FAME (Florence Alabama Music Enterprises) Studios is a recording studio located at 603 East Avalon Avenue in Muscle Shoals, Alabama , an area of northern Alabama known as the Shoals . Though small and distant from the main recording locations of the American music industry, FAME has produced many hit records and was instrumental in what came to be known as the Muscle Shoals sound. It was started in the 1950s by Rick Hall , known as the Founder of Muscle Shoals Music. The studio, owned by Hall until his death in 2018, is still actively operating. It was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on December 15, 1997, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016. The 2013 award-winning documentary Muscle Shoals features Rick Hall, the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section (also called The Swampers), and the Muscle Shoals sound originally popularized by FAME.
57-439: In 1959, Rick Hall and Billy Sherrill accepted an offer from Tom Stafford, the owner of a recording studio, to help set up a new music publishing company in the town of Florence, Alabama , to be known as Florence Alabama Music Enterprises, or FAME. The studio was first located above Florence's City Drug Store. Two doors down was a pawn shop – "Uncle Sams" – where aspiring artists would buy or pawn their instruments, depending on
114-701: A Man the Way I Love You " was recorded at that time, with the Swampers providing the accompaniment. The track " Do Right Woman, Do Right Man " was also recorded during that session. Franklin later publicly acknowledged Rick Hall "for the turning point in her career, taking her from a struggling artist" to a major music star. The entire LP might have been recorded at FAME, but after Franklin's husband Ted White started an altercation, producer Jerry Wexler decided to continue recording in New York, including " Respect ", again using
171-632: A breeding ground for future legends in the worlds of songwriting and session work, as well as a recording home to some of the greatest musicians and recording artists of all time." After Rick Hall died, his widow Linda Hall continued to run FAME Recording Studio. In 2023, Linda Hall was awarded a Woman In Music Award by the Muscle Shoals Music Association and the Muscle Shoals Songwriters Foundation. FAME Recording Studio continues to exist as
228-538: A company based in Florence, Alabama, together with fellow ex-Fairlanes member Billy Sherrill, the future producer of Tammy Wynette's records. They named their company FAME (Florence Alabama Music Enterprises) and opened their first primitive studio above a drugstore. Producer Sam Phillips , originally from Florence, Alabama, was an early mentor. During a 2015 interview with The New York Times , Hall recalled those early days. "We would sit up and talk until 2 o'clock in
285-791: A competing business, the Muscle Shoals Sound Studio , originally at 3614 Jackson Highway in nearby Sheffield, Alabama . Subsequently, Hall hired the Fame Gang as the new studio band. Also called the Third FAME Rhythm Section, consisted of eight musicians plus arranger-producer Mickey Buckins . This group backed up singers such as Aretha Franklin, Wilson Pickett, Clarence Carter , Bobbie Gentry , Etta James, and Candi Staton during recording sessions at FAME Studios. Aretha Franklin recorded at FAME on only one occasion, in early 1967; her hit " I Never Loved
342-552: A distribution deal with Capitol Records . Hall then turned his attention away from soul music towards mainstream pop, producing hits for the Osmonds , Paul Anka , Tom Jones , and the Osmond family . Also in 1969, another FAME Studio house band, Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section , affectionately called The Swampers, consisting of Barry Beckett (keyboards), Roger Hawkins (drums), Jimmy Johnson (guitar), and David Hood (bass), left
399-571: A fully engaged recording facility in Muscle Shoals. In 2007, Bettye LaVette 's Grammy-nominated CD The Scene of the Crime , produced by Patterson Hood and Drive-By Truckers , was recorded at FAME Recording Studios. The Truckers also backed Lavette on the record, with contributions from David Hood and Spooner Oldham , from the original studio house band, the Swampers . Fame Sessions ,
456-468: A local bar band, Shenandoah , top the national Hot Country Songs chart several times in the 1980s and 1990s. Hall's publishing staff of in-house songwriters wrote some of the biggest country hits in those decades. His publishing catalog included " I Swear " written by Frank Myers and Gary Baker. In 1985 he was inducted into the Alabama Music Hall of Fame , his citation referring to him as
