Misplaced Pages

#699300

88-642: The aircraft is developed from the FC-31 Gyrfalcon ( Chinese : 鹘鹰 ; pinyin : Gǔ yīng ), a stealth aircraft prototype that serves as a demonstrator aiming to secure potential export customers after SAC lost the J-XX bid to the Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group . The prototype had often been referred as J-31 , F-60 , J-21 , Snowy Owl or Falcon Hawk in various media reports. The fighter initially does not feature

176-514: A catapult launch bar and folding wings , and the revised variant took flight on 29 October 2021. The land-based variant emerged in 2023 and was officially debuted ahead of the 2024 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition , receiving the designation J-35A. The introduction of the J-35 would make it the second Chinese fifth-generation fighter (after the Chengdu J-20 ) and China

264-596: A distributed aperture system (DAS) serving as an optical early-warning system and infrared search and track (IRST). The radar advertised for the FC-31 prototype is the Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Technology (NRIET) KLJ-7A , which is reportedly similar to performance of the AN/APG-81 . Under the chin, the fighter is fitted with a electro-optical targeting system (EOTS) turret. Inside

352-596: A Senate hearing that these data may help the U.S. rivals to speed up their own fifth-generation fighter projects and save costs of development. However, the copying allegation is also called into question by other experts, citing the differences between Chinese and American designs. In 2014, Air Power Australia suggested the FC-31 is more comparable to the Lockheed Martin F-22 than the F-35. In 2012, Vladimir Barkovsky of Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG believed

440-443: A component—either a character or a sub-component called a radical —usually involves either a reduction in its total number of strokes , or an apparent streamlining of which strokes are chosen in what places—for example, the ⼓   ' WRAP ' radical used in the traditional character 沒 is simplified to ⼏   ' TABLE ' to form the simplified character 没 . By systematically simplifying radicals, large swaths of

528-434: A conversion table. While exercising such derivation, the following rules should be observed: Sample Derivations : The Series One List of Variant Characters reduces the number of total standard characters. First, amongst each set of variant characters sharing identical pronunciation and meaning, one character (usually the simplest in form) is elevated to the standard character set, and the rest are made obsolete. Then amongst

616-403: A dimension similar to that of Chengdu J-20 . The weapons bay has six internal hardpoints. Externally, the fighter has six hardpoints on the wings. The first FC-31 prototype can reportedly carry 8,000 kg (18,000 lb) of payload in total, split between the internal carrying capabilities of 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) and external carrying capacity of 6,000 kg (13,000 lb). Under

704-407: A few revised forms, and was implemented for official use by China's State Council on 5 June 2013. In Chinese, simplified characters are referred to by their official name 简化字 ; jiǎnhuàzì , or colloquially as 简体字 ; jiǎntǐzì . The latter term refers broadly to all character variants featuring simplifications of character form or structure, a practice which has always been present as

792-456: A higher thrust-to-weight ratio. The J-35 is reportedly capable of supercruise with the WS-19 engines fitted. The FC-31 is equipped with a retractable refueling probe for inflight refueling. The aircraft can achieve a short-take off distance of 450 m (1,480 ft) and a landing distance of 700 m (2,300 ft). The Shenyang FC-31 has a lengthened centerline internal weapons bay with

880-610: A newly coined phono-semantic compound : Removing radicals Only retaining single radicals Replacing with ancient forms or variants : Adopting ancient vulgar variants : Readopting abandoned phonetic-loan characters : Copying and modifying another traditional character : Based on 132 characters and 14 components listed in Chart 2 of the Complete List , the 1,753 derived characters found in Chart 3 can be created by systematically simplifying components using Chart 2 as

968-573: A part of the Chinese writing system. The official name tends to refer to the specific, systematic set published by the Chinese government, which includes not only simplifications of individual characters, but also a substantial reduction in the total number of characters through the merger of formerly distinct forms. According to Chinese palaeographer Qiu Xigui , the broadest trend in the evolution of Chinese characters over their history has been simplification, both in graphical shape ( 字形 ; zìxíng ),

