The FN Forty-Nine (also FN 49 ) is a recoil operated, locked breech semi-automatic pistol developed by the Belgian company FN Herstal , and manufactured in the United States. The name of the pistol reflects its two chamberings, .40 S&W ( forty caliber) and 9×19mm Parabellum , while also matching the manufacturer's initials (FN).
31-415: The FN Forty-Nine was designed to be a modern semi-automatic pistol with modern pistol chambering, intended for law-enforcement and military markets. Introduced in 2000, the 49 pistol was apparently discontinued in early 2005, having last appeared on the company's website in late 2004. The Forty Nine did not meet the expected commercial success, and in 2003 gave rise to the more attractive FN FNP . The 49
62-477: A vivid picture of this man, who had originally been a carpenter but has served as reeve of a manor for many years and had grown old in service. " The Reeve's Tale " is the third story in The Canterbury Tales , in which Chaucer describes a highly efficient servant, impossible for any man to deceive or outwit, never in debt and knowing exactly how much the manor should produce. It is an early picture of
93-586: A wide variety of non-criminal violations of rules and norms, effected through the imposition of less severe consequences such as probation. Law enforcement organizations existed in ancient times, such as prefects in ancient China , paqūdus in Babylonia , curaca in the Inca Empire , vigiles in the Roman Empire , and Medjay in ancient Egypt . Who law enforcers were and reported to depended on
124-477: Is striker-fired and uses FN's "Repeatable Secure Striker" mechanism. This means that unlike many other striker-fired pistols, the Forty-Nine operates on a double-action only (DAO) trigger mechanism, meaning that the hammer is cocked by the trigger pull before every shot. This allows the user to re-strike a misfired cartridge simply by pulling the trigger again. The trigger pull is est. 10lb which, while heavy,
155-767: Is a national police agency, which supervises the police agencies for each individual prefecture ; and in Niger , there is a national police for urban areas and a gendarmerie for rural areas, both technically national-level. In some cases, there may be multiple agencies at the same level but with different focuses: for example, in the United States, the Drug Enforcement Administration and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives are both national-level federal law enforcement agencies, but
186-459: Is autonomous or dependent on other organizations for its operations, the governing body that funds and oversees the agency may decide to dissolve or consolidate its operations. Dissolution of an agency may occur when the governing body or the agent itself decides to end operations. This can occur due to multiple reasons, including criminal justice reform , a lack of population in the jurisdiction, mass resignations , efforts to deter corruption , or
217-463: Is considered easy to field strip and one of the more user-friendly pistols of its era. Law-enforcement Law enforcement is the activity of some members of the government or other social institutions who act in an organized manner to enforce the law by investigating, deterring, rehabilitating, or punishing people who violate the rules and norms governing that society. The term encompasses police, courts and corrections. These three components of
248-437: Is reportedly very consistent. The double-stacked detachable magazine holds sixteen rounds in 9mm caliber and fourteen in .40 S&W ; 10-round magazines are also available for each caliber. There is no external (manual) safety . The frame is constructed of polymer and the slide of stainless steel. An accessory rail under the barrel allows for quick and easy mounting of laser aiming modules and flashlights. FN Forty-Nine
279-498: The ealdorman . Specific offices within this wider category include: After the Norman Conquest, feudalism was introduced, forming a parallel administrative system to the local courts. The feudal system organised land on a manorial basis , with stewards acting as managers for the landlords. The Norman term describing the court functionary— bailiff —came to be used for reeves associated with lower level courts, and with
310-656: The s hurta , and the Maréchaussée provided services ranging from law enforcement and personal protection to customs enforcement and waste collection. In England , a complex law enforcement system emerged, where tithings , groups of ten families, were responsible for ensuring good behavior and apprehending criminals; groups of ten tithings ("hundreds") were overseen by a reeve ; hundreds were governed by administrative divisions known as shires ; and shires were overseen by shire-reeves . In feudal Japan , samurai were responsible for enforcing laws. The concept of police as
341-681: The 1660s in the Province of New York . The Province of Carolina established slave-catcher patrols in the 1700s, and by 1785, the Charleston Guard and Watch was reported to have the duties and organization of a modern police force. The first municipal police department in the United States was the Philadelphia Police Department , while the first American state police , federal law enforcement agency
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#1732790445071372-992: The 1749 establishment of the London Bow Street Runners , the first formal police force in Britain. In 1800, Napoleon reorganized French law enforcement to form the Paris Police Prefecture ; the British government passed the Glasgow Police Act , establishing the City of Glasgow Police ; and the Thames River Police was formed in England to combat theft on the River Thames . In September 1829, Robert Peel merged
403-644: The 19th century, improvements in technology, greater global connections, and changes in the sociopolitical order led to the establishment of police forces worldwide. National, regional, and municipal civilian law enforcement agencies exist in practically all countries; to promote their international cooperation, the International Criminal Police Organization , also known as Interpol, was formed in September 1923. Technology has made an immense impact on law enforcement, leading to
434-889: The Bow Street Runners and the Thames River Police to form the Metropolitan Police . The title of the "first modern police force" has still been claimed by the modern successors to these organizations. Following European colonization of the Americas , the first law enforcement agencies in the Thirteen Colonies were the New York Sheriff's Office and the Albany County Sheriff's Department , both formed in
465-728: The DEA focuses on narcotics crimes, while the ATF focuses on weapon regulation violations. Various segments of society may have their own specialist law enforcement agency , such as the military having military police , schools having school police or campus police , or airports having airport police . Private police may exist in some jurisdictions, often to provide dedicated law enforcement for privately-owned property or infrastructure, such as railroad police for private railways or hospital police for privately-owned hospital campuses. Depending on various factors, such as whether an agency
