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98-445: Expiration or expiration date may refer to: Expiration may refer to: An expiration date is a predetermined date after which a particular product should no longer be used. The phrase may also refer to: Expiration date The legal definition and usage of terms will vary between countries and products. Different terms may be used for products that tend to spoil and those that tend to be shelf-stable . The term Use by

196-440: A Craigie tube or ditch plate . RVS broth can be used to enrich for Salmonella species for detection in a clinical sample. Salmonella can also be detected and subtyped using multiplex or real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) from extracted Salmonella DNA. Mathematical models of Salmonella growth kinetics have been developed for chicken, pork, tomatoes, and melons. Salmonella reproduce asexually with

294-474: A case fatality rate of 20–25%. Most cases of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella infection (iNTS) are caused by Salmonella enterica Typhimurium or Salmonella enterica Enteritidis. A new form of Salmonella Typhimurium (ST313) emerged in the southeast of the African continent 75 years ago, followed by a second wave which came out of central Africa 18 years later. This second wave of iNTS possibly originated in

392-974: A cell division interval of 40 minutes. Salmonella species lead predominantly host-associated lifestyles, but the bacteria were found to be able to persist in a bathroom setting for weeks following contamination, and are frequently isolated from water sources, which act as bacterial reservoirs and may help to facilitate transmission between hosts. Salmonella is notorious for its ability to survive desiccation and can persist for years in dry environments and foods. The bacteria are not destroyed by freezing, but UV light and heat accelerate their destruction. They perish after being heated to 55 °C (131 °F) for 90 min, or to 60 °C (140 °F) for 12 min, although if inoculated in high fat, high liquid substances like peanut butter, they gain heat resistance and can survive up to 90 °C (194 °F) for 30 min. To protect against Salmonella infection, heating food to an internal temperature of 75 °C (167 °F)

490-488: A date on each can lid to indicate that the beer was brewed before that date. This was not to ensure that the beer was "fresh" but to ensure that it had been aged properly. So many breweries had rushed beer to market before it was ready when Prohibition ended, that customers were wary of getting "green" beer. The Boston Beer Company , maker of Samuel Adams , was among the first contemporary brewers to start adding freshness dates to their product line in 1985. For ten years there

588-592: A financial loss. According to the UK Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP), 33% of all food produced is wasted along the cold chain or by the consumer. Conversely, spoiled foods sicken a large number of people annually. According to the WHO and CDC , every year in the USA there are 76 million foodborne illnesses , leading to 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths. According to former UK minister Hilary Benn ,

686-415: A former FDA expiration-date compliance chief, said that with a handful of exceptions - notably nitroglycerin, insulin and some liquid antibiotics - most expired drugs are probably effective. Best before or best by dates appear on a wide range of frozen, dried, tinned and other foods. These dates are advisory and refer to the quality of the product, in contrast with use by dates, which may indicate that

784-611: A landfill or recycling facility, and never to give an expired seat to someone else or to charity. Medicine and other types of Medication are mandatory by Health Canada to have expiry dates, plus it's also required by pharmacies. In the EU food quality dates are governed by Regulation (EU) 1169/2011, "On the Provision of Food Information to Consumers". As of 2020, the European Food Safety Authority outlined

882-426: A network of connective tissue that contains immune cells, and surrounds tissue associated with the immune system throughout the body. Much of the success of Salmonella in causing infection is attributed to two type III secretion systems (T3SS) which are expressed at different times during the infection. The T3SS-1 enables the injection of bacterial effectors within the host cytosol. These T3SS-1 effectors stimulate

980-423: A plant-colonization lifestyle, which may play a role in its disproportionate association with food-borne illness linked to produce. A variety of functions selected for during sv. Newport persistence in tomatoes have been reported to be similar to those selected for in sv. Typhimurium from animal hosts. The papA gene, which is unique to sv. Newport, contributes to the strain's fitness in tomatoes, and has homologs in

1078-705: A product is not necessarily dangerous or ineffective after the expiration date. According to the United States Department of Agriculture , "canned foods are safe indefinitely as long as they are not exposed to freezing temperatures, or temperatures above 90 °F (32.2 °C). If the cans look okay, they are safe to use. Discard cans that are dented, rusted, or swollen. High-acid canned foods (tomatoes, fruits) will keep their best quality for 12 to 18 months; low-acid canned foods (meats, vegetables) for 2 to 5 years". 80 °F (27 °C). Expiration dates for infant formula should not be ignored. If formula

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1176-540: A range of animals, and are zoonotic , meaning they can be transferred between humans and other animals. Salmonella pathogenicity and host interaction has been studied extensively since the 2010s. Most of the important virulent genes of Salmonella are encoded in five pathogenicity islands — the so-called Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs). These are chromosomal encoded and make a significant contribution to bacterial-host interaction. More traits, like plasmids, flagella or biofilm -related proteins, can contribute in

