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74-453: The HUDF image was taken in a section of the sky with a low density of bright stars in the near-field, allowing much better viewing of dimmer, more distant objects. Located southwest of Orion in the southern-hemisphere constellation Fornax , the rectangular image is 2.4 arcminutes to an edge, or 3.4 arcminutes diagonally. This is about one-tenth of the angular diameter of a full moon viewed from Earth (less than 34 arcminutes), smaller than

148-514: A full circle . Astronomers have chosen this unit to measure right ascension because they measure a star's location by timing its passage through the highest point in the sky as the Earth rotates . The line which passes through the highest point in the sky, called the meridian , is the projection of a longitude line onto the celestial sphere. Since a complete circle contains 24 of right ascension or 360° ( degrees of arc ), ⁠ 1 / 24 ⁠ of

222-519: A 1 mm piece of paper held 1 m away, and equal to roughly one twenty-six-millionth of the total area of the sky. The image is oriented so that the upper left corner points toward north (−46.4°) on the celestial sphere . In August and September 2009, the HUDF field was observed at longer wavelengths (1.0 to 1.6 μm) using the infrared channel of the recently fitted Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3). This additional data enabled astronomers to identify

296-660: A belt and sword derive from preexisting features in the grain structure of the ivory. The Seri people of northwestern Mexico call the three stars in the belt of Orion Hapj (a name denoting a hunter) which consists of three stars: Hap (mule deer), Haamoja (pronghorn), and Mojet (bighorn sheep). Hap is in the middle and has been shot by the hunter; its blood has dripped onto Tiburón Island . The same three stars are known in Spain and most of Latin America as "Las tres Marías" (Spanish for " The Three Marys "). In Puerto Rico,

370-418: A child's string figure similar to a cat's cradle . Several precolonial Filipinos referred to the belt region in particular as "balatik" (ballista) as it resembles a trap of the same name which fires arrows by itself and is usually used for catching pigs from the bush. Spanish colonization later led to some ethnic groups referring to Orion's belt as "Tres Marias" or "Tatlong Maria." In Māori tradition,

444-498: A circle is measured as 1 of right ascension, or 15°; ⁠ 1 / 1440 ⁠ of a circle is measured as 1 of right ascension, or 15 minutes of arc (also written as 15′); and ⁠ 1 / 86400 ⁠ of a circle contains 1 of right ascension, or 15 seconds of arc (also written as 15″). A full circle, measured in right-ascension units, contains 24 × 60 × 60 = 86 400 , or 24 × 60 = 1 440 , or 24 . Because right ascensions are measured in hours (of rotation of

518-614: A few hundred thousand years old. Observations by the Chandra X-ray Observatory show both the extreme temperatures of the main stars—up to 60,000 kelvins —and the star forming regions still extant in the surrounding nebula. M78 (NGC 2068) is a nebula in Orion. With an overall magnitude of 8.0, it is significantly dimmer than the Great Orion Nebula that lies to its south; however, it is at approximately

592-518: A hunter; an arrow he has shot is represented by Aldebaran (Alpha Tauri), with the same figure as other Western depictions. There are claims in popular media that the Adorant from the Geißenklösterle cave , an ivory carving estimated to be 35,000 to 40,000 years old, is the first known depiction of the constellation. Scholars dismiss such interpretations, saying that perceived details such as

666-676: A net change of   0h. The right ascension of Polaris is increasing quickly—in AD 2000 it was 2.5h, but when it gets closest to the north celestial pole in 2100 its right ascension will be 6h. The North Ecliptic Pole in Draco and the South Ecliptic Pole in Dorado are always at right ascension 18 and 6 respectively. The currently used standard epoch is J2000.0 , which is January 1, 2000 at 12:00 TT . The prefix "J" indicates that it

740-600: A new list of potentially very distant galaxies. On September 25, 2012, NASA released a new version of the Ultra-Deep Field dubbed the eXtreme Deep Field ( XDF ). The XDF reveals galaxies from 13.2 billion years ago, including one thought to have formed only 450 million years after the Big Bang. On June 3, 2014, NASA released the Hubble Ultra Deep Field 2014 image, the first HUDF image to use

