Misplaced Pages

#707292

56-796: F48 may refer to: BMW X1 (F48) , an automobile GER Class F48 , a class of British steam locomotives HMAS  Manoora  (F48) , an ocean liner that served in the Royal Australian Navy HMS ; Dundas  (F48) , a Blackwood -class frigate of the Royal Navy INS ; Satpura  (F48) , a Shivalik -class frigate of the Indian Navy Nocona Airport , in Montague County, Texas [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

112-475: A horizon line, heading , turn/bank and slip/skid indicators. These instruments are the minimum required by 14 CFR Part 91. Other symbols and data are also available in some HUDs: Since being introduced on HUDs, both the FPV and acceleration symbols are becoming standard on head-down displays (HDD.) The actual form of the FPV symbol on an HDD is not standardized but is usually a simple aircraft drawing, such as

168-566: A sidestick controller in an attempt to ease the pilot's burden flying modern jet aircraft and make the instrumentation less complicated during flight. While their research was never incorporated in any aircraft of that time, the crude HUD mockup they built had all the features of today's modern HUD units. HUD technology was next advanced by the Royal Navy in the Buccaneer , the prototype of which first flew on 30 April 1958. The aircraft

224-445: A 6-speed manual transmission and sDrive18i models can be upgraded to a 6-speed Automatic Transmission for 2016 to 2017 and a 7-speed Steptronic dual clutch transmission (DCT) from 2018 onwards. The rest of the model range receives the 8-speed Steptronic automatic manufactured by Aisin ( AWF8F35 ) as standard from 2016 to 2017, and sDrive20i models receive a Steptronic 7-speed DCT (similar to the 2018-up sDrive18i) from 2018 onwards, while

280-503: A HUD however, the camera must be mounted as close as possible to the pilots eye point as the image is expected to "overlay" the real world as the pilot looks through the combiner. "Registration", or the accurate overlay of the EVS image with the real world image, is one feature closely examined by authorities prior to approval of a HUD based EVS. This is because of the importance of the HUD matching

336-482: A HUD, relying solely on the HMD, making it the first modern military fighter not to have a fixed HUD. HUDs are split into four generations reflecting the technology used to generate the images. Newer micro-display imaging technologies are being introduced, including liquid crystal display (LCD), liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS), digital micro-mirrors (DMD), and organic light-emitting diode (OLED). HUDs evolved from

392-560: A circle with two short angled lines, (180 ± 30 degrees) and "wings" on the ends of the descending line. Keeping the FPV on the horizon allows the pilot to fly level turns in various angles of bank. In addition to the generic information described above, military applications include weapons system and sensor data such as: During the 1980s, the United States military tested the use of HUDs in vertical take off and landing (VTOL) and short take off and landing (STOL) aircraft. A HUD format

448-655: A claim to the world's first head-up display in operational service. A similar version that replaced the bombing modes with missile-attack modes was part of the AIRPASS HUD fitted to the English Electric Lightning from 1959. In the United Kingdom, it was soon noted that pilots flying with the new gunsights were becoming better at piloting their aircraft. At this point, the HUD expanded its purpose beyond weapon aiming to general piloting. In

504-475: A conformed image to the pilot. "EVS Enhanced Vision System" is an industry-accepted term which the FAA decided not to use because "the FAA believes [it] could be confused with the system definition and operational concept found in 91.175(l) and (m)" In one EVS installation, the camera is actually installed at the top of the vertical stabilizer rather than "as close as practical to the pilots eye position". When used with

560-417: A driver wearing sunglasses with polarised lenses. Add-on HUD systems also exist, projecting the display onto a glass combiner mounted above or below the windshield, or using the windshield itself as the combiner. The first in-car HUD was developed by General Motors Corporation in 1999 with the function of displaying the navigation service in front of the driver's line of sight. Moving into 2010, AR technology

616-488: A flat area of the windscreen, and later in the gunsight itself. A key upgrade was the move from the original AI Mk. IV radar to the microwave-frequency AI Mk. VIII radar found on the de Havilland Mosquito night fighter . This set produced an artificial horizon that further eased head-up flying. In 1955 the US Navy 's Office of Naval Research and Development did some research with a mockup HUD concept unit along with