SECTION 10

#1732783668700

1056-659: A priority for the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC). The second FC-31 prototype is fitted with the domestic Guizhou WS-13E engine, an improved variant of the Guizhou WS-13 that powered the JF-17 , providing 92.16 kN (20,720 lbf; 9,398 kgf) of maximum thrust. The WS-13E engine is smokeless and more efficient than the RD-93. The further developed Shenyang J-35 is powered by

1144-608: A rough outline of the FC-31. In August 2023, a J-35 prototype was spotted test flying with landing gear extended in China. On 8 December 2023, a mock-up of the J-35 was spotted on the deck of the Type 003 aircraft carrier , which was recently launched and preparing for sea trials at her homeport. On 26 September 2023, the land-based variant of the J-35, tentatively named the J-31 by defense analysts, made its first flight. The land-based variant

1232-526: Is a further development of the WS-13E mounted on the second prototype of the FC-31. This engine is fitted with pronounced, serrated exhaust nozzles, helping to reduce rearward radar and infrared signatures. A video of the prototype flying was recorded on the same day. In March 2023, the People's Liberation Army Navy released a recruitment video, teasing about the service's future carrier aircraft, which included

1320-440: Is actually more complex than eliminated ones. An example is the character 搾 which is eliminated in favor of the variant form 榨 . The 扌   'HAND' with three strokes on the left of the eliminated 搾 is now seen as more complex, appearing as the ⽊   'TREE' radical 木 , with four strokes, in the chosen variant 榨 . Not all characters standardised in the simplified set consist of fewer strokes. For instance,

1408-454: Is derived. Merging homophonous characters: Adapting cursive shapes ( 草書楷化 ): Replacing a component with a simple arbitrary symbol (such as 又 and 乂 ): Omitting entire components : Omitting components, then applying further alterations : Structural changes that preserve the basic shape Replacing the phonetic component of phono-semantic compounds : Replacing an uncommon phonetic component : Replacing entirely with

1496-402: Is intended to serve as a node in the network of elements with other platforms. Two prototypes of the FC-31 and the later Shenyang J-35 use different engine options. The earliest prototype is fitted with Klimov RD-93 engines. The RD-93 engine was reportedly inefficient, leading to the aircraft to exhale black-colored exhausts. Replacing the engine with a more efficient, indigenous choices became

1584-813: Is now discouraged. A State Language Commission official cited "oversimplification" as the reason for restoring some characters. The language authority declared an open comment period until 31 August 2009, for feedback from the public. In 2013, the List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters was published as a revision of the 1988 lists; it included a total of 8105 characters. It included 45 newly recognized standard characters that were previously considered variant forms, as well as official approval of 226 characters that had been simplified by analogy and had seen wide use but were not explicitly given in previous lists or documents. Singapore underwent three successive rounds of character simplification , eventually arriving at

1672-623: Is referred to as the " big seal script ". The traditional narrative, as also attested in the Shuowen Jiezi dictionary ( c.  100 AD ), is that the Qin small seal script that would later be imposed across China was originally derived from the Zhou big seal script with few modifications. However, the body of epigraphic evidence comparing the character forms used by scribes gives no indication of any real consolidation in character forms prior to

1760-547: Is used instead of 叠 in regions using traditional characters. The Chinese government stated that it wished to keep Chinese orthography stable. The Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese was published in 1988 and included 7000 simplified and unsimplified characters. Of these, half were also included in the revised List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese , which specified 2500 common characters and 1000 less common characters. In 2009,

1848-616: The Aviation Week reported that People's Liberation Army (PLA) has taken interest in the Shenyang FC-31. In June 2020, the Chinese Aeronautical Establishment, the research wing of the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC), announced that a "new fighter" is under development and will make its maiden flight in 2021. This "new fighter" was theorized by media and military analysts as

SECTION 20

#1732783668700

1936-618: The Chinese language , with the other being traditional characters . Their mass standardization during the 20th century was part of an initiative by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to promote literacy, and their use in ordinary circumstances on the mainland has been encouraged by the Chinese government since the 1950s. They are the official forms used in mainland China and Singapore , while traditional characters are officially used in Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan . Simplification of