1274-576: A reduction of infection cases by one half. In Latin America an orally administered vaccine for Salmonella in poultry developed by Dr. Sherry Layton has been introduced which prevents the bacteria from contaminating the birds. A recent Salmonella Typhimurium outbreak has been linked to chocolate produced in Belgium, leading to the country halting Kinder chocolate production. In Germany, food-borne infections must be reported. From 1990 to 2016,

1372-455: A risk-based approach for food business operators (FBO) to use in deciding the type of date marking to be used on different types of products, (i.e. 'best before' date or 'use by' date), determining a desirable shelf-life (i.e. time) and identifying relevant content to be put on food labels to ensure food safety. In Germany, practices differentiate between the "Mindesthaltbarkeitsdatum" (MHD), roughly minimum shelf-life and "Verbrauchsdatum", which

1470-537: A salmonella infection. Those who are most susceptible to infection are: children, pregnant women, elderly people, and those with deficient immune systems. Risk factors for Salmonella infections include a variety of foods. Meats such as chicken and pork have the possibility to be contaminated. A variety of vegetables and sprouts may also have salmonella. Lastly, a variety of processed foods such as chicken nuggets and pot pies may also contain this bacteria. Successful forms of prevention come from existing entities such as

1568-620: A short period to constitute an immediate danger to human health, are required to use the 'Use by' label instead of the 'Best before' label. Examples include pasteurised fresh milk, packed egg and ham sandwiches, etc. Dates are usually presented in the DD MM YY (or YYYY) format. Until 1980 there was no legal requirement for food to be labelled with date information, although some retailers had long been using dates, often in coded form not intelligible to purchasers, to help with stock control . Great Britain first introduced legislation in 1980 when

1666-400: A small number of bacteria. In infants, infection through inhalation of bacteria-laden dust is possible. The organisms enter through the digestive tract and must be ingested in large numbers to cause disease in healthy adults. An infection can only begin after living salmonellae (not merely Salmonella -produced toxins) reach the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the microorganisms are killed in

1764-932: A third species, Salmonella subterranea , was proposed, but according to the World Health Organization , the bacterium reported does not belong in the genus Salmonella . In 2016, S. subterranea was proposed to be assigned to Atlantibacter subterranea , but LPSN rejects it as an invalid publication , as it was made outside of IJSB and IJSEM. GTDB and NCBI agree with the 2016 reassignment. GTDB RS202 reports that S. arizonae , S. diarizonae , and S. houtenae should be species of their own. Salmonella species are facultative intracellular pathogens . Salmonella can invade different cell types, including epithelial cells , M cells , macrophages , and dendritic cells . As facultative anaerobic organism , Salmonella uses oxygen to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in aerobic environments (i.e., when oxygen

1862-615: Is a classification of Salmonella based on antigens that the organism presents. The Kauffman–White classification scheme differentiates serological varieties from each other. Serotypes are usually put into subspecies groups after the genus and species, with the serotypes/serovars capitalized, but not italicized: An example is Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. More modern approaches for typing and subtyping Salmonella include DNA-based methods such as pulsed field gel electrophoresis , multiple-loci VNTR analysis , multilocus sequence typing , and multiplex- PCR -based methods. In 2005,

1960-469: Is available). However, in anaerobic environments (i.e., when oxygen is not available) Salmonella produces ATP by fermentation — that is, by substituting, instead of oxygen, at least one of four electron acceptors at the end of the electron transport chain: sulfate , nitrate , sulfur , or fumarate (all of which are less efficient than oxygen). Most infections are due to ingestion of food contaminated by animal feces, or by human feces (for example, from

2058-475: Is available, or using other electron acceptors or fermentation ("anaerobically") when oxygen is not available. Salmonella species are intracellular pathogens , of which certain serotypes cause illness such as salmonellosis . Most infections are due to the ingestion of food contaminated by feces. Typhoidal Salmonella serotypes can only be transferred between humans and can cause foodborne illness as well as typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Typhoid fever

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2156-410: Is before the expiration date. Arbitrary expiration dates are also commonly applied by companies to product coupons , promotional offers and credit cards . In these contexts, the expiration date is chosen for business reasons or to provide some security function rather than any product safety concern. Expiration date is often abbreviated EXP or ED. Generally, foods that have a use by date written on

2254-437: Is caused by Salmonella serotypes which are strictly adapted to humans or higher primates—these include Salmonella Typhi , Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B, and Paratyphi C. In the systemic form of the disease, salmonellae pass through the lymphatic system of the intestine into the blood of the patients (typhoid form) and are carried to various organs (liver, spleen, kidneys) to form secondary foci (septic form). Endotoxins first act on

