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55-630: XAML is used extensively in Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF), Silverlight , Workflow Foundation (WF), Windows UI Library (WinUI), Universal Windows Platform (UWP), and .NET Multi-platform App UI (.NET MAUI). In WPF and UWP, XAML is a user interface markup language to define UI elements, data binding, and events. In WF, however, XAML defines workflows . XAML elements map directly to Common Language Runtime (CLR) object instances, while XAML attributes map to CLR properties and events on those objects. Anything that

110-408: A textbox being propagated to a bound string property in code), or source-to-UI (eg. a visual clock being updated to display the current time stored in code), or bi-directional. Data binding doesn't have any restrictions on types, and it is possible to bind structs , classes , or collections . Converters can be used to transpose the values and types being used during binding - for example, binding

165-540: A .NET Framework assembly. At run-time, the framework engine extracts the BAML file from assembly resources, parses it, and creates a corresponding WPF visual tree or workflow. In WF contexts, XAML describes potentially long-running declarative logic, such as those created by process modeling tools and rules systems. The serialization format for workflows was previously called XOML, to differentiate it from UI markup use of XAML, but now they are no longer distinguished. However,

220-462: A combination XAML editor and WPF visual designer, beginning with Visual Studio 2008. Prior to Visual Studio 2008, the WPF designer add-in, codenamed Cider, was the original release of a WYSIWYG editor for creating WPF windows, pages, and user controls. It was available for Visual Studio 2005 as a Visual Studio 2005 extensions for .NET Framework 3.0 CTP for the initial release of WPF. Visual Studio

275-490: A file format intended to be shown in web browsers via a NPAPI plugin, but NPAPI and XBAP support was phased out of support by browsers, and XBAP compilation is now no longer included for WPF for .NET. WPF is used to develop Visual Studio , Microsoft's flagship IDE , and was used for developing Microsoft Expression Blend . WPF and its layout language, XAML, have influenced multiple other UI frameworks. Silverlight (codenamed WPF/E - WPF Everywhere), released in 2007,

330-533: A group of single-language fonts; composite fonts embedding. Font linking and font fallback information is stored in a portable XML file, using composite font technology. The XML file has extension .CompositeFont . The WPF text engine also supports built-in spell checking . It also supports such features as automatic line spacing, enhanced international text, language-guided line breaking, hyphenation , and justification, bitmap effects, transforms, and text effects such as shadows, blur, glow, rotation etc. Animated text

385-555: A mechanism for defining alternative UI for portions of a WPF application. There are several template types available in WPF for different scenarios, but they all have the general purpose of defining the contents, layout and structure of a UI element. In WPF, many visual properties can be animated. This is exposed through dependency properties, which is the same underlying system that data binding relies on. WPF animations are time-based, as opposed to frame-based. Animation classes are based on

440-541: A page on Google's FAQs, leading users to believe the project has been closed. Google's mobile operating system Android is open source; however, the operating system that comes with the phones that most people actually purchase in a store is more often than not shipped with many of Google's proprietary applications that promote users to use only Google services. Because cloud computing is still relatively new, standards are still being developed. Many cloud platforms and services are proprietary, meaning that they are built on

495-532: A pair of files: a XAML file and an associated C# file with the extension .xaml.cs , often referred to as a "code-behind". The XAML file declaratively defines the layout, contents and other properties of the UI element, while the C# file allows exposure of code entry points for interactivity. A basic example of an interactive Hello, World! program could be created like so: MainWindow.xaml: MainWindow.xaml.cs: In

550-459: A sexy vision at times, and many other difficulties. […] Customers constantly evaluate other desktop platforms, [but] it would be so much work to move over that they hope we just improve Windows rather than force them to move. In short, without this exclusive franchise called the Windows API, we would have been dead a long time ago. The Windows franchise is fueled by application development which

605-540: A technique of propagating changes between user interface elements and the object model of the program. For instance, a textblock defined in XAML could bind its contents to a string property stored on a C# object in the following way: This would make the textblock display the value of the Username property. The direction data binding happens is configurable - it can be defined to go UI-to-source (eg. text entered into

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660-433: A textbox to a DateTime property, but using a converter to display the time as a formatted localised date string . Most properties on built-in controls can be databound, and custom-made controls can create bindable properties by defining Dependency Properties. MVVM , the architectural pattern encouraged by Microsoft for WPF developers, relies heavily on data binding. Using templates and styles, developers can define

