Ezo ( 蝦夷 ) (also spelled Yezo or Yeso ) is the Japanese term historically used to refer to the people and the lands to the northeast of the Japanese island of Honshu . This included the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido , which changed its name from "Ezo" to "Hokkaidō" in 1869, and sometimes included Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands . The word Ezo means "the land of the barbarians" in Japanese.
28-672: The Republic of Ezo ( 蝦夷共和國 , Ezo Kyōwakoku ) was a short-lived separatist state established in 1869 on the island of Ezo , now Hokkaido , by a part of the former military of the Tokugawa shogunate at the end of the Bakumatsu period in Japan . It was the first government to attempt to institute democracy in Japan, though voting was allowed only to the samurai caste . The Republic of Ezo existed for five months before being annexed by
56-580: A borrowing from the Ainu word enciw meaning ' person; people ' . The term is first attested in Japanese in a text from 1153 in reference to any of the non-Japanese people living in the northeast of Honshū , and then later in 1485 in reference to the northern islands where these people lived, primarily Hokkaido , Karafuto (that is, Sakhalin ), and the Kuril Islands . The kanji spelling
84-420: A signed personal pledge of loyalty from all officers and insisted they assimilate French ideas. An anonymous French officer wrote that Brunet had taken charge of everything: ... customs, municipality, fortifications, army; everything passed through his hands. The simple Japanese are puppets whom he manipulates with great skill... he has carried out a veritable 1789 French Revolution in this brave new Japan;
112-504: Is based on the meanings of the characters rather than the phonetics ( jukujikun ), and is composed of the characters 蝦 meaning ' shrimp , lobster ' and 夷 meaning ' barbarian ' . The use of the character for ' shrimp, lobster ' might be in reference to the long "whiskers" ( antennae ) of these animals, alluding to the prominent beards worn by Ainu men. The spelling 'Yezo' reflects its pronunciation c. 1600 , when Europeans first came in contact with Japan. It
140-687: Is this historical spelling that is reflected in the scientific Latin term yezoensis , as in Fragaria yezoensis and Porphyra yezoensis . However, there are species that use a different spelling, such as the Japanese scallop known as Mizuhopecten yessoensis ( 帆立貝 , hotategai ) . The first published description of Ezo in the West was brought to Europe by Isaac Titsingh in 1796. His small library of Japanese books included Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu ( 三国通覧図説 , An Illustrated Description of Three Countries ) by Hayashi Shihei . This book, which
168-591: The Battle of Hakodate , and surrounded the fortress at Goryōkaku. Enomoto surrendered on June 26, 1869, turning the Goryōkaku over to Satsuma staff officer Kuroda Kiyotaka on June 27, 1869. Kuroda is said to have been deeply impressed by Enomoto's dedication in combat and is remembered as the one who spared the latter's life from execution. On September 20 of the same year, the island was given its present name, Hokkaido ( Hokkaidō , literally "Northern Sea Region"). Enomoto
196-580: The Heian period (794–1185), the post or title of bugyō would be applied only to an official with a set task; once that task was complete, the officer would cease to be called bugyō . However, in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and later, continuing through the end of the Edo period (1603–1868), posts and titles came to be created on a more permanent and regular basis. Over time, there came to be 36 bugyō in
224-555: The bureaucracy of the Kamakura shogunate . In 1434, Ashikaga Yoshinori established the Tosen-bugyō to regulate foreign affairs for the Ashikaga shogunate . In 1587, a Japanese invading army occupied Seoul ; and one of Toyotomi Hideyoshi 's first acts was to create a bugyō for the city, replicating a familiar pattern in an unfamiliar setting. During the Edo period , the number of bugyō reached its largest extent as
252-574: The star fortress of Goryōkaku at the centre. The land force was organised under a joint Franco-Japanese command, commander-in-chief Ōtori Keisuke being seconded by the French captain Jules Brunet . The troops were divided into four brigades , each commanded by a French officer ( Fortant , Marlin , Cazeneuve and Bouffier ). Each brigade was in turn divided into two battalions , and these into four companies . Brunet demanded (and received)