814-612: Is 200 arcseconds to a side, with a total area of 11 square arcminutes, and lies in the constellation of Fornax. Four filters were used on the ACS, centered on 435, 606, 775 and 850 nm, with exposure times set to give equal sensitivity in all filters. These wavelength ranges match those used by the GOODS sample, allowing direct comparison between the two. As with the Deep Fields, the HUDF used Directors Discretionary Time. In order to get

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888-417: Is a Julian epoch . Prior to J2000.0, astronomers used the successive Besselian epochs B1875.0, B1900.0, and B1950.0. The concept of right ascension has been known at least as far back as Hipparchus who measured stars in equatorial coordinates in the 2nd century BC. But Hipparchus and his successors made their star catalogs in ecliptic coordinates , and the use of RA was limited to special cases. With

962-509: Is a double star: the two orbit each other every 5.73 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, Orion's Belt is best visible in the night sky during the month of January around 9:00 pm, when it is approximately around the local meridian . Just southwest of Alnitak lies Sigma Orionis , a multiple star system composed of five stars that have a combined apparent magnitude of 3.7 and lying 1150 light years distant. Southwest of Mintaka lies

1036-464: Is currently located in the constellation Pisces . Right ascension is measured continuously in a full circle from that alignment of Earth and Sun in space, that equinox, the measurement increasing towards the east. As seen from Earth (except at the poles), objects noted to have 12 RA are longest visible (appear throughout the night) at the March equinox; those with 0 RA (apart from the sun) do so at

1110-624: Is embedded in NGC 1999. Another famous nebula is IC 434, the Horsehead Nebula , near ζ Orionis. It contains a dark dust cloud whose shape gives the nebula its name. NGC 2174 is an emission nebula located 6400 light-years from Earth. Besides these nebulae, surveying Orion with a small telescope will reveal a wealth of interesting deep-sky objects, including M43 , M78 , as well as multiple stars including Iota Orionis and Sigma Orionis . A larger telescope may reveal objects such as

1184-575: Is in the daytime sky and thus invisible at most latitudes. However, for much of Antarctica in the Southern Hemisphere's winter months, the Sun is below the horizon even at midday. Stars (and thus Orion, but only the brightest stars) are then visible at twilight for a few hours around local noon, just in the brightest section of the sky low in the North where the Sun is just below the horizon. At

1258-427: Is just under 1 million seconds, from 400 orbits, with a typical exposure time of 1200 seconds. In total, 800 ACS exposures were taken over the course of 11.3 days, two per orbit; NICMOS observed for 4.5 days. All the individual ACS exposures were processed and combined by Anton Koekemoer into a set of scientifically useful images, each with a total exposure time ranging from 134,900 seconds to 347,100 seconds. To observe

1332-414: Is known as "Archer" ( Íjász ), or "Reaper" ( Kaszás ). In recently rediscovered myths, he is called Nimrod ( Hungarian : Nimród ), the greatest hunter, father of the twins Hunor and Magor . The π and o stars (on upper right) form together the reflex bow or the lifted scythe. In other Hungarian traditions, Orion's belt is known as "Judge's stick" ( Bírópálca ). In Scandinavian tradition, Orion's belt

1406-642: Is named after a hunter in Greek mythology . Orion is most prominent during winter evenings in the Northern Hemisphere , as are five other constellations that have stars in the Winter Hexagon asterism . Orion's two brightest stars, Rigel (β) and Betelgeuse (α), are both among the brightest stars in the night sky; both are supergiants and slightly variable . There are a further six stars brighter than magnitude 3.0, including three making

1480-607: Is often interpreted as the representation of Orion. Rudra , the Rigvedic form of Shiva , is the presiding deity of Ardra nakshatra ( Betelgeuse ) of Hindu astrology . The Jain Symbol carved in Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves , India in 1st century BCE has striking resemblance with Orion. Bugis sailors identified the three stars in Orion's Belt as tanra tellué , meaning "sign of three". In old Hungarian tradition, Orion