2352-431: Is caused by typhoidal Salmonella invading the bloodstream, as well as spreading throughout the body, invading organs, and secreting endotoxins (the septic form). This can lead to life-threatening hypovolemic shock and septic shock , and requires intensive care, including antibiotics . Nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes are zoonotic and can be transferred from animals and between humans. They usually invade only

2450-399: Is important to follow storage and preparation instructions carefully for perishable foods. Some products may require refrigeration . Others may need to be cooked to particular temperatures. Most U.S. expiration dates are used as guidelines based on normal and expected handling and exposure to temperature. Use prior to the expiration date does not guarantee the safety of a food or drug, and

2548-549: Is lightly regulated in the US. Some states restrict or forbid the sale of expired products, require expiration dates on all perishable products, or both, while other states do not. However, sale of contaminated food is generally illegal, and may result in product liability litigation if consumption of the food results in injury. The Food and Drug Administration in the United States notes that "[a] principle of U.S. food law

2646-457: Is more common in severe salmonellosis . Oliguria and azotemia may develop in severe cases as a result of renal involvement due to hypoxia and toxemia . Infection with nontyphoidal serotypes of Salmonella generally results in food poisoning . Infection usually occurs when a person ingests foods that contain a high concentration of the bacteria. Infants and young children are much more susceptible to infection, easily achieved by ingesting

2744-399: Is more in line with the common expiry date. Products that spoil quickly, such as minced meat, have to be given a Verbrauchsdatum and are barred from sale upon expiry. Other products are given Mindesthaltbarkeitsdatum, which is set by the individual producers of said product and do not bar the product from being sold past the date determined. Products with an expired MHD may be sold if the seller

2842-409: Is not possible to study specific typhoidal toxins using this model. However, strong research tools such as the commonly-used mouse intestine gastroenteritis model build upon the use of Salmonella Typhimurium. For genetics , S. Typhimurium has been instrumental in the development of genetic tools that led to an understanding of fundamental bacterial physiology. These developments were enabled by

2940-414: Is often applied to products such as milk and meat that are more likely to spoil and can become dangerous to those eating them. Such products should not be consumed past the date shown. The term Best before is often applied to products that may deteriorate slightly in quality, but are unlikely to become dangerous as a result, such as dried foods. Such products can be eaten after their Best before date at

3038-550: Is recommended. Salmonella species can be found in the digestive tracts of humans and animals, especially reptiles. Salmonella on the skin of reptiles or amphibians can be passed to people who handle the animals. Food and water can also be contaminated with the bacteria if they come in contact with the feces of infected people or animals. Initially, each Salmonella "species" was named according to clinical consideration, for example Salmonella typhi-murium (mouse-typhoid), S. cholerae-suis (pig-cholera). After host specificity

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3136-536: Is satisfied that the goods are in perfect condition. Accordingly, it follows that the customer is not entitled to compensation if he unintentionally acquires a product with an expired shelf life, provided that the product can still be regarded as faultless. Neither the MHD nor the Verbrauchsdatum provide legal rights if a product is no longer fit for consumption before the indicated date and the manufacturer can prove

3234-614: Is stored too long, it may lose its nutritional value. The expiration date of pharmaceuticals specifies the date the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a drug. Most medications continue to be effective and safe for a time after the expiration date. A rare exception is a case of renal tubular acidosis purportedly caused by expired tetracycline . A study conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration covered over 100 drugs, prescription and over-the-counter. The study showed that about 90% of them were safe and effective as long as 15 years past their expiration dates. Joel Davis,

3332-411: Is that car seats are subjected to heat, cold, sun exposure, abuse by the children, and long term storage between children, all of which can degrade the structure and function of the car seat and fail in a crash. Further, beyond the expiration date the manufacturer will no longer be monitoring the safety of the seat through testing. Transport Canada advises to destroy an expired car seat and dispose of it at

3430-472: Is that foods in U.S. commerce must be wholesome and fit for consumption". However, with the exception of infant formula, the United States government does not require or specify uniform terminology for use on food labels, the use of date labeling is entirely at the discretion of the manufacturer, and dates on labels do not indicate product safety. U.S. law does state that labels should be truthful and not misleading. Specific foods may be subject to regulations from

3528-582: Is the date used in the American brewing industry to indicate either the date the beer was bottled or the date before which the beer should be consumed. Beer is perishable. It can be affected by light, air, or the action of bacteria. Although beer is not legally mandated in the United States to have a shelf life, freshness dates serve much the same purpose and are used as a marketing tool. General Brewing Company of San Francisco marketed their Lucky Lager Beer as "Age Dated" as early as late 1935. They stamped