280-943: The Commander-in-Chief of the shogunate's army, Matsudaira Tarō , and French officers Jules Brunet and André Cazeneuve , former members of a military training mission to Japan , who had refused to leave the country after being recalled to France in late September. Shortly before midnight on 4 October, the ships left the port of Shinagawa in Tokyo Bay . Enomoto's fleet consisted of four warships ( Kaiyō maru ( flagship ), Kaiten maru , Banryū maru and Chiyodagata maru ) and four transport ships ( Kanrin maru , Shinsoku maru , Chōgei maru and Mikaho maru ). The fleet first arrived in Sendai , where they were joined by three more French defectors, Arthur Fortant , François Bouffier and Jean Marlin . Enomoto's goal
308-557: The Empire may be conferred upon our late lord, Tokugawa Kamenosuke ; and in that case, we shall repay your beneficence by our faithful guardianship of the northern gate. Thus from Enomoto's perspective, the efforts to establish a government in Hokkaido were not only for the sake of providing for the Tokugawa clan on the one hand (burdened as it was with an enormous amount of redundant retainers and employees) but also as developing Ezo for
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#1732765025073336-717: The Ezo ' ) was divided into several districts. The first was the Wajinchi, or 'Japanese Lands', which covered the Japanese settlements on and around the Oshima Peninsula . The rest of Ezo was known as the Ezochi ( 蝦夷地 ) ( lit. ' Ezo-land ' ), or 'Ainu Lands'. There were also Japanese people who moved from other places to the coastal areas of Ezochi. Ezochi was in turn divided into three sections: North Ezochi, which covered southern Sakhalin; West Ezochi, which included
364-557: The United States' involvement through Commodore Matthew Perry's expedition to forcefully end Japan's 220-year-old policy of isolation and open ports to American trade, the Western world had limited interest in supporting a breakaway state over the new Meiji government, which offered more stability and potential cooperation. On the same day, a celebration of the Ezo territory all-island settlement (Ezo territory declaration ceremony)
392-477: The bureaucracy of the Tokugawa shogunate expanded on an ad hoc basis, responding to perceived needs and changing circumstances. In the early years of the Meiji Restoration , the title of bugyō continued to be used for government offices and conventional practices where nothing else had been created to replace the existing Tokugawa system. For example, the commander-in-chief of artillery under
420-463: The conquest of Ezo, capturing Matsumae Castle (18 December) and Esashi (28 December), and by the end of the year the region was under full control of the rebels. Enomoto made a last effort to petition the Imperial Court to be allowed to develop Hokkaido and maintain the traditions of the samurai unmolested, but his request was denied. On January 27, 1869, the independent "Republic of Ezo"
448-465: The election of leaders and the determination of rank by merit and not birth —these are fabulous things for this country, and he has been able to do things very well, considering the seriousness of the situation... Imperial troops soon consolidated their hold on mainland Japan, and in April 1869 dispatched a fleet and an infantry force of 7,000 men to Hokkaido. The Imperial forces progressed swiftly, won
476-450: The island of Hokkaido. 41°47′49″N 140°45′25″E / 41.79694°N 140.75694°E / 41.79694; 140.75694 Ezo In reference to the people of that region, the same two kanji used to write the word Ezo can also be read Emishi . The descendants of these people are most likely related to the Ainu people of today. Japanese sources that include an etymology describe Ezo as probably originally
504-1004: The military school of Osaka . Leaders of the Republic of Ezo, with the President Enomoto Takeaki (seated, right). While later history texts were to refer to May 1869 as being when Enomoto accepted Emperor Meiji 's rule, the Imperial rule was never in question for the Ezo Republic, as made evident by part of Enomoto's message to the Daijō-kan ( 太政官 , Dajōkan ) at the time of his arrival in Hakodate: The farmers and merchants are unmolested, and live without fear, going their own way, and sympathising with us; so that already we have been able to bring some land into cultivation. We pray that this portion of