1554-582: Is part of the Winter Circle asterism. Sirius and Procyon , which may be located from Orion by following imaginary lines (see map), also are points in both the Winter Triangle and the Circle. Orion's seven brightest stars form a distinctive hourglass-shaped asterism, or pattern, in the night sky. Four stars—Rigel, Betelgeuse, Bellatrix , and Saiph —form a large roughly rectangular shape, at

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1628-495: Is recognized in numerous cultures around the world, and many myths are associated with it. Orion is used as a symbol in the modern world. The Babylonian star catalogues of the Late Bronze Age name Orion SIPA.ZI.AN.NA , "The Heavenly Shepherd" or "True Shepherd of Anu" – Anu being the chief god of the heavenly realms. The Babylonian constellation is sacred to Papshukal and Ninshubur , both minor gods fulfilling

1702-587: Is the angular distance of a particular point measured eastward along the celestial equator from the Sun at the March equinox to the ( hour circle of the) point in question above the Earth. When paired with declination , these astronomical coordinates specify the location of a point on the celestial sphere in the equatorial coordinate system . An old term, right ascension ( Latin : ascensio recta ) refers to

1776-664: Is the bison's head; and Sirius in Canis Major, known as Tayamnisinte, is its tail. Another Lakota myth mentions that the bottom half of Orion, the Constellation of the Hand, represented the arm of a chief that was ripped off by the Thunder People as a punishment from the gods for his selfishness. His daughter offered to marry the person who can retrieve his arm from the sky, so the young warrior Fallen Star (whose father

1850-458: Is the celestial equivalent of terrestrial longitude . Both right ascension and longitude measure an angle from a primary direction (a zero point) on an equator . Right ascension is measured from the Sun at the March equinox i.e. the First Point of Aries , which is the place on the celestial sphere where the Sun crosses the celestial equator from south to north at the March equinox and

1924-453: Is the complement of right ascension with respect to 24 . It is important not to confuse sidereal hour angle with the astronomical concept of hour angle , which measures the angular distance of an object westward from the local meridian . The Earth's axis traces a small circle (relative to its celestial equator) slowly westward about the celestial poles , completing one cycle in about 26,000 years. This movement, known as precession , causes

1998-715: The ABYSS Hubble Ultra Deep Field . The new images improve the previous reduction of the WFC3/IR images, including careful sky background subtraction around the largest galaxies on the field of view. After this update, some galaxies were found to be almost twice as big as previously measured. In the years since the original Hubble Deep Field , the Hubble Deep Field South and the GOODS sample were analyzed, providing increased statistics at

2072-529: The Flame Nebula (NGC 2024), as well as fainter and tighter multiple stars and nebulae. Barnard's Loop can be seen on very dark nights or using long-exposure photography . All of these nebulae are part of the larger Orion molecular cloud complex , which is located approximately 1,500 light-years away and is hundreds of light-years across. It is one of the most intense regions of stellar formation visible within our galaxy. The distinctive pattern of Orion

2146-560: The International Astronomical Union in 1922, is "Ori". Orion is most visible in the evening sky from January to April, winter in the Northern Hemisphere, and summer in the Southern Hemisphere. In the tropics (less than about 8° from the equator), the constellation transits at the zenith . In the period May–July (summer in the Northern Hemisphere, winter in the Southern Hemisphere), Orion

2220-582: The Orionid meteor shower (Orionids) reaches its peak. Coming from the border with the constellation Gemini as many as 20 meteors per hour can be seen. The shower's parent body is Halley's Comet . Hanging from Orion's belt is his sword, consisting of the multiple stars θ1 and θ2 Orionis, called the Trapezium and the Orion Nebula (M42). This is a spectacular object that can be clearly identified with

2294-399: The Sun and shines with magnitude 1.8; much of its radiation is in the ultraviolet range, which the human eye cannot see. Alnilam is approximately 2,000 light years away from Earth, shines with magnitude 1.70, and with ultraviolet light is 375,000 times more luminous than the Sun. Mintaka is 915 light years away and shines with magnitude 2.21. It is 90,000 times more luminous than the Sun and