496-451: The Manor, for the lord of the manor on the demesne land; such reeves acted generally as the overseer of the serfs and peasants on the estate. He was also responsible for many aspects of the finances of the manor such as the sale of produce, collection of monies and payment of accounts. He was usually himself a peasant, and was chosen once a year, generally at Michaelmas . In some manors
527-548: The civilization and often changed over time, but they were typically enslaved people , soldiers , officers of a judge , or hired by settlements and households. Aside from their duties to enforce laws, many ancient law enforcers also served as slave catchers , firefighters , watchmen , city guards , and bodyguards . By the post-classical period and the Middle Ages , forces such as the Santa Hermandades ,
558-461: The criminal justice system may operate independently of each other or collectively through the use of record sharing and cooperation. Throughout the world, law enforcement are also associated with protecting the public, life, property, and keeping the peace in society. The concept of law enforcement dates back to ancient times, and forms of law enforcement and police have existed in various forms across many human societies. Modern state legal codes use
589-575: The development and regular use of police cars , police radio systems, police aviation , police tactical units , and police body cameras . Most law enforcement is conducted by some law enforcement agency , typically a police force. Civilians generally staff police agencies, which are typically not a military branch . However, some militaries do have branches that enforce laws among the civilian populace, often called gendarmerie , security forces , or internal troops . Social investment in enforcement through such organizations can be massive in terms of
620-437: The equivalent role in the feudal courts of landlords. Courts fulfilled administrative, as well as judicial, functions, and on the manorial level its decisions could concern mundane field management, not just legal disputes. The manorial bailiff thus could be set tasks such as ensuring certain crops were gathered, as well as those like enforcing debt repayment. Sometimes, bailiffs would have assistants to carry out these tasks, and
651-505: The governing body contracting with a different agency that renders the original agency redundant or obsolete. According to the International Association of Chiefs of Police , agency consolidation can occur to improve efficiency, consolidate resources, or when forming a new type of government. Reeve (England) In Anglo-Saxon England , a reeve ( Old English : gerefa ) was an administrative official serving
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#1732790445071682-482: The king or a lesser lord in a variety of roles. After the Norman Conquest , it was an office held by a man of lower rank, appointed as manager of a manor and overseer of the peasants . In this later role, historian H. R. Loyn observes, "he is the earliest English specialist in estate management ." Reeve is a general term that could refer to a variety of administrative officials. Royal reeves worked for
713-501: The king, but nobles and bishops also employed reeves. Some reeves served as estate managers, while others held positions in towns and boroughs . In the late 7th and early 8th centuries, royal reeves oversaw royal estates. By the 10th century, royal reeves performed a variety duties in shires and hundreds . They enforced legislation and royal decrees. They presided over local courts, carried out police functions, and witnessed sales. A royal reeve's authority often overlapped with that of
744-665: The primary law enforcement organization originated in Europe in the early modern period ; the first statutory police force was the High Constables of Edinburgh in 1611, while the first organized police force was the Paris lieutenant général de police in 1667. Until the 18th century, law enforcement in England was mostly the responsibility of private citizens and thief-takers , albeit also including constables and watchmen. This system gradually shifted to government control following
775-417: The reeve was appointed by the lord of the manor , but in others he was elected by the peasants, subject or not to a right of veto by the lord. It depended on the custom of the manor, but there was an increasing tendency for election to be favoured. No doubt an elected reeve was more willingly obeyed, and sometimes the peasants would be made financially liable if an elected reeve defaulted. Although this reeve
806-742: The resources invested in the activity and the number of people professionally engaged to perform those functions. Law enforcement agencies are limited to operating within a specified jurisdiction . These are typically organized into three basic levels: national, regional, and municipal. However, depending on certain factors, there may be more or less levels, or they may be merged: in the United States, there are federal , state , and local police and sheriff agencies; in Canada, some territories may only have national-level law enforcement, while some provinces have national, provincial, and municipal; in Japan , there
837-523: The subsequent decline of the feudal system, and the subversion of its courts by the introduction of justices of the peace (magistrates), this use of reeve fell out of practice. There is an exceptional literary portrait of a reeve in the second half of the 14th century. The reeve is one of the pilgrims who are making their way to Canterbury in Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales , and the Prologue paints
868-418: The term law enforcement officer or peace officer to include every person vested by the legislating state with police power or authority; traditionally, anyone sworn or badged who can arrest any person for a violation of criminal law is included under the umbrella term of law enforcement. Although law enforcement may be most concerned with the prevention and punishment of crimes, organizations exist to discourage
899-425: The term reeve now came to be used for this position—someone essentially assisting the steward, and sometimes a bailiff, by effectively performing day-to-day supervision of the work done on the land within a particular manor . This reeve has been described as "the pivot man of the manorial system". He had to oversee the work which the peasants were bound to perform, as an obligation attached to their holding of land in
930-413: Was subject to the steward, the steward might not always be resident within the manor, and might manage many, and would not usually concern himself with day-to-day working. A good reeve who carried out his duties efficiently, and was trusted by the lord and the peasants alike, was likely to stay in office more or less permanently. By the 14th century the reeve was often a permanent officer of the manor. With
961-752: Was the United States Marshals Service , both formed in 1789. In the American frontier , law enforcement was the responsibility of county sheriffs , rangers , constables , and marshals . The first law enforcement agency in Canada was the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary , established in 1729, while the first Canadian national law enforcement agency was the Dominion Police , established in 1868. By