SECTION 10

#1732798140708

672-429: A hard time reacting to the verbal instruction of the radar operator as they approached their targets. They experimented with the addition of a second radar display for the pilot, but found they had trouble looking up from the lit screen into the dark sky in order to find the target. In October 1942 they had successfully combined the image from the radar tube with a projection from their standard GGS Mk. II gyro gunsight on

728-400: A number of other applications. In military settings, a HUD can be used to overlay tactical information such as the output of a laser rangefinder or squadmate locations to infantrymen . A prototype HUD has also been developed that displays information on the inside of a swimmer's goggles or of a scuba diver's mask . HUD systems that project information directly onto the wearer's retina with

784-449: A roof rack, an electrically operated tailgate, a 6.5-inch iDrive system , cloth seats, and 40:20:40 split-folding rear seats. The X1 is also offered in a Sport trim which adds sports seats, and in xLine and M Sport trim which adds heated leather seats. Available options include a panoramic sunroof, an upgraded iDrive Navigation Plus system with an 8.8-inch touch display, and a head-up display . sDrive16d and 18i models are available with

840-400: A wings level aircraft (i.e. the flight path vector symbol is flat relative to the horizon line and there is zero roll on the turn/bank indicator.) Airspeed is 140 knots, altitude is 9,450 feet, heading is 343 degrees (the number below the turn/bank indicator.) Close inspection of the image shows a small purple circle which is displaced from the flight path vector slightly to the lower right. This

896-468: Is based on the modular front-wheel-drive-based UKL2 platform that is shared between BMW and MINI models, instead of being based on the rear-wheel drive 3 Series Touring platform as with the previous generation X1 . In comparison, the F48 X1 has a 90 mm (3.5 in) shorter wheelbase, and is 23 mm (0.9 in) wider, and 67 mm (2.6 in) taller compared to its predecessor. However,

952-670: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages BMW X1 (F48) The F48 BMW X1 is the second generation of the BMW X1 range of subcompact luxury crossover SUV . The F48 X1 was unveiled at the September 2015 Frankfurt Motor Show , and later at the 2015 Tokyo Motor Show . Contrary to the previous generation which uses rear-wheel drive as standard, all models are now front-wheel drive based (marketed as sDrive ) while also available with an optional all-wheel drive ( xDrive ). The F48 X1

1008-617: Is marketed as the xDrive28i in North American markets. In May 2019, the facelifted LCI model was revealed on the official BMW website. Changes include new available LED headlights, bumpers (with LED taillights), new wheels, and a larger kidney grille reminiscent to other contemporary BMW models such as the F40 1 Series . The BMW X1 xDrive25e plug-in hybrid version was revealed in September 2019. All models get 17-inch alloy wheels,

1064-584: Is paired with a 6-speed Steptronic automatic transmission. The pure electric range as per NEDC is 57 kilometres (35 mi). * xDrive25i model sold as xDrive28i in the United States, using the B46A20O0 version of the straight-4 engine. A front-wheel-drive ‘sDrive28i’ variant powered by the same engine is also offered. The 2015 BMW X1 scored five stars overall in its Euro NCAP test. In February 2019 Green NCAP assessed BMW X1 with 18d xDrive 4-cylinder diesel engine and manual transmission: The following are

1120-411: Is restricted because of fog, even though EVS may provide a clear visual image it is not appropriate (or legal) to maneuver the aircraft using only the EVS below 100 feet above ground level.) HUD systems are also being designed to display a synthetic vision system (SVS) graphic image, which uses high precision navigation, attitude, altitude and terrain databases to create realistic and intuitive views of

1176-601: Is the guidance cue coming from the Flight Guidance System. When stabilized on the approach, this purple symbol should be centered within the FPV. The terrain is entirely computer generated from a high resolution terrain database. In some systems, the SVS will calculate the aircraft's current flight path, or possible flight path (based on an aircraft performance model, the aircraft's current energy, and surrounding terrain) and then turn any obstructions red to alert