Hubble Ultra-Deep Field - Misplaced Pages Continue

2368-448: The ascension , or the point on the celestial equator that rises with any celestial object as seen from Earth 's equator , where the celestial equator intersects the horizon at a right angle . It contrasts with oblique ascension , the point on the celestial equator that rises with any celestial object as seen from most latitudes on Earth, where the celestial equator intersects the horizon at an oblique angle . Right ascension

2442-577: The most distant astronomical objects . The red dwarf UDF 2457 at distance of 59,000 light-years is the furthest star resolved by the HUDF. The star near the center of the field is USNO-A2.0 0600–01400432 with apparent magnitude of 18.95. The field imaged by the ACS contains over 10,000 objects, the majority of which are galaxies, many at redshifts greater than 3, and some that probably have redshifts between 6 and 7. The NICMOS measurements may have discovered galaxies at redshifts up to 12. The HUDF has revealed high rates of star formation during

2516-427: The 88 constellations in size. The constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 26 sides. In the equatorial coordinate system , the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 04 43.3 and 06 25.5 , while the declination coordinates are between 22.87° and −10.97°. The constellation's three-letter abbreviation, as adopted by

2590-518: The Deep Fields, the HUDF does not lie in Hubble's Continuous Viewing Zone (CVZ). The earlier observations, using the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) camera, were able to take advantage of the increased observing time on these zones by using wavelengths with higher noise to observe at times when earthshine contaminated the observations; however, ACS does not observe at these wavelengths, so

2664-444: The Earth ), they can be used to time the positions of objects in the sky. For example, if a star with RA = 1 30 00 is at its meridian, then a star with RA = 20 00 00 will be on the/at its meridian (at its apparent highest point) 18.5 sidereal hours later. Sidereal hour angle, used in celestial navigation , is similar to right ascension but increases westward rather than eastward. Usually measured in degrees (°), it

2738-512: The September equinox. On those dates at midnight, such objects will reach ("culminate" at) their highest point (their meridian). How high depends on their declination; if 0° declination (i.e. on the celestial equator ) then at Earth's equator they are directly overhead (at zenith ). Any angular unit could have been chosen for right ascension, but it is customarily measured in hours ( ), minutes ( ), and seconds ( ), with 24 being equivalent to

2812-489: The advantage was reduced. As with the earlier fields, this one was required to contain very little emission from our galaxy, with little Zodiacal dust . The field was also required to be in a range of declinations such that it could be observed both by southern hemisphere instruments, such as the Atacama Large Millimeter Array , and northern hemisphere ones, such as those located on Hawaii . It

2886-420: The area of the HUDF. This represents about one thirty-two millionth of the sky. The HXDF contains about 5,500 galaxies, the oldest of which are seen as they were 13.2 billion years ago. The faintest galaxies are one ten-billionth the brightness of what the human eye can see. The red galaxies in the image are the remnants of galaxies after major collisions during their elderly years. Many of the smaller galaxies in

2960-567: The base. Also nearby is the very young star FU Orionis . Stretching north from Betelgeuse are the stars that make up Orion's club. Mu Orionis marks the elbow, Nu and Xi mark the handle of the club, and Chi and Chi mark the end of the club. Just east of Chi is the Mira-type variable red giant U Orionis . West from Bellatrix lie six stars all designated Pi Orionis ( π Ori , π Ori , π Ori , π Ori , π Ori and π Ori ) which make up Orion's shield. Around 20 October each year

3034-504: The best resolution possible, the observations were dithered by pointing the telescope at slightly different positions for each exposure—a process trialled with the Hubble Deep Field —so that the final image has a higher resolution than the pixels on their own would normally allow. The observations were done in two sessions, from September 23 to October 28, 2003, and December 4, 2003, to January 15, 2004. The total exposure time

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3108-434: The center of which lies the three stars of Orion's Belt — Alnitak , Alnilam , and Mintaka . His head is marked by an additional 8th star called Meissa, which is fairly bright to the observer. Descending from the "belt" is a smaller line of three stars, Orion's Sword (the middle of which is in fact not a star but the Orion Nebula ), also known as the hunter's sword. Many of the stars are luminous hot blue supergiants, with