3626-413: Is thought to be a more stealthy way of passing the intestinal barrier, and may, therefore, contribute to the fact that lower numbers of typhoidal Salmonella are required for infection than nontyphoidal Salmonella . Salmonella cells are able to enter macrophages via macropinocytosis . Typhoidal serotypes can use this to achieve dissemination throughout the body via the mononuclear phagocyte system ,

3724-516: The Congo Basin , and early in the event picked up a gene that made it resistant to the antibiotic chloramphenicol . This created the need to use expensive antimicrobial drugs in areas of Africa that were very poor, making treatment difficult. The increased prevalence of iNTS in sub-Saharan Africa compared to other regions is thought to be due to the large proportion of the African population with some degree of immune suppression or impairment due to

3822-701: The FDA , United States Department of Agriculture , and the Food Safety and Inspection Service . All of these organizations create standards and inspections to ensure public safety in the U.S. For example, the FSIS agency working with the USDA has a Salmonella Action Plan in place. Recently, it received a two-year plan update in February 2016. Their accomplishments and strategies to reduce Salmonella infection are presented in

3920-474: The Food and Drug Administration urged food manufacturers to adopt the voluntary standards. The removal of date-labeling and terms such as best if used by, expired by, and use by could potentially reduce food waste from certain food products and groups. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency produces a Guide to Food Labelling and Advertising which sets out a "Durable Life Date". The authority for producing

4018-466: The gastrointestinal tract and cause salmonellosis, the symptoms of which can be resolved without antibiotics. However, in sub-Saharan Africa , nontyphoidal Salmonella can be invasive and cause paratyphoid fever , which requires immediate antibiotic treatment. The genus Salmonella is part of the family of Enterobacteriaceae. Its taxonomy has been revised and has the potential to confuse. The genus comprises two species, S. bongori and S. enterica ,

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4116-592: The Food Labelling Regulations harmonized UK law with the 1979 EC Labelling Directive (79/112/EC), which required a 'date of minimum durability' – the 'best-before' date – but allowed member states to use their own terms, thus allowing the UK to use the sell-by date. When introduced, food could be sold after this date; it was information to help consumers, not a requirement. It later became illegal to sell food past its 'use-by' date. Best practices include

4214-516: The Food Safety and Inspection Service. With the exception of infant formula, the laws that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) administers do not preclude the sale of food that is past the expiration date indicated on the label. FDA does not require food firms to place terms such as expired by , use by and best before dates on food products. This information is entirely at the discretion of

4312-485: The USA, this is a maximum of 45 days after the eggs are packed. Quality of the eggs will degrade over time, due to a variety of factors. As a result, some prefer to use fresher eggs for eating and eggs a few days old for cooking. Sometimes the packaging process involves using pre-printed labels, making it impractical to write the best before date in a clearly visible location. In this case, wording like best before see bottom or best before see lid might be printed on

4410-477: The Veterinary Division of the United States Department of Agriculture . The division was under the administration of Daniel Elmer Salmon , a veterinary pathologist. Initially, Salmonella Choleraesuis was thought to be the causative agent of hog cholera , so Salmon and Smith named it "Hog-cholera bacillus". The name Salmonella was not used until 1900, when Joseph Leon Lignières proposed that

4508-485: The ability to infect several different mammalian host species, while other serotypes, such as Typhi, seem to be restricted to only a few hosts. Two ways that Salmonella serotypes have adapted to their hosts are by the loss of genetic material, and mutation. In more complex mammalian species, immune systems , which include pathogen specific immune responses, target serovars of Salmonella by binding antibodies to structures such as flagella. Thus Salmonella that has lost

4606-606: The annual £12bn of wasted supermarket food. Due to confusion caused by the many types of expiration date labels, as much as 20% of unspoiled food is thrown out by households in developed countries. Voluntary industry guidelines announced in 2017 from the Grocery Manufacturers Association and the Food Marketing Institute recommend using only "best if used by" or "use by", to avoid confusion that leads to food waste . In 2019,

4704-710: The bacterium to survive and proliferate within phagocytes . Phagocytes produce DNA-damaging agents such as nitric oxide and oxygen radicals as a defense against pathogens. Thus, Salmonella species must face attack by molecules that challenge genome integrity. Buchmeier et al. showed that mutants of S. enterica lacking RecA or RecBC protein function are highly sensitive to oxidative compounds synthesized by macrophages, and furthermore these findings indicate that successful systemic infection by S. enterica requires RecA- and RecBC-mediated recombinational repair of DNA damage. S. enterica , through some of its serotypes such as Typhimurium and Enteritidis, shows signs that it has

