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38-496: library Extension service may refer to: Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES), a USDA office Agricultural extension services, educational services offered to farmers and other growers Church extension service , one church that meets at multiple locations MUN Extension Service , a community development program of Memorial University of Newfoundland operating from 1959-1991 Topics referred to by

76-470: A democratic society. Comparisons of the views of citizens and scientists by the Pew Research Center suggest that they hold very different positions on a range of science, engineering and technology-related issues. Both citizens and scientists rate K–12 STEM education in the U.S. poorly. The interdependence of humans and our natural environment is at the heart of scientific literacy in

114-624: A greater emphasis put on grades. Students begin to feel that they are achieving less which causes them to lose motivation in the classroom and student participation drops. It has been well documented that students who retain high motivation for learning will have a more positive attitude toward the subject. Studies of college students' attitudes about learning physics suggest that these attitudes may be divided into categories of real world connections, personal connections, conceptual connections, student effort and problem-solving. The decision-making aspect of science literacy suggests further attitudes about

152-556: A knowledge-to-action service that has become an integral part of the Cooperative Extension System. In 2015, the nonprofit, member-based eXtension Foundation was created to advance innovation and technology-enhanced professional development going forward. This table summarizes the cooperative extension programs in each state. (Under the 1890 amendment to the Morrill Act , if a state's land-grant university

190-537: Is a human process carried out in a social context, which makes it relevant as a part of our science education. In order for people to make evidence-informed decision, everyone should seek to improve their scientific literacy. Relevant research has suggested ways to promote scientific literacy to students more efficiently. Programs to promote scientific literacy among students abound, including several programs sponsored by technology companies, as well as quiz bowls and science fairs. A partial list of such programs includes

228-641: Is chiefly concerned with an understanding of the scientific method , units and methods of measurement , empiricism and understanding of statistics in particular correlations and qualitative versus quantitative observations and aggregate statistics , as well as a basic understanding of core scientific fields, such as physics , chemistry , biology , ecology , geology and computation . The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Framework (2015) defines scientific literacy as "the ability to engage with science-related issues, and with

266-462: Is defined as one who has the capacity to: Scientific literacy may also be defined in language similar to the definitions of ocean literacy, Earth science literacy and climate literacy. Thus a scientifically literate person can: Finally, scientific literacy may involve particular attitudes toward learning and using science. Scientifically-literate citizens are capable of researching matters of fact for themselves. Reforms in science education in

304-806: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service In 2009, CSREES was reorganized into the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA). CSREES' mission is to "advance agriculture, the environment, human health and well-being, and communities" by supporting research, education, and extension programs at land-grant universities and other organizations it partners with. CSREES doesn't conduct its own research; it provides funding and leadership to land-grant universities and competitively granted awards to researchers in partner organizations. CSREES' areas of involvement span across 60 programs in

342-462: Is learned by the time a student graduates from high school. Science literacy has always been an important element of the standards movement in education. All science literacy documents have been drafted with the explicit intent of influencing educational standards, as a means to drive curriculum, teaching, assessment, and ultimately, learning nationwide. Moreover, scientific literacy provides an important basis for making informed social decisions. Science

380-499: Is provided by the state's designated land-grant universities . In most states, the educational offerings are in the areas of agriculture and food, home and family, environment, community economic development , and youth and 4-H . The National 4-H Headquarters is located within the Families, 4-H, and Nutrition unit of CSREES. The Smith-Lever Act , which was passed in 1914, established the partnership between agricultural colleges and

418-800: Is seen as a human right and a working knowledge of science and its role in society is seen as a requirement for responsible members of society , one that helps average people to make better decisions and enrich their lives. In the United States, this change in emphasis can be noted in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with the publication of Science for All Americans and Benchmarks for Science Literacy . The National Science Education Standards (1996) defined scientific literacy as "the knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts and processes required for personal decision making, participation in civic and cultural affairs, and economic productivity". In addition, it emphasized that scientific literacy

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456-645: The Global Challenge Award , the National Ocean Sciences Bowl and Action Bioscience. Some organizations have attempted to compare the scientific literacy of adults in different countries. The OECD found that scientific literacy in the United States is not measurably different from the OECD average. Science News reports "The new U.S. rate, based on questionnaires administered in 2008, is seven percentage points behind Sweden,

494-737: The National Research Initiative , the Small Business Innovation Research Program, the Biotechnology Risk Assessment Program, and Outreach and Assistance for Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers . CSREES supports research and extension activities at land-grant institutions through federal funds that are appropriated to states on the basis of statutory, population-based formulas. CSREES' formula grants are directed to state experiment stations,