532-546: The newly established Empire of Japan . After the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate ( bakufu ) in the Boshin War by the Meiji Restoration , a part of the former shōgun ' s navy, led by Admiral Enomoto Takeaki , retreated from the capital Edo (Tokyo) in October 1868, sailing north to continue the fight against the advancing Imperial army . Along with Enomoto were many other former Tokugawa officers, including
560-498: The northern half of Hokkaidō; and East Ezochi, which included the populous southern and eastern Hokkaidō and the Kuril Islands. Bugy%C5%8D Bugyō ( 奉行 ) was a title assigned to samurai officials in feudal Japan . Bugyō is often translated as commissioner , magistrate , or governor , and other terms would be added to the title to describe more specifically a given official's tasks or jurisdiction. In
588-421: The sake of defence for the rest of Japan, something which had been a topic of concern for some time. Recent scholarship has noted that for centuries, Ezo was not considered a part of Japan the same way that the other "main" islands of modern Japan were, so the creation of the Ezo Republic, in a contemporary mindset, was not an act of secession, but rather of "bringing" the sociopolitical entity of "Japan" formally to
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#1732765025073616-509: The troops as well; Arai Ikunosuke was chosen as kaigun- bugyō (Navy minister) and Ōtori Keisuke as rikugun-bugyō (Army minister). This was the first election ever held in Japan, where a feudal structure under an Emperor with military warlords was the norm. Through Hakodate magistrate Nagai Naoyuki , attempts were made to reach out to foreign legations present in Hakodate to obtain international diplomatic recognition. Notably, due to
644-706: Was admitted to the local naval hospital. Their leader Jules Brunet returned to France in September 1869. He was suspended from active duty in the French army in October, and was later put on trial but received only a light sentence of minor loss in seniority. In February 1870 Brunet was recalled to service, and back as a captain fought in the Franco-Prussian War later that year. In 1871, Arthur Fortant, Jean Marlin, and François Bouffier signed an employment contract with professor Harada Ichido (father of Harada Naojirō ) and returned to Japan as civilians to teach at
672-408: Was held, proclaiming the establishment of a provisional government with Enomoto as president. The treasury included 180,000 gold ryō coins Enomoto retrieved from Osaka Castle following shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu 's precipitous departure after the Battle of Toba–Fushimi in early 1868. During the winter of 1868–1869, the defences around the southern peninsula of Hakodate were enhanced, with
700-477: Was proclaimed, with its government structure based on the United States . Suffrage was limited to the samurai class. Votes were cast through open ballots and resulted in the election of Enomoto Takeaki as sosai , an office variously translated as president or director-general , and Matsudaira Tarō as fuku-sosai ( vice-president or assistant governor-general). Some cabinet members were elected by
728-560: Was published in Japan in 1785, described the Ezo region and its people. In 1832, the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland supported the posthumous abridged publication of Titsingh's French translation of Sankoku Tsūran Zusetsu . Julius Klaproth was the editor, completing the task which was left incomplete by the death of the book's initial editor, Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat . Ezo ( 蝦夷 ) or Ezogashima ( 蝦夷ヶ島 ) ( lit. ' Island of
756-474: Was sentenced to a brief prison sentence, but was freed in 1872 and accepted a post as a government official in the newly renamed Hokkaido Land Agency. He later became ambassador to Russia and held several ministerial positions in the Meiji Government The rebels' French allies, some of them wounded, sailed from Hakodate on 9 June aboard the French vessel Coëtlogon to Yokohama , where Cazeneuve
784-509: Was to gather military support from the clans of the disbanded Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei (also known as "Northern Alliance"), but this ended in failure after a major clan defected to the Imperial side. After one month in Sendai the fleet sailed further north, arriving in Hakodate , Ezo, on 3 December, which was captured five days later by a force of 4,000 shogunate troops. With support from the French advisers led by Brunet, Enomoto's army continued
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