2024-684: The Guizhou WS-21 engine, also known as the WS-13X, a derivative and upgrade of the WS-13E. The WS-21 provides 93.2 kN (21,000 lbf; 9,500 kgf) of thrust, serving as an interim powerplant for the early production J-35. The intended definitive powerplant for the J-35 is the Guizhou WS-19 , which incorporate technologies from the Xian WS-15 and is capable of providing 116 kN (26,000 lbf; 11,800 kgf) of thrust with

2112-544: The People's Liberation Army for further development. Some additional details were given by the FC-31's designer, including its stealth capabilities, payload, and operational range. The aircraft was intended to serve as a competitor to the Lockheed Martin F-35 on the export market, especially for countries which cannot join the F-35 program or afford the American fighter. There were also persistent rumors of

2200-642: The People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) officially announced the J-35A, the air force variant of the J-35, would attend the Zhuhai Airshow in 2024 held in the same month. The close-up photograph of the J-35A showcased by the PLAAF was painted in grey paint with the Air Force's roundel with the number '75' engraved on the vertical stabilizers, celebrating PLAAF's 75th anniversary. Photographs confirmed

2288-563: The flight deck of the Type 003 aircraft carrier . Analysts believe the J-35 could serve in China's future Type 003 aircraft carrier, as well as launched with ski-jump on China's older carriers, complementing the fleet of Shenyang J-15 . In July 2021, a static FC-31 with opened weapons bay was displayed inside the Shenyang Aircraft Corporation Expo Park. Analysts noted the similarity of the weapons bay dimension between Chengdu J-20 and FC-31, which means

2376-459: The "external appearances of individual graphs", and in graphical form ( 字体 ; 字體 ; zìtǐ ), "overall changes in the distinguishing features of graphic[al] shape and calligraphic style, [...] in most cases refer[ring] to rather obvious and rather substantial changes". The initiatives following the founding of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) to universalize the use of their small seal script across

2464-573: The '31002'. This prototype was not featured in the Zhuhai Airshow of 2016. Still, a cockpit model with a sidestick controller , multifunctional touchscreen displays, and a heads-up display was showcased in the AVIC booth. The real '31001' prototype aircraft was displayed on the ground in Shenyang, China in 2016. It was displayed again at Zhuhai Airshow 2018, implying China no longer deemed first prototype sensitive technologically. On 21 November 2018,

2552-482: The 1986 General List of Simplified Chinese Characters , hereafter the General List . All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Chart 1 and Chart 2 in the 1986 Complete List . Characters in both charts are structurally simplified based on similar set of principles. They are separated into two charts to clearly mark those in Chart 2 as 'usable as simplified character components', based on which Chart 3

2640-520: The 1986 mainland China revisions. Unlike in mainland China, Singapore parents have the option of registering their children's names in traditional characters. Malaysia also promulgated a set of simplified characters in 1981, though completely identical to the mainland Chinese set. They are used in Chinese-language schools. All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Charts 1 and 2 of

2728-470: The Chinese government published a major revision to the list which included a total of 8300 characters. No new simplifications were introduced. In addition, slight modifications to the orthography of 44 characters to fit traditional calligraphic rules were initially proposed, but were not implemented due to negative public response. Also, the practice of unrestricted simplification of rare and archaic characters by analogy using simplified radicals or components

Shenyang J-35 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2816-495: The Electro-Optical Targeting System (EOTS) on F-35, is featured. The canopy was modified, blending in with the upper fuselage, allowing for more internal fuel load, aerodynamic advantages, and potential to mount sensors behind the cockpit. The overall shape of the first J-35 prototype indicated a developmental lineage from the second prototype of the FC-31. On 22 July 2022, the J-35 prototype '350003'

2904-415: The F-35 in designing the Chinese aircraft, instead of providing a direct framework for "copying". The emergence of stealth fighters such as South Korean KF-21 , Turkish TAI TF Kaan , and Indian HAL AMCA , which all bear similar geometries to the F-35, indicated the convergence of form in stealth and aerodynamics for fifth-generation jet platforms. In January 2024, Pakistan announced its intent to acquire