715-584: A wide number of text features, including ligatures , old-style numerals , swash variants, fraction , superscript and subscript , small caps , ruby characters , glyph substitution , multiple baselines , and kerning . WPF handles texts in Unicode , and handles texts independent of global settings, such as system locale. In addition, fallback mechanisms are provided to allow writing direction (horizontal versus vertical) handled independent of font name; building international fonts from composite fonts, using

770-403: Is a deprecated cross-browser browser plugin which contained WPF-based technology, including XAML, that provided features including video, vector graphics, and animations. Specifically, it was provided as an add-on for Mozilla Firefox , Internet Explorer 6 and above, Google Chrome 42 and below and Apple Safari . Microsoft encouraged developers to stop using Silverlight in 2015, and support

825-501: Is a bitmap and 2D-vector graphics tool for exporting to XAML . Vendor lock-in In economics , vendor lock-in , also known as proprietary lock-in or customer lock-in , makes a customer dependent on a vendor for products , unable to use another vendor without substantial switching costs . The use of open standards and alternative options makes systems tolerant of change, so that decisions can be postponed until more information

880-564: Is also supported; this refers to animated glyphs, as well as real-time changes in position, size, color, and opacity of the text. WPF text rendering takes advantage of advances in ClearType technology, such as sub-pixel positioning, natural advance widths, Y-direction anti-aliasing, hardware-accelerated text rendering, as well as aggressive caching of pre-rendered text in video memory. ClearType cannot be turned off in older WPF 3.x applications. Windows Forms features are possible through

935-502: Is available or unforeseen events are addressed. Vendor lock-in does the opposite: it makes it difficult to move from one solution to another. Lock-in costs that create barriers to market entry may result in antitrust action against a monopoly . This class of lock-in is potentially technologically hard to overcome if the monopoly is held up by barriers to market that are nontrivial to circumvent, such as patents, secrecy, cryptography or other technical hindrances. This class of lock-in

990-635: Is called, which is defined in the .xaml.cs file. This function updates the final textblock to contain a message greeting the user, addressing them by their submitted name. WPF supports most modern media types, including vector and raster images, audio, video, and can support both 2D and 3D rendering. It also supports implementing graphical effects on visual elements, such as HLSL pixel shaders and built-in effects such as blurs and drop shadows . WPF mainly relies on vector graphics, which allows most controls and elements to be scaled without loss in quality or pixelization . WPF employs data binding ,

1045-399: Is created or implemented in XAML can be expressed using a more traditional .NET language, such as C# or Visual Basic .NET . However, a key aspect of the technology is the reduced complexity needed for tools to process XAML, because it is based on XML. XAML originally stood for Extensible Avalon Markup Language, Avalon being the code-name for Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF). Before

1100-497: Is currently used in tools made by Unity , GitHub and JetBrains . XAML, which was first designed for WPF, has been adopted for other similar Microsoft-developed UI libraries, such as UWP , designed for Windows 10 , Windows 11 , Xbox One and Xbox Series S/X applications, and .NET MAUI (formerly Xamarin.Forms ), designed for creating cross-platform native Android and iOS apps. Developers of WPF applications typically use Microsoft Visual Studio . Visual Studio contains

1155-456: Is focused on our core APIs." Microsoft's application software also exhibits lock-in through the use of proprietary file formats . Microsoft Outlook uses a proprietary, publicly undocumented datastore format. Present versions of Microsoft Word have introduced a new format MS-OOXML . This may make it easier for competitors to write documents compatible with Microsoft Office in the future by reducing lock-in. Microsoft released full descriptions of

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1210-456: Is not strictly required develop WPF projects, as solutions can be built in the command line using MSBuild . Microsoft Blend is a designer-oriented tool that provides an artboard for the creation of WPF applications with 2D and 3D graphics, text and forms content. It generates XAML that may be exported into other tools and shares solution (sln files) and project formats (csproj, vbproj) with Microsoft Visual Studio. Microsoft Expression Design