SECTION 20

#1732798140708

1232-434: Is visible running across the display with a break at the center, and directly to the left are numbers at ±10 degrees with a short line at ±5 degrees (the +5 degree line is easier to see) which, along with the horizon line, show the pitch of the aircraft. Unlike this color depiction of SVS on a head down primary flight display, the SVS displayed on a HUD is monochrome – that is, typically, in shades of green. The image indicates

1288-463: The Space Shuttle orbiter. There are several factors that interplay in the design of a HUD: On aircraft avionics systems, HUDs typically operate from dual independent redundant computer systems. They receive input directly from the sensors ( pitot-static , gyroscopic , navigation, etc.) aboard the aircraft and perform their own computations rather than receiving previously computed data from

1344-415: The monochromatic light projected onto it from the projector unit while allowing all other wavelengths of light to pass through. In some optical layouts combiners may also have a curved surface to refocus the image from the projector. The computer provides the interface between the HUD (i.e. the projection unit) and the systems/data to be displayed and generates the imagery and symbology to be displayed by

1400-563: The reflector sight , a pre-World War II parallax -free optical sight technology for military fighter aircraft . The gyro gunsight added a reticle that moved based on the speed and turn rate to solve for the amount of lead needed to hit a target while maneuvering. During the early 1940s, the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE), in charge of UK radar development, found that Royal Air Force (RAF) night fighter pilots were having

1456-445: The 1960s, French test-pilot Gilbert Klopfstein created the first modern HUD and a standardized system of HUD symbols so that pilots would only have to learn one system and could more easily transition between aircraft. The modern HUD used in instrument flight rules approaches to landing was developed in 1975. Klopfstein pioneered HUD technology in military fighter jets and helicopters , aiming to centralize critical flight data within

1512-543: The aircraft. In mid-2017, the Israel Defense Forces will begin trials of Elbit 's Iron Vision, the world's first helmet-mounted head-up display for tanks. Israel's Elbit, which developed the helmet-mounted display system for the F-35 , plans Iron Vision to use a number of externally mounted cameras to project the 360° view of a tank's surroundings onto the helmet-mounted visors of its crew members. This allows

1568-453: The crew members to stay inside the tank, without having to open the hatches to see outside. These displays are becoming increasingly available in production cars, and usually offer speedometer , tachometer , and navigation system displays. Night vision information is also displayed via HUD on certain automobiles. In contrast to most HUDs found in aircraft, automotive head-up displays are not parallax-free. The display may not be visible to

1624-433: The first aftermarket automotive Head-Up Display to use a direct-to-eye laser beam scanning method, also known as virtual retinal display (VRD.) AR-HUD's core technology involves a miniature laser beam scanning display developed by MicroVision, Inc. Motorcycle helmet HUDs are also commercially available. In recent years, it has been argued that conventional HUDs will be replaced by holographic AR technologies, such as

1680-560: The flight computers. On other aircraft (the Boeing 787, for example) the HUD guidance computation for Low Visibility Take-off (LVTO) and low visibility approach comes from the same flight guidance computer that drives the autopilot. Computers are integrated with the aircraft's systems and allow connectivity onto several different data buses such as the ARINC 429 , ARINC 629, and MIL-STD-1553 . Typical aircraft HUDs display airspeed , altitude ,

1736-501: The flight crew. Such a system might have helped prevent the crash of American Airlines Flight 965 into a mountain in December 1995. On the left side of the display is an SVS-unique symbol, with the appearance of a purple, diminishing sideways ladder, and which continues on the right of the display. The two lines define a "tunnel in the sky". This symbol defines the desired trajectory of the aircraft in three dimensions. For example, if

F48 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1792-688: The flightpath and pursuit guidance information into a narrow field of view, easily assimilated by the pilot with a single glance, and the superposition of vertical and horizontal situation information. The display is a derivative of a successful design developed for conventional transport aircraft. The use of head-up displays allows commercial aircraft substantial flexibility in their operations. Systems have been approved which allow reduced-visibility takeoffs, and landings, as well as full manual Category III A landings and roll-outs. Initially expensive and physically large, these systems were only installed on larger aircraft able to support them. These tended to be

1848-462: The invention of the reflector sight in 1900) produces an image where the light is collimated , i.e. the focal point is perceived to be at infinity. The combiner is typically an angled flat piece of glass (a beam splitter ) located directly in front of the viewer, that redirects the projected image from projector in such a way as to see the field of view and the projected infinity image at the same time. Combiners may have special coatings that reflect