2992-495: The F-35 or Su-57 to foster their capabilities. Many commentaries emphasize FC-31's resemblance to the Lockheed Martin F-35 , including their similar size, roles, and wing-tail configurations, especially under the context of the Chinese cyberespionage operations that reportedly stole the database on the Joint Strike Fighter program and potentially benefiting the FC-31. Defense Acquisitions Chief Frank Kendall told

3080-429: The F-35 while having two engines instead of one. The two aircraft also likely have different internal subsystems and airframe construction. The platforms have different specifications in their maximum take-off weight, internal fuel capacity, and internal volumes, furthermore, the technologies behind the design would be different. The intelligence on classified Western platforms would primarily be used by China for countering

3168-665: The FC-31 aircraft. On 3 August 2024, Pakistan's news source reported that Pakistan Air Force (PAF) pilots are currently undergoing training on the Chinese FC-31 stealth fighter aircraft in China. The news of pilot training on the FC-31 itself, however, suggests that Pakistan may be considering acquiring the more advanced J-35 variant, rather than just its export counterpart. In 2024, Egypt is in talks with China to potentially buy FC-31 fighter jets. Simplified Chinese characters Simplified Chinese characters are one of two standardized character sets widely used to write

3256-431: The FC-31 being developed into a carrier-based naval fighter . In 2015, the FC-31's chief designer Sun Cong suggested that FC-31 would succeed Shenyang J-15 in operating on China's aircraft carriers. In 2015, Jiangsu A-Star Aviation Industries Company marketed its EOTS-86 infra-red search and track as a possible addition to the FC-31. In November 2016, AVIC released a promotional video of an FC-31 prototype, displaying

3344-502: The FC-31 enters service, it will likely be more than a match for existing fourth-generation fighters like the F-15 Eagle , F-16 Fighting Falcon , and F/A-18E/F Super Hornet . They suggest that the capability of the FC-31 against the newest fighters, such as the U.S. F-22 and F-35, would depend on factors such as quantity of the platforms, quality of pilots, and capabilities of radars and other sensors. Western commentaries also focus on

3432-422: The FC-31 incorporates features from the U.S. fifth-generation fighter designs, but the overall design is "not a copy but a well done indigenous design." In 2021, analyst Rick Joe of The Diplomat suggested the stealth shaping is a universal and consistent trait that leaves limited room for variety, and believed future international designs will likely reflect this. The Shenyang FC-31/J-35 is longer, slender than

3520-527: The J-XX nomenclatures, as such names are reserved for programs launched and financed by the military, while the FC-31 was developed independently as a privately funded venture by SAC. The original FC-31 prototype made its maiden flight on October 31, 2012. The People's Liberation Army , particularly the PLA Navy , later took an interest in the FC-31 project, leading to the prototype being further developed with

3608-428: The character set are altered. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms that embody graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms. In addition, variant characters with identical pronunciation and meaning were reduced to a single standardized character, usually the simplest among all variants in form. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification and are thus identical between

Shenyang J-35 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3696-407: The chosen variants, those that appear in the "Complete List of Simplified Characters" are also simplified in character structure accordingly. Some examples follow: Sample reduction of equivalent variants : Ancient variants with simple structure are preferred : Simpler vulgar forms are also chosen : The chosen variant was already simplified in Chart 1 : In some instances, the chosen variant

3784-482: The cockpit, folded wings, and a recovery tailhook to operate on the aircraft carrier. On the land-based Shenyang J-35A, the wheel section is replaced by a single-wheel design, and the variant also features a smaller wing area and different vertical stabilizers. Though two variants have separate missions and roles, the shared platform allows easier cross-service joint operations, according to the AVIC. The Shenyang FC-31 features low-observable aircraft designs, focusing on

3872-479: The cockpit, there is a sidestick controller, a conventional heads up display , and a large single-piece multi-function touchscreen display (MFD) of 20 in × 8 in (510 mm × 200 mm) in size. The pilot is also provided with a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system, comparable to that of Striker system made by BAE Systems . The flight control system is fully digitalized, with triple redundancy modules and twin data bus . The aircraft