3182-477: The constellation Orion ( Chinese : 參宿 ; pinyin : shēnxiù ); its Shang dynasty version, over three millennia old, contains at the top a representation of the three stars of Orion's belt atop a man's head (the bottom portion representing the sound of the word was added later). The Rigveda refers to the Orion Constellation as Mriga (The Deer ). Nataraja , 'the cosmic dancer',

3256-453: The coordinates of stationary celestial objects to change continuously, if rather slowly. Therefore, equatorial coordinates (including right ascension) are inherently relative to the year of their observation, and astronomers specify them with reference to a particular year, known as an epoch . Coordinates from different epochs must be mathematically rotated to match each other, or to match a standard epoch. Right ascension for "fixed stars" on

3330-508: The dead pharaoh is said to take in the afterlife. The Armenians identified their legendary patriarch and founder Hayk with Orion. Hayk is also the name of the Orion constellation in the Armenian translation of the Bible . The Bible mentions Orion three times, naming it "Kesil" (כסיל, literally – fool). Though, this name perhaps is etymologically connected with "Kislev", the name for

3404-684: The equator (e.g., Kenya, Indonesia, Colombia, Ecuador), Orion appears overhead in December around midnight and in the February evening sky. Orion is very useful as an aid to locating other stars. By extending the line of the Belt southeastward, Sirius (α CMa ) can be found; northwestward, Aldebaran (α Tau ). A line eastward across the two shoulders indicates the direction of Procyon (α CMi ). A line from Rigel through Betelgeuse points to Castor and Pollux (α Gem and β Gem). Additionally, Rigel

3478-468: The equator increases by about 3.1 seconds per year or 5.1 minutes per century, but for fixed stars away from the equator the rate of change can be anything from negative infinity to positive infinity. (To this must be added the proper motion of a star.) Over a precession cycle of 26,000 years, "fixed stars" that are far from the ecliptic poles increase in right ascension by 24h, or about 5.6' per century, whereas stars within 23.5° of an ecliptic pole undergo

3552-511: The full range of ultraviolet to near-infrared light. A composite of separate exposures taken in 2002 to 2012 with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys and Wide Field Camera 3, it shows some 10,000 galaxies. On January 23, 2019, the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias released an even deeper version of the infrared images of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field obtained with the WFC3 instrument, named

3626-567: The high redshifts probed by the HDF. When the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) detector was installed on the HST, it was realized that an ultra-deep field could observe galaxy formation out to even higher redshifts than had currently been observed, as well as providing more information about galaxy formation at intermediate redshifts (z~2). A workshop on how to best carry out surveys with the ACS

3700-479: The image are very young galaxies that eventually developed into major galaxies, similar to the Milky Way and other galaxies in our galactic neighborhood. Orion (constellation) Orion is a prominent set of stars visible during winter in the northern celestial hemisphere . It is one of the 88 modern constellations ; it was among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy . It

3774-437: The invention of the telescope , it became possible for astronomers to observe celestial objects in greater detail, provided that the telescope could be kept pointed at the object for a period of time. The easiest way to do that is to use an equatorial mount , which allows the telescope to be aligned with one of its two pivots parallel to the Earth's axis. A motorized clock drive often is used with an equatorial mount to cancel out

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3848-400: The naked eye as something other than a star. Using binoculars, its clouds of nascent stars, luminous gas, and dust can be observed. The Trapezium cluster has many newborn stars, including several brown dwarfs , all of which are at an approximate distance of 1,500 light-years. Named for the four bright stars that form a trapezoid , it is largely illuminated by the brightest stars, which are only

3922-454: The newly available F105W, F125W and F160W infra-red filters (which correspond to the Y, J and H bands ): The HUDF is the deepest image of the universe ever taken and has been used to search for galaxies that existed between 400 and 800 million years after the Big Bang (redshifts between 7 and 12). Several galaxies in the HUDF are candidates, based on photometric redshifts , to be amongst

3996-570: The ninth month of the Hebrew calendar (i.e. November–December), which, in turn, may derive from the Hebrew root K-S-L as in the words "kesel, kisla" (כֵּסֶל, כִּסְלָה, hope, positiveness), i.e. hope for winter rains.: Job 9:9 ("He is the maker of the Bear and Orion"), Job 38:31 ("Can you loosen Orion's belt?"), and Amos 5:8 ("He who made the Pleiades and Orion"). In ancient Aram , the constellation