1904-547: The new platform has allowed for increased interior legroom, headroom, and shoulder room. A long-wheelbase model for the Chinese market (F49 model code) was unveiled at the 2016 Beijing Auto Show , and features a 110 mm (4.3 in) longer wheelbase. Long-wheelbase models share the same engines and also introduced a new all-wheel drive hybrid model called the xDrive25Le. These models went on sale in May 2016. The xDrive25i

1960-510: The non-touchscreen variant and all iDrive 6 equipped cars with an 8.8” display have the touchscreen variant. In September 2019, BMW revealed the X1 xDrive25e plug-in hybrid model, which combines a 1.5-litre 3-cylinder petrol engine with a 9.7 kWh lithium-ion battery pack and a 94 hp (70 kW; 95 PS) electric motor. The system output is 220 hp (164 kW; 223 PS) and 385 N⋅m (284 lb⋅ft) of torque. The petrol engine

2016-466: The old electro-mechanical gunsight, with the HUD being described as a radical, even foolhardy option. The Air Arm branch of the UK Ministry of Defence sponsored the development of a Strike Sight. The Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) designed the equipment and the earliest usage of the term "head-up-display" can be traced to this time. Production units were built by Rank Cintel , and the system

2072-490: The older non-touchscreen 6.5” display found in the 2016-2017 X1s with either no navigation or 6UN Navigation Business. Visually the 6.5” displays can be identified with the screen bezels, a matte grey bezel that is raised around the screen indicates it is a non-touchscreen display, while the touchscreen displays have a smooth glossy black glass panel that is continuous with the screen. 8.8” displays are identically visually, however all iDrive 4 equipped cars with an 8.8” display have

2128-430: The ones developed by WayRay that use holographic optical elements (HOE.) The HOE allows for a wider field of view while reducing the size of the device and making the solution customizable for any car model. Mercedes Benz introduced an Augmented Reality-based Head Up Display while Faurecia invested in an eye gaze and finger controlled head up display. HUDs have been proposed or are being experimentally developed for

2184-599: The only commercial passenger aircraft available with HUDs. However, the technology is becoming more common with aircraft such as the Canadair RJ , Airbus A318 and several business jets featuring the displays. HUDs have become standard equipment on the Boeing ;787 . Furthermore, the Airbus A320, A330, A340 and A380 families are currently undergoing the certification process for a HUD. HUDs were also added to

2240-504: The outside terrain. Flight data from a tablet computer can be projected on the $ 1,800 Epic Optix Eagle 1 HUD. In more advanced systems, such as the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)-labeled 'Enhanced Flight Vision System', a real-world visual image can be overlaid onto the combiner. Typically an infrared camera (either single or multi-band) is installed in the nose of the aircraft to display

2296-405: The outside world. In the 1st SVS head down image shown on the right, immediately visible indicators include the airspeed tape on the left, altitude tape on the right, and turn/bank/slip/skid displays at the top center. The boresight symbol (-v-) is in the center and directly below that is the flight path vector (FPV) symbol (the circle with short wings and a vertical stabilizer.) The horizon line

F48 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2352-548: The pilot had selected an airport to the left, then this symbol would curve off to the left and down. If the pilot keeps the flight path vector alongside the trajectory symbol, the craft will fly the optimum path. This path would be based on information stored in the Flight Management System's database and would show the FAA-approved approach for that airport. The tunnel in the sky can also greatly assist

2408-431: The pilot when more precise four-dimensional flying is required, such as the decreased vertical or horizontal clearance requirements of Required Navigation Performance (RNP.) Under such conditions the pilot is given a graphical depiction of where the aircraft should be and where it should be going rather than the pilot having to mentally integrate altitude, airspeed, heading, energy and longitude and latitude to correctly fly

2464-672: The pilot's field of vision. This approach sought to increase the pilot's scan efficiency and reduce "task saturation" and information overload . Use of HUDs then expanded beyond military aircraft. In the 1970s, the HUD was introduced to commercial aviation, and in 1988, the Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme became the first production car with a head-up display. Until a few years ago, the Embraer 190, Saab 2000, Boeing 727, and Boeing 737 Classic (737-300/400/500) and Next Generation aircraft (737-600/700/800/900 series) were