3960-473: The country's writing system as a serious impediment to its modernization. In 1916, a multi-part English-language article entitled "The Problem of the Chinese Language" co-authored by the Chinese linguist Yuen Ren Chao (1892–1982) and poet Hu Shih (1891–1962) has been identified as a turning point in the history of the Chinese script—as it was one of the first clear calls for China to move away from

4048-399: The differences with earlier naval J-35 on wing size, nose wheel, and vertical stabilizer design. On 12 November 2024, the J-35A conducted its first public flight performance at the Zhuhai Airshow. The Shenyang J-35 development program was initiated as the Shenyang FC-31 project, an export-oriented demonstrator funded by private ventures. There were constant revisions between the prototypes and

4136-476: The early 20th century. In 1909, the educator and linguist Lufei Kui formally proposed the use of simplified characters in education for the first time. Over the following years—marked by the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that toppled the Qing dynasty , followed by growing social and political discontent that further erupted into the 1919 May Fourth Movement —many anti-imperialist intellectuals throughout China began to see

4224-432: The export potential of the aircraft, suggesting that the FC-31 could be attractive to countries which cannot afford the American fighters or face Western export restrictions. Regional rivals, including India ( HAL AMCA ) and Japan ( Mitsubishi F-X ), were pursuing their own programs to develop fifth and sixth generation fighters to counter China's developments, while some of China's other neighbors are considering purchase of

4312-495: The fighter could accommodate PL-15 missiles and other armaments in similar quantities. On 29 October 2021, the modified carrier-based variant of the FC-31, tentatively named J-35, conducted its maiden flight. This new prototype, in blue-green primer paint, features a major redesign. A catapult launch bar and folding wing mechanisms were added, intended for operating on the Type 003 aircraft carrier with its electromagnetic catapult system. A chin-mounted sensor turret, similar to

4400-634: The first official list of simplified forms was published, consisting of 324 characters collated by Peking University professor Qian Xuantong . However, fierce opposition within the KMT resulted in the list being rescinded in 1936. Work throughout the 1950s resulted in the 1956 promulgation of the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme , a draft of 515 simplified characters and 54 simplified components, whose simplifications would be present in most compound characters. Over

4488-463: The first round—but was massively unpopular and never saw consistent use. The second round of simplifications was ultimately retracted officially in 1986, well after they had largely ceased to be used due to their unpopularity and the confusion they caused. In August 2009, China began collecting public comments for a revised list of simplified characters; the resulting List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters lists 8,105 characters, including

SECTION 50

#1732783668700

4576-475: The following decade, the Script Reform Committee deliberated on characters in the 1956 scheme, collecting public input regarding the recognizability of variants, and often approving forms in small batches. Parallel to simplification, there were also initiatives aimed at eliminating the use of characters entirely and replacing them with pinyin as an official Chinese alphabet, but this possibility

4664-459: The founding of the Qin. The Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) that inherited the Qin administration coincided with the perfection of clerical script through the process of libian . Eastward spread of Western learning Though most closely associated with the People's Republic, the idea of a mass simplification of character forms first gained traction in China during

4752-466: The increased usage of 朙 was followed by proliferation of a third variant: 眀 , with 目 'eye' on the left—likely derived as a contraction of 朙 . Ultimately, 明 became the character's standard form. The Book of Han (111 AD) describes an earlier attempt made by King Xuan of Zhou ( d.  782 BC ) to unify character forms across the states of ancient China , with his chief chronicler having "[written] fifteen chapters describing" what

4840-448: The internal bay can also carry precision-strike munitions, with maximum provisions for twelve small diameter bombs, four large deep-penetration bombs of 500 kg (1,100 lb), four supersonic land-attack missiles, or four anti-radition/anti-ship missiles. Externally, the wings allow the maximum provisions of six air-to-air missiles, 18 small bombs, four large bombs of 500 kg (1,100 lb), or four land-attack missiles. Presumably,

4928-563: The later models supported by the Chinese military as different parties had divergent demands and requirements. The navalized J-35 and land-based J-35A were also developed in parallel with different missions and roles, corresponding to their intended operational environment. In total, there were four notable variants of the FC-31/J-35 development cycle, including the first flying prototype '31001', referred as FC-31 V1 by analysts; The second flying prototype '31003', often referred as FC-31 V2; and