513-488: A local bar band, Shenandoah , top the national Hot Country Songs chart several times in the 1980s and 1990s. Hall's publishing staff of in-house songwriters wrote some of the biggest country hits in those decades. His publishing catalog included many significant items. In 1985, Rick Hall was inducted into the Alabama Music Hall of Fame , his citation referring to him as the "Father of Muscle Shoals Music." Successful singers working at FAME included Bobbie Gentry, who recorded
570-513: A recording home to some of the greatest musicians and recording artists of all time." The UK newspaper The Guardian summarized Hall's career with these words: "What made Hall ... stand out was his position at the confluence of the three key strands of black and white American popular music – gospel, country and R&B – which merged to provide the foundation of so much of significance in that and succeeding decades." Barry Beckett Barry Edward Beckett (February 4, 1943 – June 10, 2009)
627-560: A studio of their own in Nashville, Tennessee . Hall then assembled a new studio band, including Spooner Oldham , Jimmy Johnson , David Hood , and Roger Hawkins , and continued to produce hit records. Hall's FAME studio prospered. "By the mid-'60s it had become a hotbed for pop musicians of various stripes, including the Rolling Stones, Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett, Clarence Carter, Solomon Burke and Percy Sledge," according to
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#1732798442974684-676: A teenager, working as an apprentice toolmaker, and began playing in local bar bands. When he was drafted for the Korean War , he declared himself a conscientious objector , joined the honor guard of the Fourth United States Army , and played in a band that also included Faron Young and the fiddler Gordon Terry . When Hall returned to Alabama he resumed factory life, working for Reynolds Aluminum in Florence . When both his new bride Faye and his father died within
741-426: A tiny town in a quiet corner of Alabama became a hotbed of progressive, integrated rhythm and blues still feels inexplicable. Whatever Hall conjured there—whatever he dreamt, and made real—is essential to any recounting of American ingenuity. It is a testament to a certain kind of hope." An Alabama publication commented that Hall is survived by his family "and a Muscle Shoals music legacy like no other". An editorial in
798-602: A two-week period in 1957, he suffered depression and began drinking regularly. He later began moving around the area playing guitar, mandolin, and fiddle with a local group, Carmol Taylor and the Country Pals, and first met saxophonist Billy Sherrill . The group appeared on a weekly regional radio show at WERH in Hamilton . Subsequently, Hall formed a new R&B group, the Fairlanes, with Billy Sherrill, fronted by
855-564: A vocal group from Utah, featuring the younger brother Donny Osmond . The collaboration resulted in the hit " One Bad Apple " in 1970, among others, and helped Hall to become named "Producer of the Year" in 1971. As the decade of the 70s rolled in, FAME moved back towards country music, producing hits for Mac Davis , Bobbie Gentry , Jerry Reed , and the Gatlin Brothers . He also worked with the songwriter and producer Robert Byrne to help
912-577: A white Southern producer who could produce and engineer hits for black Southern soul singers. He produced many sessions using guitarist Duane Allman . He also produced recordings for other artists, including Etta James , whom he persuaded to record Clarence Carter 's song " Tell Mama ". However, his fiery temperament led to the end of the relationship with Atlantic after he got into a fistfight with Aretha Franklin's husband, Ted White, in late 1967. In 1969, FAME Records, with artists including Candi Staton , Clarence Carter and Arthur Conley, established
969-707: Is a testament to a certain kind of hope." An Alabama publication commented that Hall is survived by his family "and a Muscle Shoals music legacy like no other". An article in the Anniston Star (Alabama) concludes with this epitaph, "If the world wants to know about Alabama — a state seldom publicized for anything but college football and embarrassing politics — the late Rick Hall and his legacy are worthy models to uphold". In early 2018, Rolling Stone published this evaluation: "Hall's Grammy-winning production touched nearly every genre of popular music from country to R&B, and his Fame Studio and publishing company were
1026-476: The Los Angeles Times . Singer Aretha Franklin credited Hall for the "turning point" in her career in the mid 1960s, taking her from a struggling artist to the "Queen of Soul". According to Hall, one of the reasons for FAME's success at a time of stiff competition from studios in other cities was that he overlooked the issue of race, a perspective he called "colorblind". "It was a dangerous time, but