2520-504: The production figures for the F48 X1: Head-up display Although they were initially developed for military aviation, HUDs are now used in commercial aircraft, automobiles, and other (mostly professional) applications. Head-up displays were a precursor technology to augmented reality (AR), incorporating a subset of the features needed for the full AR experience, but lacking the necessary registration and tracking between

2576-471: The projection unit. Other than fixed mounted HUD, there are also head-mounted displays (HMDs.) These include helmet-mounted displays (both abbreviated HMD), forms of HUD that feature a display element that moves with the orientation of the user's head. Many modern fighters (such as the F/A-18 , F-16 , and Eurofighter ) use both a HUD and HMD concurrently. The F-35 Lightning II was designed without

2632-401: The real world and therefore being able to provide accurate data rather than misleading information. While the EVS display can greatly help, the FAA has only relaxed operating regulations so an aircraft with EVS can perform a CATEGORY I approach to CATEGORY II minimums . In all other cases the flight crew must comply with all "unaided" visual restrictions. (For example, if the runway visibility

2688-433: The rest of the range still gets the same 8-speed Steptronic automatic. From 2018 onwards, all F48 X1s are equipped with the newer iDrive 6 infotainment operating system, replacing the iDrive 4 system found in the earlier cars. This also introduced a touchscreen display for cars equipped with navigation (for both 6UN Navigation Business 6.5” and 6UP Navigation Plus 8.8”), and those without navigation continued to be fitted with

2744-406: The same aircraft that as standard supported autoland (with the exception of certain turbo-prop types that had HUD as an option) making the head-up display unnecessary for Cat III landings. This delayed the adoption of HUD in commercial aircraft. At the same time, studies have shown that the use of a HUD during landings decreases the lateral deviation from centerline in all landing conditions, although

2800-448: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F48&oldid=1132533670 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2856-459: The touchdown point along the centerline is not changed. For general aviation , MyGoFlight expects to receive a STC and to retail its SkyDisplay HUD for $ 25,000 without installation for a single piston-engine as the Cirrus SR22s and more for Cessna Caravans or Pilatus PC-12s single-engine turboprops: 5 to 10% of a traditional HUD cost albeit it is non- conformal , not matching exactly

SECTION 50

#1732798140708

2912-439: The virtual content and the user's real-world environment. A typical HUD contains three primary components: a projector unit , a combiner , and a video generation computer . The projection unit in a typical HUD is an optical collimator setup: a convex lens or concave mirror with a cathode-ray tube , light emitting diode display , or liquid crystal display at its focus. This setup (a design that has been around since

2968-426: Was designed to fly at very low altitudes at very high speeds and drop bombs in engagements lasting seconds. As such, there was no time for the pilot to look up from the instruments to a bombsight. This led to the concept of a "Strike Sight" that would combine altitude, airspeed and the gun/bombsight into a single gunsight-like display. There was fierce competition between supporters of the new HUD design and supporters of

3024-402: Was developed at NASA Ames Research Center to provide pilots of VTOL and STOL aircraft with complete flight guidance and control information for Category III C terminal-area flight operations. This includes a large variety of flight operations, from STOL flights on land-based runways to VTOL operations on aircraft carriers . The principal features of this display format are the integration of

3080-544: Was first integrated in 1958. The Cintel HUD business was taken over by Elliott Flight Automation and the Buccaneer HUD was manufactured and further developed, continuing up to a Mark III version with a total of 375 systems made; it was given a 'fit and forget' title by the Royal Navy and it was still in service nearly 25 years later. BAE Systems , as the successor to Elliotts via GEC-Marconi Avionics, thus has

3136-411: Was introduced and combined with the existing in-car HUD. Based on this technology, the navigation service began to be displayed on the windshield of the vehicle. In 2012, Pioneer Corporation introduced a HUD navigation system that replaces the driver-side sun visor and visually overlays animations of conditions ahead, a form of augmented reality (AR.) Developed by Pioneer Corporation, AR-HUD became

#707292