5016-520: The later models with serrated edges to reduce radar and infrared signatures. AVIC claims the aircraft is stealthy against L-band and Ku-band radars, and would be low-observable against many multi-spectrum sensors. The Shenyang J-35 inherits the FC-31 design with a smooth surface and low-observable characteristics. A radar reflector ( Luneburg lens ) is fitted underneath the J-35 to mask its signatures. The Shenyang FC-31 and Shenyang J-35 are fitted with an active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar with

5104-465: The left, with the 月 'Moon' component on the right. Li Si ( d.  208 BC ), the Chancellor of Qin, attempted to universalize the Qin small seal script across China following the wars that had politically unified the country for the first time. Li prescribed the 朙 form of the word for 'bright', but some scribes ignored this and continued to write the character as 明 . However,

5192-402: The more conventional airframe design with trapezoidal wings (instead of the canard - delta configuration of the Chengdu J-20 ) and twin nose wheels, leading to the speculation that F-60 could become a carrier-borne aircraft in the future. On 31 October 2012, The first prototype made its maiden flight , accompanied by a J-11 serving as the chase aircraft . In November 2012, The aircraft

5280-402: The most prominent Chinese authors of the 20th century, stated that "if Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die" ( 漢字不滅，中國必亡 ). During the 1930s and 1940s, discussions regarding simplification took place within the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) party. Many members of the Chinese intelligentsia maintained that simplification would increase literacy rates throughout the country. In 1935,

5368-489: The naval J-35). The initial prototype featured a two-piece canopy , later replaced by a single-piece bubble canopy on the second prototype and the clamshell-type canopy on the J-35 variants. The FC-31 prototype has a twin-wheel nose landing gear , giving provision for the fighter's navalizetion as a carrier-based fighter . The twin-wheel design was late preserved in the naval Shenyang J-35 design, with catapult launch bar added. The naval J-35 also features handholds inside

SECTION 60

#1732783668700

5456-470: The navalized version of the Shenyang FC-31. Due to the lack of an official announcement, military analysis hypothetically designated this variant as 'J-35' or 'J-XY'. New reports indicated that the new variant would feature a bigger radome, navalized functions, and different alignments of control surfaces to reduce the radar signature. In June 2021, a mock-up of the FC-31 (J-35) prototype was spotted parked on top of China's carrier test facility, which simulates

5544-496: The older ski-jump (STOBAR) carriers. Analysts also believed the smaller size and lighter weight of the J-35 could provide operational advantages on the Liaoning and Shandong . A few days later on 29 February 2024, the Liaoning embarked to the sea, carrying the J-35 mock-up for further testing. On 13 March 2024, military analysts noted the third flying prototype of the J-35 testing near Shenyang's facilities. On 5 November 2024,

5632-514: The only country other than the United States to equip two types of stealth fighters. While the Chengdu J-20 stealth fighter was officially endorsed by the PLAAF after Chengdu Aerospace Corporation 's proposal won the PLAAF bid for the next-generation jet fighter , Shenyang Aircraft Corporation pressed on and developed a private project aiming to secure potential export customers. In September 2011, Shenyang Aircraft Corporation presented

5720-425: The operator can mix the combinations of armaments according to the missions. The prototype conducted a high-speed taxiing test and briefly became airborne. On 31 October 2012, prototype No. 31001 conducted the model's maiden flight. It was accompanied by two J-11 fighters in a ten-minute test flight with its landing gear lowered. With the maiden test flight of prototype No.31001 on 30 October 2012, China became

5808-409: The prototype was not optimized in its flight performance. The author also noted that another model with modified details was displayed inside the exhibition hall. In 2015, the FC-31 model was displayed first time at a foreign military trade expo, at Dubai Airshow . AVIC official told Aviation Week that the company was pushing the aircraft for export while negotiating with the Chinese government and

5896-430: The public and quickly fell out of official use. It was ultimately formally rescinded in 1986. The second-round simplifications were unpopular in large part because most of the forms were completely new, in contrast to the familiar variants comprising the majority of the first round. With the rescission of the second round, work toward further character simplification largely came to an end. In 1986, authorities retracted