4802-430: The body and the different symptoms that they cause. Both groups must enter by crossing the barrier created by the intestinal cell wall, but once they have passed this barrier, they use different strategies to cause infection. While travelling to their target tissue in the gastrointestinal tract, Salmonella is exposed to stomach acid, to the detergent-like activity of bile in the intestine, to decreasing oxygen supply, to

4900-462: The body and this induces localized infection or it forms abscesses. The forms of localized Salmonella infections are arthritis, urinary tract infection, infection of the central nervous system, bone infection, soft tissue infection, etc. Infection may remain as the latent form for a long time, and when the function of reticular endothelial cells is deteriorated, it may become activated and consequently, it may secondarily induce spreading infection in

4998-408: The bone several months or several years after acute salmonellosis. A 2018 Imperial College London study also shows how salmonella disrupt specific arms of the immune system (e.g. 3 of 5 NF-kappaB proteins) using a family of zinc metalloproteinase effectors, leaving others untouched. Salmonella thyroid abscess has also been reported. A hallmark of Salmonella pathogenesis is the ability of

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5096-486: The burden of HIV , malaria , and malnutrition, especially in children. The genetic makeup of iNTS is evolving into a more typhoid-like bacterium, able to efficiently spread around the human body. Symptoms are reported to be diverse, including fever, hepatosplenomegaly , and respiratory symptoms, often with an absence of gastrointestinal symptoms. Due to being considered sporadic, between 60% and 80% of salmonella infections cases go undiagnosed. In March 2010, data analysis

5194-511: The colonization of the intestine, induction of intestinal inflammatory responses and diarrhea. These systems contain many genes which must work cooperatively to achieve infection. The AvrA toxin injected by the SPI1 type III secretion system of S. Typhimurium works to inhibit the innate immune system by virtue of its serine / threonine acetyltransferase activity, and requires binding to eukaryotic target cell phytic acid (IP6). This leaves

5292-406: The competing normal gut flora, and finally to antimicrobial peptides present on the surface of the cells lining the intestinal wall. All of these form stresses that Salmonella can sense and reacts against, and they form virulence factors and as such regulate the switch from their normal growth in the intestine into virulence . The switch to virulence gives access to a replication niche inside

5390-557: The consumer. Non-food items may also carry an expiration date. For example, in Canada, all children are required to be secured in an infant car seat while in a motor vehicle that is in motion. Users are required by law to follow manufacturer's directions. There is no specific law that requires an expiration date, but all Transport Canada approved car seats sold in Canada carry a manufacturer applied expiration date that ranges between 6 and 9 years from date of manufacture. The rationale

5488-424: The credibility of his claims. The MHD has been criticized for possibly causing food waste. For example, the then Minister Christian Schmidt complained that many still edible foods with an expired MHD would be thrown away by consumers who would misunderstand the MHD as an expiration date. In Hong Kong, prepackaged food which from the microbiological point of view is highly perishable and is therefore likely after

5586-420: The date by which the beer should be consumed. Salmonella Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped, (bacillus) gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae . The two known species of Salmonella are Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori . S. enterica is the type species and is further divided into six subspecies that include over 2,650 serotypes . Salmonella

5684-474: The date when a product will keep its best quality until. Although United States federal law does not require product food dating, the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) oversees meat, egg, and poultry products where dates are voluntarily put on in a genuine way to follow the rules of the FSIS. Open dating is the use of a date stamped on the package of a food product to help determine how long to display

5782-489: The discovery of the first generalized transducing phage P22 in S . Typhimurium, that allowed quick and easy genetic editing . In turn, this made fine structure genetic analysis possible. The large number of mutants led to a revision of genetic nomenclature for bacteria. Many of the uses of transposons as genetic tools, including transposon delivery, mutagenesis, and construction of chromosome rearrangements, were also developed in S . Typhimurium. These genetic tools also led to

5880-424: The discretion of the consumer. Storage and handling conditions will affect whether and when an item will spoil, so there is inherent variability in dating. A time temperature indicator is a sensing label or device that indicates whether a product has been exposed to dangerously high or low temperatures. These indicators are often used for determining whether a product is spoiled due to external factors even if it

5978-425: The earliest sell by date from the warehouse to the sales area, and then to the front of the shelf, so that most shoppers will pick them up first and thus they are likely to be sold before the end of their shelf life. This is important, as consumers enjoy fresher goods, and furthermore some stores can be fined for selling out of date products; most if not all would have to mark such products down as wasted , resulting in

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6076-455: The expiration date." In Canada expiration dates must be used on the following food items (list and comments copied from CFIA website): The concern is that after the expiration date has passed, the food may not have the same nutrient content as specified on the packaging and for the listed regulated products, the nutritional content is quite important. The CFIA recommends that food should be discarded and should not be bought, sold or eaten beyond