4070-572: The quadruple star Eta Orionis . Orion's Sword contains the Orion Nebula , the Messier 43 nebula, the Running Man Nebula , and the stars Theta Orionis , Iota Orionis , and 42 Orionis . Three stars comprise a small triangle that marks the head. The apex is marked by Meissa (Lambda Orionis), a hot blue giant of spectral type O8 III and apparent magnitude 3.54, which lies some 1100 light years distant. Phi-1 and Phi-2 Orionis make up

4144-424: The rapid evolution of galaxies in the first couple of billion years after the Big Bang. The Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (HXDF), released on September 25, 2012, is an image of a portion of space in the center of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field image. Representing a total of two million seconds (about 23 days) of exposure time collected over 10 years, the image covers an area of 2.3 arcminutes by 2 arcminutes, or about 80% of

4218-739: The reason that the constellations of Scorpius and Orion are never in the sky at the same time. However, Ophiuchus , the Serpent Bearer, revived Orion with an antidote . This is said to be the reason that the constellation of Ophiuchus stands midway between the Scorpion and the Hunter in the sky. The constellation is mentioned in Horace 's Odes (Ode 3.27.18), Homer 's Odyssey (Book 5, line 283) and Iliad , and Virgil 's Aeneid (Book 1, line 535) In medieval Muslim astronomy , Orion

4292-573: The role of 'messenger to the gods'. Papshukal is closely associated with the figure of a walking bird on Babylonian boundary stones, and on the star map the figure of the Rooster is located below and behind the figure of the True Shepherd—both constellations represent the herald of the gods, in his bird and human forms respectively. In ancient Egypt , the stars of Orion were regarded as a god , called Sah . Because Orion rises before Sirius ,

4366-447: The same distance, at 1600 light-years from Earth. It can easily be mistaken for a comet in the eyepiece of a telescope. M78 is associated with the variable star V351 Orionis , whose magnitude changes are visible in very short periods of time. Another fairly bright nebula in Orion is NGC 1999 , also close to the Great Orion Nebula. It has an integrated magnitude of 10.5 and is 1500 light-years from Earth. The variable star V380 Orionis

4440-596: The same time of day at the South Pole itself ( Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station ), Rigel is only 8° above the horizon, and the Belt sweeps just along it. In the Southern Hemisphere's summer months, when Orion is normally visible in the night sky, the constellation is actually not visible in Antarctica because the sun does not set at that time of year south of the Antarctic Circle. In countries close to

4514-504: The short straight line of the Orion's Belt asterism . Orion also hosts the radiant of the annual Orionids , the strongest meteor shower associated with Halley's Comet , and the Orion Nebula , one of the brightest nebulae in the sky. Orion is bordered by Taurus to the northwest, Eridanus to the southwest, Lepus to the south, Monoceros to the east, and Gemini to the northeast. Covering 594 square degrees , Orion ranks twenty-sixth of

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4588-489: The star Rigel (known as Puanga or Puaka ) is closely connected with the celebration of Matariki . The rising of Matariki (the Pleiades ) and Rigel before sunrise in midwinter marks the start of the Māori year. In Javanese culture , the constellation is often called Lintang Waluku or Bintang Bajak , referring to the shape of a paddy field plow. Right ascension Right ascension (abbreviated RA ; symbol α )

4662-539: The star whose heliacal rising was the basis for the Solar Egyptian calendar , Sah was closely linked with Sopdet , the goddess who personified Sirius. The god Sopdu is said to be the son of Sah and Sopdet. Sah is syncretized with Osiris , while Sopdet is syncretized with Osiris' mythological wife, Isis . In the Pyramid Texts , from the 24th and 23rd centuries BC, Sah is one of many gods whose form

4736-489: The stars of the belt and sword forming the Orion OB1 association . Standing out by its red hue, Betelgeuse may nevertheless be a runaway member of the same group. Orion's Belt or The Belt of Orion is an asterism within the constellation. It consists of the three bright stars Zeta (Alnitak), Epsilon (Alnilam), and Delta (Mintaka). Alnitak is around 800 light years away from earth and is 100,000 times more luminous than