1083-454: The Tell Mama album at FAME. Jerry Wexler of Atlantic Records brought both Wilson Pickett and Aretha Franklin to record. The recording session with Franklin brought unexpected conflict: one of the horn players sexually harassed the singer, and her husband had him fired from the session. Later that evening Hall went over to make up with Franklin and her husband, but a fight ensued, and
1140-749: The Alabama Music Hall of Fame in 1985 and also received the John Herbert Orr Pioneer Award . In 2014, he won the Grammy Trustees Award in recognition of his lengthy career. Hall remained active in the music industry with FAME Studios, FAME Records, and FAME Publishing. Hall was born into a family of sharecroppers in Forest Grove, Tishomingo County, Mississippi to Herman Hall, a sawmill worker and sharecropper and his wife, Dollie Dimple Daily Hall; he had one sister. After his mother left home when young Hall
1197-449: The Anniston Star (Alabama) concludes with this epitaph, "If the world wants to know about Alabama — a state seldom publicized for anything but college football and embarrassing politics — the late Rick Hall and his legacy are worthy models to uphold". Aretha Franklin recorded her hit " I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You " at FAME in 1967, with the "Swampers" providing the accompaniment. She later publicly acknowledged Rick Hall "for
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#17327984429741254-618: The Boys and Girls Ranches of Alabama , a charity for abused and neglected children. The house now serves as a home to up to seventeen teenage girls at a time that have been removed from their families through no fault of their own. In 2014, Hall was awarded the Grammy Trustees Award for his significant contribution to the field of recording. Hall published his memoirs in a book titled The Man from Muscle Shoals: My Journey from Shame to Fame in 2015. On December 17, 2016, Hall
1311-659: The Oak Ridge Boys . Hall continued producing country hits in the 1980s, including Jerry Reed's number 1 records " She Got the Goldmine (I Got the Shaft) " and " The Bird " in 1982. He also started Gus Hardin 's career with the popular "After the Last Good-bye" and had a hit album with Larry Gatlin and the Gatlin Brothers , Houston to Denver (1984). Hall's productions on T.G. Sheppard's LPs include Livin' on
1368-616: The "Father of Muscle Shoals Music." In 2007, Hall reactivated the FAME Records label through a distribution deal with EMI . Artists who recorded at FAME in subsequent years include Gregg Allman who recorded the Southern Blood LP, Drive-By Truckers, Jason Isbell, Tim McGraw with his hit " I Like It, I Love It ", the Dixie Chicks , George Strait , Martina McBride , Kenny Chesney and others. Some years after
1425-450: The 'turning point'" in her career, taking her from a struggling artist" to a major music star. In early 2018, Rolling Stone published a retrospective of Hall's career and included this evaluation. "Hall's Grammy-winning production touched nearly every genre of popular music from country to R&B, and his Fame Studio and publishing company were a breeding ground for future legends in the worlds of songwriting and session work, as well as
1482-683: The Asbury Jukes , Dire Straits , The Proclaimers and Phish . He was also briefly a member of the band Traffic . Beckett was born in Birmingham, Alabama . He rose to prominence as a member of the rhythm section at the Sheffield, Alabama -based Muscle Shoals Sound Studio , of which he was one of the founders in 1969. As a founding member of the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section , he helped define what became known as
1539-729: The Edge (1985), It Still Rains in Memphis (1986), and One for the Money (1987). Top 20 singles included " Fooled Around and Fell in Love " by the Elvin Bishop Group in 1975. Top 10 singles included " In Over My Heart " and " Doncha? " by T.G. Sheppard in 1985. Top 5 singles include " Strong Heart " (1985), " One for the Money " (1987), and a number 1 single, " You're My First Lady " (1987) by T.G. Sheppard also. Hall then returned to
1596-563: The FAME Records label through a distribution deal with EMI. Rick Hall died in early 2018. In its obituary, The New Yorker concluded its coverage of Hall's career with FAME by saying, "Muscle Shoals remains remarkable not just for the music made there but for its unlikeliness as an epicenter of anything; that a tiny town in a quiet corner of Alabama became a hotbed of progressive, integrated rhythm and blues still feels inexplicable. Whatever Hall conjured there—whatever he dreamt, and made real—is essential to any recounting of American ingenuity. It