6174-626: The formation of membrane ruffles allowing the uptake of Salmonella by nonphagocytic cells . Salmonella further resides within a membrane-bound compartment called the Salmonella -Containing Vacuole (SCV). The acidification of the SCV leads to the expression of the T3SS-2. The secretion of T3SS-2 effectors by Salmonella is required for its efficient survival in the host cytosol and establishment of systemic disease. In addition, both T3SS are involved in

6272-432: The formation of new serovars due to additional pathogenicity islands , and through an approximation of its ancestry. So, Salmonella could have evolved into its many different serotypes by gaining genetic information from different pathogenic bacteria. The presence of several pathogenicity islands in the genome of different serotypes has lent credence to this theory. Salmonella sv. Newport shows signs of adaptation to

6370-408: The genes that determine surface antigens. Most subspecies of Salmonella produce hydrogen sulfide , which can readily be detected by growing them on media containing ferrous sulfate , such as is used in the triple sugar iron test. Most isolates exist in two phases, a motile phase and a non-motile phase. Cultures that are nonmotile upon primary culture may be switched to the motile phase using

6468-968: The genetic material which codes for a flagellum to form can evade a host's immune system . mgtC leader RNA from bacteria virulence gene (mgtCBR operon) decreases flagellin production during infection by directly base pairing with mRNAs of the fljB gene encoding flagellin and promotes degradation. In the study by Kisela et al. , more pathogenic serovars of S. enterica were found to have certain adhesins in common that have developed out of convergent evolution. This means that, as these strains of Salmonella have been exposed to similar conditions such as immune systems, similar structures evolved separately to negate these similar, more advanced defenses in hosts. Although many questions remain about how Salmonella has evolved into so many different types, Salmonella may have evolved through several phases. For example, as Baumler et al. have suggested, Salmonella most likely evolved through horizontal gene transfer , and through

6566-408: The genomes of other Enterobacteriaceae that are able to colonize plant and animal hosts. In addition to their importance as pathogens, nontyphoidal Salmonella species such as S. enterica serovar Typhimurium are commonly used as homologues of typhoid species. Many findings are transferable and it attenuates the danger for the researcher in case of contamination, but is also limited. For example, it

6664-590: The guide comes from the Food and Drugs Act . The guide sets out what items must be labelled and the format of the date. The month and day must be included, and the year if necessary. The format must be year/month/day (with 2- or 4-digit year). An expiration date on food differs from a best-before date. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency "Expiration dates are required only on certain foods that have strict compositional and nutritional specifications which might not be met after

6762-402: The hands of a food-service worker at a commercial eatery). Salmonella serotypes can be divided into two main groups—typhoidal and nontyphoidal. Typhoidal serotypes include Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A, which are adapted to humans and do not occur in other animals. Nontyphoidal serotypes are more common, and usually cause self-limiting gastrointestinal disease . They can infect

6860-438: The host (such as humans), and can be summarised into several stages: Nontyphoidal serotypes preferentially enter M cells on the intestinal wall by bacterial-mediated endocytosis , a process associated with intestinal inflammation and diarrhoea. They are also able to disrupt tight junctions between the cells of the intestinal wall, impairing the cells' ability to stop the flow of ions , water, and immune cells into and out of

6958-405: The host more susceptible to infection. Salmonellosis is known to be able to cause back pain or spondylosis . It can manifest as five clinical patterns: gastrointestinal tract infection, enteric fever, bacteremia, local infection, and the chronic reservoir state. The initial symptoms are nonspecific fever, weakness, and myalgia among others. In the bacteremia state, it can spread to any parts of

7056-457: The immunocompromised. While in developed countries, nontyphoidal serotypes present mostly as gastrointestinal disease, in sub-Saharan Africa, these serotypes can create a major problem in bloodstream infections, and are the most commonly isolated bacteria from the blood of those presenting with fever. Bloodstream infections caused by nontyphoidal salmonellae in Africa were reported in 2012 to have

7154-455: The incubation period, the nearby host cells are poisoned by endotoxins released from the dead salmonellae. The local response to the endotoxins is enteritis and gastrointestinal disorder. About 2,000 serotypes of nontyphoidal Salmonella are known, which may be responsible for as many as 1.4 million illnesses in the United States each year. People who are at risk for severe illness include infants, elderly, organ-transplant recipients, and

7252-505: The infection. SPIs are regulated by complex and fine-tuned regulatory networks that allow the gene expression only in the presence of the right environmental stresses. Molecular modeling and active site analysis of SdiA homolog, a putative quorum sensor for Salmonella typhimurium pathogenicity, reveals the specific binding patterns of AHL transcriptional regulators. It is also known that Salmonella plasmid virulence gene spvB enhances bacterial virulence by inhibiting autophagy. Typhoid fever