1265-408: Is potentially inescapable to rational individuals not otherwise motivated, by creating a prisoner's dilemma —if the cost to resist is greater than the cost of joining, then the locally optimal choice is to join—a barrier that takes cooperation to overcome. The distributive property (cost to resist the locally dominant choice) alone is not a network effect , for lack of any positive feedback ; however,

1320-454: Is so broad, so deep, and so functional that most ISVs [independent software vendors] would be crazy not to use it. And it is so deeply embedded in the source code of many Windows apps that there is a huge switching cost to using a different operating system instead. It is this switching cost that has given customers the patience to stick with Windows through all our mistakes, our buggy drivers, our high TCO [total cost of ownership], our lack of

1375-417: Is strictly of the collective kind. However, the personal variant is also a possible permutation of the variations shown in the table, but with no monopoly and no collectivity, it would be expected to be the weakest lock-in. Equivalent personal examples: There exist lock-in situations that are both monopolistic and collective. Having the worst of two worlds, these can be very hard to escape — in many examples,

1430-468: Is unlikely to ever replace HTML. Windows Presentation Foundation Windows Presentation Foundation ( WPF ) is a free and open-source user interface framework for Windows -based desktop applications. WPF applications are based in .NET , and are primarily developed using C# and XAML . Originally developed by Microsoft , WPF was initially released as part of .NET Framework 3.0 in 2006. In 2018, Microsoft released WPF as open source under

1485-606: The DocumentViewer class, which is for reading fixed layout documents. The FlowDocumentReader class offers different view modes such as per-page or scrollable and also reflows text if the viewing area is resized. It supports both the XML Paper Specification and Open Packaging Conventions . WPF includes a number of text rendering features, including OpenType , TrueType , and OpenType CFF ( Compact Font Format ) fonts. This means that WPF can support

1540-860: The MIT License . WPF's design and its layout language XAML have been adopted by multiple other UI frameworks, such as UWP , .NET MAUI , and Avalonia . WPF employs XAML , an XML -based language, to define and link various interface elements, and uses C# to define program behavior. WPF applications are deployed as standalone desktop programs. WPF supports a number of common user interface elements, such as 2D/3D rendering, fixed and adaptive documents , typography , vector graphics , runtime animation , and pre-rendered media. These elements can then be linked and manipulated based on various events, user interactions, and data bindings . WPF runtime libraries are included with all versions of Microsoft Windows since Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 . At

1595-641: The Motorola ROKR E1 and SLVR mobile phones. As a result, that music was locked into this ecosystem and available for portable use only through the purchase of one of the above devices, or by burning to CD and optionally re-ripping to a DRM-free format such as MP3 or WAV . In January 2005, an iPod purchaser named Thomas Slattery filed a suit against Apple for the "unlawful bundling" of their iTunes Music Store and iPod device. He stated in his brief: "Apple has turned an open and interactive standard into an artifice that prevents consumers from using

1650-667: The Sherman Antitrust Act . On June 7, 2006, the Norwegian Consumer Council stated that Apple's iTunes Music Store violates Norwegian law. The contract conditions were vague and "clearly unbalanced to disfavor the customer". The retroactive changes to the DRM conditions and the incompatibility with other music players are the major points of concern. In an earlier letter to Apple, consumer ombudsman Bjørn Erik Thon complained that iTunes' DRM mechanism

1705-581: The Silverlight browser plugin. However, both these methods are now unsupported on all major browsers due to their reliance on the discontinued NPAPI browser plugin interface. In 2007, European Committee for Interoperable Systems (ECIS) – a coalition of mostly American software companies – accused Microsoft of attempting to hijack HTML and replace it with XAML, thus creating a vendor lock-in . Jeremy Reimer, writing for Ars Technica described this comment as "the most egregious error" and added that XAML

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1760-554: The .NET type of property to be animated. For instance, changing the color of an element is done with the ColorAnimation class and animating the width of an element (which is typed as a double ) is done with the DoubleAnimation class. Animations can be grouped into Storyboards, which are the primary way to start, stop, pause and otherwise manipulate animations. WPF natively supports paginated documents. It provides

1815-493: The DRM from their tracks, at no extra cost. However, Apple charges consumers to have previously purchased DRM music restrictions removed. Although Google has stated its position in favor of interoperability, the company has taken steps away from open protocols replacing open standard Google Talk by proprietary protocol Google Hangouts. Also, Google's Data Liberation Front has been inactive on Twitter since 2013 and its official website, www.dataliberation.org, now redirects to

