium) didn't cash the first check sent by IBM for the EISA license. Instead, the check was framed and put on display in the company museum at Compaq's main campus in Houston, Texas. Retronym A retronym is a newer name for something that differentiates it from something else that

4002-443: Was far from guaranteed. Dell was a notable clone maker that did not join the Gang of Nine. Many manufacturers, including those in the Gang of Nine, researched the possibility of using MCA. For example, Compaq actually produced prototype DeskPro systems using the bus. However, these were never put into production, and when it was clear that MCA had lost, Compaq allowed its MCA license to expire (the license actually cost relatively little;

4071-454: Was founded in Dayton, Ohio , in 1884. It grew to become a dominant market leader in cash registers, then decryption machinery, then computing machinery, and computers over the subsequent 100 years. By 1991, it was still the fifth-largest manufacturer of computers. That year, it was acquired by AT&T . A restructuring of AT&T in 1996 led to NCR's re-establishment on January 1, 1997, as

4140-450: Was joined with Teradata Corporation on February 28, 1992. As an AT&T subsidiary, its 1992 year-end headcount was 53,800 employees and contractors. By 1993, the subsidiary produced a year-end $ 1.287 billion net loss on $ 7.265 billion in revenue. The net losses continued in 1994 and 1995, losses that required repeated subsidies from the parent company and resulted in a 1995 year-end headcount of 41,100. During these three years, AT&T

4209-558: Was not until their 2004 DVD releases that the titles of the individual three films were changed to follow the same titling pattern as the Star Wars prequel trilogy (e.g. Star Wars Episode IV - A New Hope ). In the 1990s, when the Internet became widely popular and email accounts' instant delivery common, mail carried by the postal service came to be called "snail mail" for its slower delivery and email sometimes just "mail." Advances in technology and science are often responsible for

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4278-452: Was originally locked to the processor clock, this meant that some 286 machines had ISA buses that ran at 10, 12, or even 16 MHz. In fact, the first systems to clock the ISA bus at 8 MHz were the turbo Intel 8088 clones that clocked the processors at 8 MHz. This caused many issues with incompatibility, where a true IBM-compatible third-party card (designed for an 8 MHz or 4.77 MHz bus) might not work reliably or at all in

4347-456: Was purchased by NCR in 1991. Mark Hurd took over the company's Teradata division in 1999 and is credited with expanding NCR's Teradata business. Hurd streamlined operations and invested in research. The Teradata division at NCR became profitable in 2002. Teradata was divested from NCR in 2007 and became its own publicly traded company, Teradata Corporation . NCR was acquired by AT&T Corporation on September 19, 1991, for $ 7.4 billion and

4416-472: Was referred to as "America's model factory." Some historians have referred to company owner John Patterson as the "father of industrial welfare." The company had its own welfare department and is considered a pioneer in America for this work. Some of the company's welfare initiatives include safety devices, drinking fountains, baths, lockers, chairs and back support for machine operators, indoor bathrooms and

4485-629: Was scanned at the checkout of a supermarket, Troy's Marsh Supermarket in Troy, Ohio , a few miles away from NCR's Dayton Headquarters. It was treated as a ceremonial occasion and involved a little bit of ritual. The night before, a team of Marsh's supermarket staff had moved in to put bar codes on hundreds of items in the store while NCR installed their scanners and computers. In 1982, NCR's Peripheral Products Division in Wichita, Kansas , together with peripheral manufacturer, Shugart Associates , helped propel

4554-455: Was sealed with a 25 cent cigar. Patterson also invented the formal sales training academy, a summer event first set up in canvas tents and called "Sugar Camp." The first known form of direct mail advertising also came courtesy of Patterson, who sent mail pieces to a predetermined list of addresses about his products. Patterson's "Get a Receipt" campaign was one of the world's first advertising campaigns. NCR undertook extensive welfare work and

4623-545: Was simply titled Star Wars . It was given the subtitle "Episode IV: A New Hope" for its 1981 theatrical re-release, shortly after the release of its sequel The Empire Strikes Back in 1980. Initially, this subtitle was limited to the opening text crawl, as all three films in the original Star Wars trilogy ( Star Wars , The Empire Strikes Back , and Return of the Jedi ) were still sold under their original theatrical titles on home media formats (such as VHS and Laserdisc). It

4692-540: Was split into two independent public companies: NCR Voyix legally succeeded NCR Corporation, while the ATM business was spun-off as NCR Atleos . The company began as the National Manufacturing Company of Dayton, Ohio, and was established to manufacture and sell the first mechanical cash register invented in 1879 by James Ritty . In 1884, the company and patents were bought by John Henry Patterson and his brother Frank Jefferson Patterson, and

4761-476: Was the compute engine for the 399 and 499 accounting machines, several generations of in-store and in-bank controllers, and the 82xx/90xx IMOS COBOL systems. The 605 also powered peripheral controllers, including the 658 disk subsystem and the 721 communications processor. In 1974, scanners and computers developed by NCR marked the first occasion where items with the Universal Product Code (UPC)

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