1653-498: The FAME studio to found the competing Muscle Shoals Sound Studio at 3614 Jackson Highway in Sheffield , with start-up funding from Jerry Wexler . Subsequently, Hall hired the Fame Gang as the new studio band. FAME Records was independent in 1962–1963. Hall signed a distribution deal with Vee-Jay from October 1963-June 1965. He moved his label to Atlantic distribution November 1965–September 1967. In May 1969 to May 1971,
1710-577: The Muscle Shoals sound. In addition, the studio produced such chart-making hits as " Torn Between Two Lovers " by Mary MacGregor and the Sanford-Townsend Band 's " Smoke from a Distant Fire ". In 1973, Beckett took to the road in the expanded lineup of Traffic ; recordings from this tour were released on the band's live album On the Road . Beckett was co-producing with Jerry Wexler when, in 1979, Bob Dylan called on Wexler to produce
1767-623: The Shoals for session work throughout his short life. The session musicians who worked at the studio became known as the Muscle Shoals Horns and the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section (or the Swampers). In 1969, just after Hall had signed a deal with Capitol Records , the four primary Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section members ( Barry Beckett (keyboards), Jimmy Johnson (guitar), Roger Hawkins (drums), and David Hood (bass), left to found
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1824-700: The South " (1989), " Two Dozen Roses " (1989), " Next to You, Next to Me " (1990), "Ghost in This House" (1990), and " I Got You " (1991). In addition to FAME studios, Hall operated FAME Records, whose original roster included Clarence Carter, Candi Staton, Jimmy Hughes, Willie Hightower and the Fame Gang. The original run of the label was between 1964 and 1974, with distribution handled by Vee-Jay Records from 1964 to 1966, Atco Records from 1966 to 1967, Capitol Records from 1969 to 1972, and United Artists Records from 1972 through early 1974. In 2007, Hall reactivated
1881-410: The Swampers for the accompaniment. The studio continued to do well through the 1970s. Hall was able to convince Capitol Records to distribute FAME recordings. In 1971, Rick Hall was named Producer of the Year by Billboard magazine, a year after having been nominated for a Grammy Award in the same category. As the hits kept coming, Hall expanded into the area of teen pop hits with the Osmonds ,
1938-659: The album Fancy (1970), and then with the singer-songwriter Mac Davis , who topped both the Pop and Country charts with " Baby, Don't Get Hooked on Me " (1972). Davis recorded four gold albums at FAME, with the singles "Texas in My Rear View Mirror" and "Hooked on Music" becoming hits on both the country and pop charts. Many artists recorded with The Fame Gang such as Joe Tex , Bobby Blue Bland , Eddie Floyd , Candi Staton, Clarence Carter, Little Milton , Sawyer Brown , Tony Joe White , Duane Allman , Elkie Brooks , and
1995-563: The album's title track, "Solid Rock", "What Can I Do for You?" and "Satisfied Mind".) On the album liner notes Beckett is billed as co-producer and as "special guest artist". Beckett moved to Nashville in 1982 to become A & R country music director for Warner Bros. Records and co-produced Williams, Jr.'s records with Jim Ed Norman . Beckett produced records independently after leaving Warner Bros. Records. He also played on Paul Simon 's albums There Goes Rhymin' Simon and Still Crazy After All These Years , which reached number 1 on
2052-431: The death of his first wife, he met and married Linda Cross of Leighton, Alabama. The couple had three sons, Rick Jr., Mark, and Rodney. Hall had five grandchildren, who affectionately called him Pepaw. Hall's life and career are profiled in the 2013 documentary film Muscle Shoals . During an interview before the release of the movie, Hall told a journalist that in 2009, he and his wife had donated their home of 30 years to
2109-442: The first hit produced in that building, Jimmy Hughes 's " Steal Away ". FAME studio prospered, and by the late 1960s pop and soul musicians such as Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett, Clarence Carter, and Solomon Burke had recorded there. Singer Aretha Franklin credited Hall for the "turning point" in her career when she recorded at FAME in early 1967, taking her from a struggling artist to the "Queen of Soul". According to Hall, one of
2166-632: The history of Muscle Shoals; at the time, Hall had licensed it to Dot Records . The song was recorded by others too, including the Rolling Stones in 1964. In that era, his musicians included Norbert Putnam, David Briggs, Peanut Montgomery and Jerry Carrigan. Though Hall grew up in a culture dominated by country music , he had a love of R&B music and, in the highly segregated state of Alabama, regularly flouted local policies and recorded many black musicians. Hall wrote: "Black music helped broaden my musical horizons and open my eyes and ears to