1870-477: The Microsoft Connect event on December 4, 2018, Microsoft announced releasing WPF as open source project on GitHub . It is released under the MIT License . Windows Presentation Foundation has become available for projects targeting the .NET software framework, however, the system is not cross-platform and is still available only on Windows. In WPF, screens and other UI elements are defined using

1925-538: The Ogg/Vorbis code because of the license, and uses MP3 instead, then the problem rebounds on us—because his continued use of MP3 may help MP3 to become and stay entrenched. More examples: The European Commission , in its March 24, 2004 decision on Microsoft's business practices, quotes, in paragraph 463, Microsoft general manager for C++ development Aaron Contorer as stating in a February 21, 1997 internal Microsoft memo drafted for Bill Gates : "The Windows API

1980-438: The UI to automated test frameworks. Following the success of markup languages for web development, WPF introduced eXtensible Application Markup Language ( XAML ; / ˈ z æ m əl / ), which is based on XML . XAML is designed as a more efficient method of developing application user interfaces. XAML is a declarative language, meaning the developer (or designer) describes the behavior and integration of components without

2035-458: The above example, a UI element called MainWindow is declared as a subclass of the built-in Window class. The XAML file defines the layout, which in this example is a vertical collection of controls - a textblock outlining instructions to the user, a textbox for the user to type their name, a button to submit, and a results text block. When the button is clicked, the method SubmitButton_Click

2090-470: The addition of bistability per individual, such as by a switching cost, qualifies as a network effect, by distributing this instability to the collective as a whole. As defined by The Independent , this is a non-monopoly (mere technology), collective (on a society level) kind of lock-in: Technological lock-in is the idea that the more a society adopts a certain technology, the more unlikely users are to switch. Examples: Technology lock-in, as defined,

2145-416: The cost to resist incurs some level of isolation from the (dominating technology in) society, which can be socially costly, yet direct competition with the dominant vendor is hindered by compatibility. As one blogger expressed: If I stopped using Skype, I'd lose contact with many people, because it's impossible to make them all change to [other] software. While MP3 is patent-free as of 2017, in 2001 it

2200-408: The end of .NET Framework 3.0 development, however, Microsoft adopted XAML for Workflow Foundation (WF). In WPF, XAML describes visual user interfaces . WPF allows for the definition of both 2D and 3D objects, rotations, animations, and a variety of other effects and features. A XAML file can be compiled into a Binary Application Markup Language (BAML) file, which may be inserted as a resource into

2255-413: The file extension for files containing the workflow markup is still ".xoml". XAML uses a specific way to define look and feel called Template s; differing from Cascading Style Sheet syntax, it is closer to XBL . To create XAML files, one could use Microsoft Expression Blend , Microsoft Visual Studio , the hostable WF visual designer, or XAMLPad. This Windows Presentation Foundation example shows

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2310-623: The file formats for earlier versions of Word, Excel and PowerPoint in February 2008. Prior to March 2009, digital music files with digital rights management (DRM) were available for purchase from the iTunes Store , encoded in a proprietary derivative of the AAC format that used Apple's FairPlay DRM system. These files are compatible only with Apple's iTunes media player software on Macs and Windows , their iPod portable digital music players, iPhone smartphones , iPad tablet computers , and

2365-563: The need to consider the flavor of hypervisor in the other enterprise. A heterogeneous cloud is considered one that includes on-premises private clouds, public clouds and software-as-a-service clouds. Heterogeneous clouds can work with environments that are not virtualized, such as traditional data centers. Heterogeneous clouds also allow for the use of piece parts, such as hypervisors, servers, and storage, from multiple vendors. Cloud piece parts, such as cloud storage systems, offer APIs but they are often incompatible with each other. The result

2420-481: The parsing behavior. Additionally, the Silverlight 4 XAML parser is not 100% backward-compatible with Silverlight 3 files. Silverlight 3 XAML files may be rejected or parsed differently by the Silverlight 4 parser. Historically, XAML based applications could be run in some web browsers , such as Internet Explorer and Firefox . This could be achieved through XBAP files created from WPF applications, or via