532-541: The atmosphere , and climate. Earth science literacy is one of the types of literacy defined for Earth systems; the qualities of an Earth science literate person are representative of the qualities for all the Earth system literacy definitions. According to the Earth Science Literacy Initiative, an Earth-science-literate person: All types of literacy in Earth systems have a definition like

570-579: The Chemistry Literacy Project includes environmental and social justice. Technological literacy is defined in a three-dimensional coordinate space; on the knowledge axis, it is noted that technology can be risky, and that it "reflects the values and culture of society". Energy literacy boasts several websites, including one associated with climate literacy. Attitudes about science can have a significant effect on scientific literacy. In education theory , understanding of content lies in

608-482: The Cooperative Extension System, and Cooperative Forestry Programs. In most cases, the states are required to match the federal formula dollars with nonfederal contributions. The four CSREES research funding programs for land-grant universities are (1) Hatch, (2) Multistate Research (a subset of Hatch), (3) McIntire-Stennis, and (4) Animal Health. Congress directs CSREES to fund and administer certain programs each year through special appropriations accounts. In general,

646-489: The Earth systems. As defined by nationwide consensus among scientists and educators, this literacy has two key parts. First, a literate person is defined, in language that echoes the above definition of scientific literacy. Second, a set of concepts are listed, organized into six to nine big ideas or essential principles. This defining process was undertaken first for ocean literacy, then for the Great Lakes , estuaries ,

684-950: The Executive Branch does not support the inclusion of these programs in the president's annual budget submission to Congress. Examples of projects include: the Expert Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Decision Support System; Global Change, UV-B Monitoring; IPM and Biological Control; Minor Crop Pest Management, IR-4; and Minor Use Animal Drugs. CSREES is the USDA's extramural research agency, funding individuals; institutions; and public, private, and non-profit organizations. Its research programs address issues affecting 13 national emphasis areas: Supported research falls into three categories: Education programs support all CSREES emphasis areas and promote teaching excellence, enhance academic quality, and help develop

722-530: The Extension system has collaborated in developing eXtension.org (pronounced "e-extension"). eXtension is an Internet-based learning platform where Extension professionals and citizens nationwide and beyond have 24/7 access to unbiased, research-based, peer-reviewed information from land-grant universities on a wide range of topics. Information is organized into articles, professional development resources, news, frequently asked questions, and blog posts that provide

760-544: The USDA to support agricultural extension work. The act also stated that USDA provide each state with funds based on a population-related formula. As of around 1929, African Americans made up 24 percent of the South's population, but only 12 percent of the southern extension staff. Additionally, the New Mexico extension service hired only one temporary part-time bilingual home demonstrator in its first 15 years, even though half

798-681: The United States have often been driven by strategic challenges such as the launch of the Sputnik satellite in 1957 and the Japanese economic boom in the 1980s. The phrase science literacy was popularized by Paul Hurd in 1958, when he charged that the immediate problem in education was "one of closing the gap between the wealth of scientific achievement and the poverty of scientific literacy in America". For Hurd, rapid innovation in science and technology demanded an education "appropriate for meeting

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836-475: The above. Ocean literacy is further defined as "understanding our impact on the ocean and the ocean's impact on us". Similarly, the climate literacy website includes a guiding principle for decision making; "humans can take action to reduce climate change and its impacts". Each type of Earth systems literacy then defines the concepts students should understand upon graduation from high school. Current educational efforts in Earth systems literacy tend to focus more on

874-425: The biological, physical, and social sciences related to agricultural research, economic analysis, statistics, extension, and higher education. CSREES administers federal appropriations through three funding tools: competitive grants, formula grants, and congressionally directed funding. Competitive grants are awarded to applicants upon the recommendation of a peer-review panel. CSREES' competitive programs include

912-438: The challenges of an emerging scientific revolution." Underlying Hurd's call was the idea "that some mastery of science is essential preparation for modern life." Initial definitions of science literacy included elaborations of the content that people should understand, often following somewhat traditional lines ( biology , chemistry , physics ). Earth science was somewhat narrowly defined as expanded geological processes. In

950-433: The cognitive domain, while attitudes lie in the affective domain. Thus, negative attitudes, such as fear of science, can act as an affective filter and an impediment to comprehension and future learning goals. In the United States, student attitudes toward science are known to decline beginning in fourth grade and continue to decline through middle and high school. This beginning of negative feelings about science stems from