2223-400: The label was distributed by Capitol, and finally, to United Artists from May 1972 until approximately April 1974. The studio continued to do well through the 1970s and Hall was able to convince Capitol Records to distribute FAME recordings. In 1971, he was named Producer of the Year by Billboard magazine, a year after having been nominated for a Grammy Award in the same category. In
2280-444: The morning and Sam would tell me, 'Rick, don't go to Nashville, because they'll eat your soul alive.' I wanted to be like Sam — I wanted to be somebody special." In 1959, Hall and Sherrill accepted an offer from Tom Stafford, the owner of a recording studio, to help set up a new music publishing company in the town of Florence, to be known as Florence Alabama Music Enterprises, or FAME. However, in 1960, Sherrill and Stafford dissolved
2337-476: The partnership, leaving Hall with rights to the studio name. Hall's first success as a producer in a small studio was with one of his first recordings, Arthur Alexander 's " You Better Move On " in 1961. The commercial success of the record gave Hall the financial resources to establish a new, larger FAME recording studio on Avalon Avenue in Muscle Shoals . That song became the first gold record in
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2394-511: The reasons for FAME's success at a time of stiff competition from studios in other cities was that he overlooked the issue of race, a perspective he called "colorblind". "It was a dangerous time, but the studio was a safe haven where blacks and whites could work together in musical harmony," Hall wrote in his autobiography. Decades later, a publication in Malaysia referred to Hall as a "white fiddler who became an unlikely force in soul music". As
2451-500: The recording session was canceled. Wexler swore to Hall he would never work with him again. Duane Allman , later of the Allman Brothers Band , pitched a tent and camped out in the parking lot of FAME Studios in 1968 in order to be near the recording sessions occurring there. He soon befriended Rick Hall and Wilson Pickett, who was recording there. While on lunch break, Allman taught Pickett " Hey Jude "; their version of
2508-501: The same year, Mac Davis recorded the first of his 12 albums at the FAME studio; four of the songs later received gold and platinum records. Through the 1970s, Hall continued moving back towards country music, producing hits for Mac Davis, Bobbie Gentry , Jerry Reed , and the Gatlin Brothers , as well as returning to work for the Osmonds as they moved to country. He also worked with the songwriter and producer Robert Byrne to help
2565-962: The second album by the Nightowls , was recorded at FAME Studios in September 2015 in collaboration with David Hood and Spooner Oldham. Gregg Allman 's final album, Southern Blood (2017), was recorded at FAME in March 2016. Other artists who recorded at FAME in recent years include the Drive-By Truckers , Jason Isbell , Demi Lovato , and The Blind Boys of Alabama . Third Day recorded their final album, Revival , at FAME in 2017. More recently, Roadside Glorious, Meg Williams, Big Daddy Wilson , and Australians Murray Cook and The Soul Movers, Misty Blue and Lucie Tiger (2019, 2022) recorded at FAME Recording Studio. Rick Hall Roe Erister "Rick" Hall (January 31, 1932 – January 2, 2018)
2622-552: The sessions for the album Slow Train Coming . Beckett not only co-produced the album but played piano and organ throughout. (He did not go on the road as a gospel tours musician behind Dylan, but he was back in the studio with him in February 1980 to co-produce, again with Wexler, the album Saved , on which he was replaced on keyboards by Spooner Oldham and Terry Young after the session of February 12, 1980, and so plays only on
2679-422: The singer Dan Penn , with Hall playing bass. He also began writing songs at that time. Hall left the Fairlanes to concentrate on becoming a songwriter and record producer. He had his first songwriting successes in the late 1950s, when George Jones recorded his song " Achin', Breakin' Heart ", Brenda Lee recorded " She'll Never Know ", and Roy Orbison recorded " Sweet and Innocent ". In 1960, he started
2736-507: The song was recorded with Allman playing lead guitar. On hearing the session, people at Atlantic began asking who had played the guitar solos, and Hall responded with a hand-written note that read "some hippie cat who's been living in our parking lot". Shortly afterward, Allman was offered a recording contract; auditions for the Allman Brothers Band were later held at FAME Studios. Allman loved the area, and frequently returned to