2475-498: The portable hard drive digital music player of their choice." At the time Apple was stated to have an 80% market share of digital music sales and a 90% share of sales of new music players, which he claimed allowed Apple to horizontally leverage its dominant positions in both markets to lock consumers into its complementary offerings. In September 2005, U.S. District Judge James Ware approved Slattery v. Apple Computer Inc. to proceed with monopoly charges against Apple in violation of

2530-466: The service. iTunes accounts can be set to display either standard or iTunes Plus formats for tracks where both formats exist. These files can be used with any player that supports the AAC file format and are not locked to Apple hardware. They can be converted to MP format if desired. As of January 6, 2009, all four big music studios ( Warner Bros. , Sony BMG , Universal , and EMI ) have signed up to remove

2585-644: The specific standards, tools and protocols developed by a particular vendor for its particular cloud offering. This can make migrating off a proprietary cloud platform prohibitively complicated and expensive. Three types of vendor lock-in can occur with cloud computing: Heterogeneous cloud computing is described as a type of cloud environment that prevents vendor lock-in, and aligns with enterprise data centers that are operating hybrid cloud models. The absence of vendor lock-in lets cloud administrators select their choice of hypervisors for specific tasks, or to deploy virtualized infrastructures to other enterprises without

2640-662: The text "Hello, world!" in the top-level XAML container called Canvas. The schema (the xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/..." part) may have to be changed to work on your computer. Using a schema that Microsoft recommends, the example can also be A crucial part of utilizing XAML to its full potential is making appropriate usage of binding, as well as being comfortable with creating your own custom user elements as required, for your specific needs. Binding can be done as follows: There are three main Microsoft implementations of XAML: These versions have some differences in

2695-451: The underlying APIs. As in web development, both layouts and specific themes are well suited to markup, but XAML is not required for either. Indeed, all elements of WPF may be coded in a .NET language ( C# , VB.NET ). The XAML code can ultimately be compiled into a managed assembly in the same way all .NET languages are. WPF applications are Windows-only standalone desktop executables . Historically, WPF supported compiling to XBAP ,

2750-445: The use of procedural programming . Although it is rare that an entire application will be built completely in XAML, the introduction of XAML allows application designers to more effectively contribute to the application development cycle. Using XAML to develop user interfaces also allows for separation of model and view, which is considered a good architectural principle. In XAML, elements and attributes map to classes and properties in

2805-782: The use of the ElementHost and WindowsFormsHost classes. To enable the use of WinForms, the developer executes this from their WPF C# code: WPF programs, via the P/Invoke feature of the CLR , can access native functionality such calling functions from Windows libraries . This allows the ability to communicate and operate other parts of the operating system, including unmanaged libraries . WPF supports Windows Ink for pen-based input , and multi-touch input on Windows 7 and above. It also supports Microsoft UI Automation to allow developers to create accessible interfaces, and to expose

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2860-434: The visuals and structure of UI elements. A style is a combination of property settings that can be applied to a UI element with a single property attribute. For example, a "blue radio button " style could be created and then be reused on any number of radio button controls throughout the program. Styles can alter collections of properties of controls, but are not not intended for significant structural changes. Templates are

2915-471: Was a lock-in to Apple's music players, and argued that this was a conflict with consumer rights that he doubted would be defendable by Norwegian copyright law. As of 29 May 2007 , tracks on the EMI label became available in a DRM-free format called iTunes Plus . These files are unprotected and are encoded in the AAC format at 256 kilobits per second , twice the bitrate of standard tracks bought through

2970-447: Was both patented and entrenched, as noted by Richard Stallman in that year (in justifying a lax license for Ogg Vorbis ): there is […] the danger that people will settle on MP3 format even though it is patented, and we won't be *allowed* to write free encoders for the most popular format. […] Ordinarily, if someone decides not to use a copylefted program because the license doesn't please him, that's his loss not ours. But if he rejects

3025-482: Was officially ended in 2021. After becoming open source in 2018, WPF was forked for the project Avalonia , an open-source .NET cross-platform XAML-based UI framework, distributed under the MIT License . While WPF only is intended for Windows, Avalonia also supports builds for web (via WebAssembly ), MacOS , Android , iOS , and Linux . Avalonia's name references WPF's in-development codename ("Avalon"), and markets itself as "a spiritual successor to WPF". Avalonia

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