7350-400: The intestine. The combination of the inflammation caused by bacterial-mediated endocytosis and the disruption of tight junctions is thought to contribute significantly to the induction of diarrhoea. Salmonellae are also able to breach the intestinal barrier via phagocytosis and trafficking by CD18 -positive immune cells, which may be a mechanism key to typhoidal Salmonella infection. This

7448-401: The label and the date marked in a different location as indicated. Best if used by/before is a date which is commonly found on labels of meat, egg, or poultry products. The stated date specifies how long the product will be of top quality or taste. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reinforces a push by the food industry to make Best if used by the normal wording to show

7546-524: The labeling of foods with either a 'best before' or a 'use by' date so that consumers can help to ensure the safety of their food and lessen the amount of consumer food waste. Dates must be in day/month or day/month/year format. Technical expertise should be hired for regular end-of-shelf-life safety and quality testing. Shelf life trials should be conducted using the same ingredients, equipment, procedures and manufacturing environment as will be used during production. Sale of expired food products, per se ,

7644-1097: The latter of which is divided into six subspecies: S. e. enterica , S. e. salamae , S. e. arizonae , S. e. diarizonae , S. e. houtenae , and S. e. indica . The taxonomic group contains more than 2500 serotypes (also serovars) defined on the basis of the somatic O ( lipopolysaccharide ) and flagellar H antigens (the Kauffman–White classification ). The full name of a serotype is given as, for example, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Typhimurium, but can be abbreviated to Salmonella Typhimurium. Further differentiation of strains to assist clinical and epidemiological investigation may be achieved by antibiotic sensitivity testing and by other molecular biology techniques such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis , multilocus sequence typing , and, increasingly, whole genome sequencing . Historically, salmonellae have been clinically categorized as invasive (typhoidal) or non-invasive (nontyphoidal salmonellae) based on host preference and disease manifestations in humans. Salmonella

7742-461: The manufacturer. After losing a lawsuit, pharmacy chain CVS implemented a system that causes its registers to recognize expired products and avert their sale. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), which regulates fresh poultry and meats, only requires labeling of the date when poultry is packed. However, many manufacturers also voluntarily add sell-by or use-by dates. A freshness date

7840-417: The name S. bongori . The current (by 2005) nomenclature has thus taken shape, with six recognised subspecies under S. enterica : enterica (serotype I), salamae (serotype II), arizonae (IIIa), diarizonae (IIIb), houtenae (IV), and indica (VI). As specialists in infectious disease are not familiar with the new nomenclature, the traditional nomenclature remains common. The serotype or serovar

7938-503: The number of officially recorded cases decreased from about 200,000 to about 13,000 cases. In the United States, about 1,200,000 cases of Salmonella infection are estimated to occur each year. A World Health Organization study estimated that 21,650,974 cases of typhoid fever occurred in 2000, 216,510 of which resulted in death, along with 5,412,744 cases of paratyphoid fever. The mechanisms of infection differ between typhoidal and nontyphoidal serotypes, owing to their different targets in

8036-581: The packaging should not be eaten after the specified date. This term is generally applied to foods that may go bad due to physical instability, chemical spoilage, bacterial spoilage, pathogenic spoilage, or other factors that can make the food injurious to health. Milk , meat , fish and eggs are all subject to spoilage. Such foods should be thrown away if past their use by date or if showing signs of deterioration such as changes in smell or color. Fruits , vegetables , breads and other baked goods can also spoil, but may be less likely to become dangerous. It

8134-670: The pathogen discovered by Salmon's group be called Salmonella in his honor. In the late 1930s, Australian bacteriologist Nancy Atkinson established a salmonella typing laboratory – one of only three in the world at the time – at the Government of South Australia 's Laboratory of Pathology and Bacteriology in Adelaide (later the Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science). It was here that Atkinson described multiple new strains of salmonella, including Salmonella Adelaide, which

8232-627: The plans. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also provides valuable information on preventative care, such has how to safely handle raw foods, and the correct way to store these products. In the European Union , the European Food Safety Authority created preventative measures through risk management and risk assessment. From 2005 to 2009, the EFSA placed an approach to reduce exposure to Salmonella . Their approach included risk assessment and risk management of poultry, which resulted in

8330-451: The product for sale. This benefits the consumer by ensuring that the product is of best quality when sold. An open date does not supersede a use-by date , if shown, which should still be followed. Bathroom products and toiletries usually state a time in months from the date the product is opened, by which they should be used. This is often indicated by a graphic of an open tub , with the number of months written inside (e.g., "12M" means use