2793-743: The studio was a safe haven where blacks and whites could work together in musical harmony," Hall wrote in his autobiography. Decades later, a publication in Malaysia referred to Hall as a "white fiddler who became an unlikely force in soul music". In 1966, he helped license Percy Sledge 's " When a Man Loves a Woman ", produced by Quin Ivy , to Atlantic Records , which then led to a regular arrangement under which Atlantic would send musicians to Hall's Muscle Shoals studio to record. The studio produced further hit records for Wilson Pickett , James & Bobby Purify , Aretha Franklin , Clarence Carter , Otis Redding , and Arthur Conley , enhancing Hall's reputation as
2850-474: The trajectory of their careers. The studio was moved to a former tobacco warehouse on Wilson Dam Road in Muscle Shoals in 1960, when Hall split from Sherrill and Stafford, leaving Hall with rights to the studio's name. Hall soon recorded the first hit record from the Muscle Shoals area, Arthur Alexander 's " You Better Move On " in 1961. Hall took the proceeds from that recording to build the current facility, on Avalon Avenue in Muscle Shoals. In 1963, he recorded
2907-541: The way he had begun, developing new artists. A local country band that was playing in a club down the street from FAME Studios came to his attention, and he and Robert Byrne co-produced an LP with the group Shenandoah . Hall made a record deal with CBS Records and the group thereafter had top 10 singles with " She Doesn't Cry Anymore " (1988) and " See If I Care " (1990), top 5 singles with " Mama Knows " (1988) and " The Moon Over Georgia " (1991), and six number 1 singles with " The Church on Cumberland Road " (1989), " Sunday in
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#17327984429742964-659: The widespread appeal of the so-called 'race' music that later became known as 'rhythm and blues". Hall's successes continued after the Atlanta-based agent Bill Lowery brought him acts to record, and the studio produced hits for Tommy Roe , Joe Tex , the Tams , and Jimmy Hughes . However, in 1964, Hall's regular session group — David Briggs , Norbert Putnam , Jerry Carrigan , Earl "Peanut" Montgomery, and Donnie Fritts — became frustrated at being paid minimum union-scale wages by Hall, and left Muscle Shoals to set up
3021-467: The word about Muscle Shoals began to spread other artists began coming there to record. The Nashville producer Felton Jarvis brought Tommy Roe and recorded Roe's song " Everybody " in 1963. The Atlanta music publisher Bill Lowery , who had mentored Hall in his early days, sent the Tams . The Nashville publisher and producer Buddy Killen brought Joe Tex . Leonard Chess encouraged Etta James to record there, and she made her 1967 hit " Tell Mama " and
3078-498: Was aged 4, he and his sister were raised in rural poverty by his father and grandparents in Franklin County , Alabama. According to The Guardian , and confirmed by Hall himself in the 2013 documentary Muscle Shoals , Dollie worked in a bordello after leaving the family. His father was a gospel music fan and his uncle gave Rick a mandolin at age 6. Later, he learned to play guitar. Hall moved to Rockford, Illinois as
3135-507: Was an American keyboardist , session musician , record producer , and studio founder. He is best known for his work with David Hood , Jimmy Johnson , and Roger Hawkins , his bandmates in the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section , which performed with numerous notable artists on their studio albums and helped define the "Muscle Shoals sound". Among the artists Beckett recorded with were Bob Dylan , Boz Scaggs , Paul Simon , Rod Stewart , Duane Allman , Lynyrd Skynyrd , Southside Johnny and
3192-403: Was an American record producer, songwriter, and musician who became known as the owner of FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama . As the "Father of Muscle Shoals Music", he was influential in recording and promoting both country and soul music , and in helping develop the careers of such musicians as Aretha Franklin , Otis Redding , Duane Allman and Etta James . Hall was inducted into
3249-474: Was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of North Alabama in Florence. He died on January 2, 2018, aged 85, at his home in Muscle Shoals, after a battle with prostate cancer. In its obituary, The New Yorker concluded its coverage of Hall's career with this comment: "Muscle Shoals remains remarkable not just for the music made there but for its unlikeliness as an epicenter of anything; that
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