4810-616: The three stars are known as the "Los Tres Reyes Magos" (Spanish for The three Wise Men ). The Ojibwa (Chippewa) Native Americans call this constellation Kabibona'kan, the Winter Maker, as its presence in the night sky heralds winter. To the Lakota Native Americans, Tayamnicankhu (Orion's Belt) is the spine of a bison. The great rectangle of Orion is the bison's ribs; the Pleiades star cluster in nearby Taurus

4884-403: The very early stages of galaxy formation , within a billion years after the Big Bang. It has also enabled improved characterization of the distribution of galaxies, their numbers, sizes and luminosities at different epochs, aiding investigation into the evolution of galaxies. Galaxies at high redshifts have been confirmed to be smaller and less symmetrical than ones at lower redshifts, illuminating

4958-642: The visible bands. In order to obtain deep visible exposures on top of the NICMOS parallel fields a follow-up program, HUDF05, was approved and granted 204 orbits to observe the two parallel fields (GO-10632). The orientation of the HST was chosen so that further NICMOS parallel images would fall on top of the main UDF field. After the installation of WFC3 on Hubble in 2009, the HUDF09 programme (GO-11563) devoted 192 orbits to observations of three fields, including HUDF, using

5032-480: The whole sky to the same sensitivity, the HST would need to observe continuously for a million years. The sensitivity of the ACS limits its capability of detecting galaxies at high redshift to about 6. The deep NICMOS fields obtained in parallel to the ACS images could in principle be used to detect galaxies at redshift 7 or higher but they were lacking visible band images of similar depth. These are necessary to identify high redshift objects as they should not be seen in

5106-552: Was a star and whose mother was human) returned his arm and married his daughter, symbolizing harmony between the gods and humanity with the help of the younger generation. The index finger is represented by Rigel; the Orion Nebula is the thumb; the Belt of Orion is the wrist; and the star Beta Eridani is the pinky finger. The seven primary stars of Orion make up the Polynesian constellation Heiheionakeiki which represents

5180-404: Was held at STScI in late 2002. At the workshop Massimo Stiavelli advocated an Ultra Deep Field as a way to study the objects responsible for the reionization of the Universe. Following the workshop, the STScI Director Steven Beckwith decided to devote 400 orbits of Director's Discretionary time to the UDF and appointed Stiavelli as the lead of the Home Team implementing the observations. Unlike

5254-409: Was known as N phîlā′ , the Nephilim are said to be Orion's descendants. In Greek mythology , Orion was a gigantic, supernaturally strong hunter, born to Euryale , a Gorgon , and Poseidon ( Neptune ), god of the sea. One myth recounts Gaia 's rage at Orion, who dared to say that he would kill every animal on Earth. The angry goddess tried to dispatch Orion with a scorpion . This is given as

5328-458: Was known as al-jabbar , "the giant". Orion's sixth brightest star, Saiph , is named from the Arabic, saif al-jabbar , meaning "sword of the giant". In China , Orion was one of the 28 lunar mansions Sieu (Xiù) (宿). It is known as Shen (參) , literally meaning "three", for the stars of Orion's Belt. (See Chinese constellations ) The Chinese character 參 ( pinyin shēn) originally meant

5402-476: Was known as " Frigg 's Distaff " ( friggerock ) or " Freyja 's distaff". The Finns call Orion's belt and the stars below it " Väinämöinen 's scythe " ( Väinämöisen viikate ). Another name for the asterism of Alnilam, Alnitak and Mintaka is "Väinämöinen's Belt" ( Väinämöisen vyö ) and the stars "hanging" from the belt as " Kaleva 's sword " ( Kalevanmiekka ). In Siberia , the Chukchi people see Orion as

5476-494: Was ultimately decided to observe a section of the Chandra Deep Field South , due to existing deep X-ray observations from Chandra X-ray Observatory and two interesting objects already observed in the GOODS sample at the same location: a redshift 5.8 galaxy and a supernova. The coordinates of the field are right ascension 3 32 39.0 , declination −27° 47′ 29.1″ ( J2000 ). The field

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