988-522: The country. Today, AITC provides lesson plans, professional development opportunities, and teacher recognition programs for teachers, as well as maintains a national resource directory and other sources of public information on K-12 agricultural education issues. The Cooperative Extension System is a non-formal educational program implemented in the United States designed to help people use research-based knowledge to improve their lives. The service

1026-463: The decade after those initial documents, ocean scientists and educators revised the notion of science literacy to include more contemporary, systems-oriented views of the natural world, leading to scientific literacy programs for the ocean , climate , earth science , and so on. Since the 1950s, scientific literacy has increasingly emphasized scientific knowledge being as socially situated and heavily influenced by personal experience. Science literacy

1064-599: The ideas of science, as a reflective citizen." A scientifically literate person, therefore, is willing to engage in reasoned discourse about science and technology which requires the competencies to: According to the United States National Center for Education Statistics, "scientific literacy is the knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts and processes required for personal decision making, participation in civic and cultural affairs, and economic productivity". A scientifically literate person

1102-686: The observations and hypotheses of scientific discovery are part of a communally shared process; that ideas are important, not the status of the person who voices them; that what matters is disinterested evidence, not desired outcomes; and that statements that go beyond observations should be subject to testing. More recently, calls for "scientific literacy" have identified misinformation and disinformation as dangers. They suggest that civic science literacy, digital media science literacy, and cognitive science literacy are all important components of education, if individuals are to be scientifically informed and engage in individual and collective decision-making in

1140-650: The only European nation to exceed the Americans. The U.S. figure is slightly higher than that for Denmark, Finland, Norway and the Netherlands. And it’s double the 2005 rate in the United Kingdom (and the collective rate for the European Union)." University educators are attempting to develop reliable instruments to measure scientific literacy, and the use of concept inventories is increasing in

1178-441: The population only spoke Spanish. Today, CSREES distributes these so-called formula grants annually in cooperation with state and county governments and land-grant universities . Traditionally, each county of all 50 states had a local extension office. This number has declined as some county offices have consolidated into regional extension centers. Today, there are approximately 2,900 extension offices nationwide. Since 2005,

Extension Service - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-431: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Extension Service . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extension_Service&oldid=1117356167 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1254-536: The scientific and professional workforce. CSREES continues a federal-state teaching partnership started in 1977 by strengthening agricultural and science literacy in K-12 education, improving higher education curricula, and increasing the diversity and quality of future graduates to enter the workforce. In 1981, Agriculture in the Classroom (AITC) was established to promote agricultural literacy in classrooms across

1292-723: The scientific concepts than on the decision-making aspect of literacy, but environmental action remains as a stated goal. The theme of science in a socially-relevant context appears in many discussions of scientific literacy. Ideas that turn up in the life sciences include an allusion to ecological literacy , the "well-being of earth". Robin Wright, a writer for Cell Biology Education , laments "will [undergraduates'] misunderstandings or lack of knowledge about science imperil our democratic way of life and national security?" A discussion of physics literacy includes energy conservation , ozone depletion and global warming . The mission statement of

1330-570: The state of the world, one's responsibility for its well-being and one's sense of empowerment to make a difference. These attitudes may be important measures of science literacy, as described in the case of ocean literacy. In the K–12 classroom, learning standards do not commonly address the affective domain due to the difficulty in developing teaching strategies and in assessing student attitude. Many modern teaching strategies have been shown to have positive impacts on student attitudes toward science including

1368-472: The use of student-centered instruction , innovative learning strategies and utilizing a variety of teaching techniques. Project-based learning has also been shown to improve student attitudes about a subject and improve their scientific processing skills. Teachers can use Likert scales or differential scales to determine and monitor changes in student attitudes towards science and science learning. Proponents of scientific literacy tend to focus on what

1406-528: Was not open to all races, a separate land-grant university had to be established for each race. Hence, some states have more than one land-grant university.) Kentucky State University West Virginia State University West Virginia State University Extension Service Scientific literacy Scientific literacy or science literacy encompasses written , numerical , and digital literacy as they pertain to understanding science , its methodology , observations , and theories . Scientific literacy

1444-512: Was not simply a matter of remembering specific scientific content. It involved the development of key abilities or skills. "Scientific literacy means that a person can ask, find, or determine answers to questions derived from curiosity about everyday experiences. It means that a person has the ability to describe, explain, and predict natural phenomena." Some emphasize the importance of an underlying "ethos" that makes it possible to participate in scientific debates and communities. Key norms are that

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