5984-465: The recently conquered parts of the empire is generally seen as being the first real attempt at script reform in Chinese history. Before the 20th century, variation in character shape on the part of scribes, which would continue with the later invention of woodblock printing , was ubiquitous. For example, prior to the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) the character meaning 'bright' was written as either 明 or 朙 —with either 日 'Sun' or 囧 'window' on

6072-606: The reduction of the radar cross-section (RCS). To achieve stealth , the control surfaces are edge-aligned, and engine blades are hidden by the serpentine inlets ( S-ducts ) behind the diverterless supersonic inlets (DSI) bumps, which obscure the reflective surface of the engine from radar detection. The airframe and its internal weapons bay, compartment doors, and embedded antennas are lined with sawtooth edges and covered with radar-absorbent coating materials, both structurally "baked in" and applied externally. The early prototype featured simple round engine nozzles, which were redesigned on

6160-416: The refinement in construction quality from earlier prototypes. On 23 December 2016, the second prototype of the FC-31 took flight. The second prototype features several revisions and upgrades to the aircraft design. The inefficient RD-93 engine was replaced by two smokeless WS-13E engines, the canopy was changed from the two-piece design to a reinforced single-piece glass, and the control surface configuration

6248-445: The regular combat load, the fighter has a combat radius of 648 nmi (746 mi; 1,200 km) and maximum take-off weight of 25,000 kg (55,000 lb). On the second prototype, the maximum take-off weight is increased to 28,000 kg (62,000 lb) along with a modified fuselage. Inside the weapons bay, the J-35 can carry six air-to-air missiles , such as PL-10 , PL-15 and PL-21 . Aside from air-superiority loadouts,

6336-481: The same set of simplified characters as mainland China. The first round was promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 1969, consisting of 498 simplified characters derived from 502 traditional characters. A second round of 2287 simplified characters was promulgated in 1974. The second set contained 49 differences from the mainland China system; these were removed in the final round in 1976. In 1993, Singapore adopted

6424-469: The scale model of the FC-31, dubbed the "F-60" at an innovation competition held in Beijing. In June 2012, a partially assembled F-60 was photographed in a police-escorted road transit through a national highway atop a truck and trailer , with its airframe heavily overwrapped by camouflage covering (which led to netizens nicknaming it the " zongzi plane"). Initially, military observers speculated

6512-608: The second nation after the United States to have two stealth fighter designs in field testing at the same time. The aircraft has continued a limited test program, with footage emerging of further flights that took place in February 2013. On 23 December 2016, the second prototype of the FC-31, No. 31003, took its maiden flight. The second prototype featured a modified airframe, with different engines, cockpit, wings, avionics, electronics, and overall dimensions. The aircraft length

6600-467: The second round completely, though they had been largely fallen out of use within a year of their initial introduction. That year, the authorities also promulgated a final version of the General List of Simplified Chinese Characters . It was identical to the 1964 list save for 6 changes—including the restoration of 3 characters that had been simplified in the first round: 叠 , 覆 , 像 ; the form 疊

6688-481: The subject in transit was the Hongdu JL-10 trainer aircraft. A few days later, pictures of a fully assembled fighter aircraft parking on an airfield emerged on the internet, with the new aircraft displaying stealth characteristics, the registration number "31001" on the front fuselage . Military observers gave temporary names to the aircraft, such as J-21, J-31, or F-60. Several features were also noted, such as

6776-467: The third flying prototype of the FC-31, tentatively named J-35, conducted its maiden flight. The variant featured catapult launch bar, folding wing mechanisms, modified canopy. Overall, the "J-35" prototype was largely seen as the developmental continuation of the FC-31 V2. On 22 July 2022, the fourth flying prototype, No. '350003', took its maiden flight. it's reportedly the second flying prototype and

6864-512: The third overall prototype of the "J-35" variant, featuring the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) grey camouflage, a more prominent stealth design, and new engines. On 26 September 2023, the land-based variant of the J-35, with a different wing and landing gear design, made its first flight. No aircraft designation number was shown. On 13 March 2024, another prototype of the J-35 reportedly flew near Shenyang Aircraft Corporation facilities. U.S. military and industry officials believe that once