8428-413: The product may no longer be safe to consume after the specified date. Food kept after the best before date will not necessarily be harmful, but may begin to lose its optimum flavour and texture. Eggs can be a special case, since they may contain salmonella which multiplies over time; they should therefore be eaten before the best before date. In Britain, this is 21 days from when they were laid. In

8526-461: The product within 12 months of opening). Similarly, some food products say "eat within X days of opening". Sell by date is a less ambiguous term for what is often referred to as an "expiration date". Most food is still edible after the expiration date. A product that has passed its shelf life might still be safe, but quality is no longer guaranteed. In most food stores, waste is minimized by using stock rotation , which involves moving products with

8624-402: The stated expiration date. This contrasts with a best before date which is an indication of how long properly stored prepackaged food is expected to retain its "freshness, taste, nutritional value, or any other qualities claimed by the manufacturer". Passing a best before date is not necessarily a reason to discard the food. "Sell by" and "manufactured on" dates are related concepts that may guide

8722-399: The stomach, while the surviving ones enter the small intestine and multiply in tissues. Gastric acidity is responsible for the destruction of the majority of ingested bacteria, but Salmonella has evolved a degree of tolerance to acidic environments that allows a subset of ingested bacteria to survive. Bacterial colonies may also become trapped in mucus produced in the esophagus. By the end of

8820-432: The suspected source of infection. Appropriate prophylactic treatment can be identified from the known antibiotic resistance of the serotype. Newer methods of "serotyping" include xMAP and real-time PCR , two methods based on DNA sequences instead of antibody reactions. These methods can be potentially faster, thanks to advances in sequencing technology. These "molecular serotyping" systems actually perform genotyping of

8918-443: The use by date and sell-by dates are old technologies that are outdated and should be replaced by other solutions or disposed of altogether. The UK government's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs revised guidance in 2011 to exclude the use of sell-by dates. The guidance was prepared in consultation with the food industry, consumer groups, regulators, and Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP). It aims to reduce

9016-471: The vascular and nervous apparatus, resulting in increased permeability and decreased tone of the vessels, upset of thermal regulation, and vomiting and diarrhoea. In severe forms of the disease, enough liquid and electrolytes are lost to upset the water-salt metabolism, decrease the circulating blood volume and arterial pressure, and cause hypovolemic shock . Septic shock may also develop. Shock of mixed character (with signs of both hypovolemic and septic shock)

9114-466: Was a slow growth in brewers adding freshness dates to their beer. The practice grew in popularity after the Anheuser-Busch company's "Born-On dates" starting in 1996. Many other brewers have started adding freshness dates to their products, but there is no standard for what the date means. For some companies, the date on the bottle or can will be the date that the beer was bottled; others have

9212-540: Was completed to estimate an incidence rate of 1140 per 100,000 person-years. In the same analysis, 93.8 million cases of gastroenteritis were due to salmonella infections. At the 5th percentile the estimated amount was 61.8 million cases and at the 95th percentile the estimated amount was 131.6 million cases. The estimated number of deaths due to salmonella was approximately 155,000 deaths. In 2014, in countries such as Bulgaria and Portugal, children under 4 were 32 and 82 times more likely, respectively, to have

9310-464: Was first visualized in 1880 by Karl Eberth in the Peyer's patches and spleens of typhoid patients. Four years later, Georg Theodor Gaffky was able to grow the pathogen in pure culture. A year after that, medical research scientist Theobald Smith discovered what would be later known as Salmonella enterica (var. Choleraesuis). At the time, Smith was working as a research laboratory assistant in

9408-450: Was isolated in 1943. Atkinson published her work on salmonellas in 1957. Serotyping is done by mixing cells with antibodies for a particular antigen. It can give some idea about risk. A 2014 study showed that S. Reading is very common among young turkey samples, but it is not a significant contributor to human salmonellosis. Serotyping can assist in identifying the source of contamination by matching serotypes in people with serotypes in

9506-574: Was named after Daniel Elmer Salmon (1850–1914), an American veterinary surgeon . Salmonella species are non- spore -forming, predominantly motile enterobacteria with cell diameters between about 0.7 and 1.5  μm , lengths from 2 to 5 μm, and peritrichous flagella (all around the cell body, allowing them to move). They are chemotrophs , obtaining their energy from oxidation and reduction reactions , using organic sources. They are also facultative anaerobes , capable of generating adenosine triphosphate with oxygen ("aerobically") when it

9604-423: Was recognized not to exist for many species, new strains received species names according to the location at which the new strain was isolated. In 1987, Le Minor and Popoff used molecular findings to argue that Salmonella consisted of only one species, S. enterica , turning former "species" names into serotypes . In 1989, Reeves et al. proposed that the serotype V should remain its own species, resurrecting

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