6952-497: The traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. The Chinese government has never officially announced the completion of the simplification process after the bulk of characters were introduced by the 1960s. In the wake of the Cultural Revolution , a second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977—largely composed of entirely new variants intended to artificially lower the stroke count, in contrast to

7040-833: The traditional character 強 , with 11 strokes is standardised as 强 , with 12 strokes, which is a variant character. Such characters do not constitute simplified characters. The new standardized character forms shown in the Characters for Publishing and revised through the Common Modern Characters list tend to adopt vulgar variant character forms. Since the new forms take vulgar variants, many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms, and as such are often mistaken as structurally simplified characters. Some examples follow: The traditional component 釆 becomes 米 : The traditional component 囚 becomes 日 : The traditional "Break" stroke becomes

7128-641: The two variants of the land- and carrier-based J-35 fighters. The Shenyang FC-31 is a medium-sized aircraft, smaller than the Chengdu J-20 , and designed to complement the latter with a lower cost and simpler operations. The twinjet aircraft features a conventional configuration with a blended body and a chiseled nose section, followed by forward-swept intake ramp , diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI) bumps, trapezoidal wings with leading/trailing-edge flaps , all-moving tail-planes, and two canted swept-back vertical stabilizers (the first prototype has triangle stabilizers) with truncated rudders (full-length rudders on

7216-522: The use of characters entirely. Instead, Chao proposed that the language be written with an alphabet, which he saw as more logical and efficient. The alphabetization and simplification campaigns would exist alongside one another among the Republican intelligentsia for the next several decades. Recent commentators have echoed some contemporary claims that Chinese characters were blamed for the economic problems in China during that time. Lu Xun , one of

7304-464: Was abandoned, confirmed by a speech given by Zhou Enlai in 1958. In 1965, the PRC published the List of Commonly Used Characters for Printing  [ zh ] (hereafter Characters for Printing ), which included standard printed forms for 6196 characters, including all of the forms from the 1956 scheme. A second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977, but was poorly received by

7392-458: Was distinguished by its smaller wing surface area, single nose wheel, and non-clipped wings, different from the earlier J-35 prototype. On 13 February 2024, a full-size mockup of the navalized J-35 fighter was spotted aboard China's aircraft carrier Liaoning , under evaluation for potential use on the aircraft deck. The test of the J-35 on Liaoning signified that the fighter is intended to operate not only on catapult-equipped Type 003 but also

7480-407: Was increased from 16.8 m (55 ft) to 17.3 m (57 ft) and the maximum take-off weight was increased from 25 t (25,000 kg; 55,000 lb) to 28 t (28,000 kg; 62,000 lb). A static prototype, No. 31002, presumably existed. The No. 31003 was commonly referred to as the FC-31 V2 by military analysts to distinguish it from the earlier prototype. On 29 October 2021,

7568-468: Was officially revealed at Zhuhai Airshow 2012 , with the designation Shenyang FC-31, following Chinese export fighter terminology and aircraft such as FC-1 and FC-20 . A scale model of the FC-31 was displayed inside the exhibition hall. On 12 November 2014, the FC-31 prototype performed its first public flight demonstration at Zhuhai Airshow 2014. The prototype was fitted with two Klimov RD-93 engines. Reuben Johnson of Aviation International News noted

7656-444: Was overhauled, now with clipped and swept vertical tails instead of the trapezoid tails. Other improvements included modifications to the vertical stabilizers, wings, and airframe, an electro-optical targeting system, a larger payload, improvements in stealth, and upgraded electronics. This airframe was eventually painted in low-visibility color with pennant number '31003', leading to speculations of an unseen static test prototype being

7744-512: Was spotted by military analysts. This new prototype was reportedly the second flying prototype and the third overall prototype of the navalized J-35 variant. The new prototype was also painted in the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) grey camouflage, with the PLAN's 'flying shark' logo visible on its vertical stabilizers. The '350003' features sawtooth edges for compartment panels, seamless exteriors, and new engines, reportedly WS-21 or WS-13X, which

#699300