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63-673: In Misplaced Pages, WP:FP may mean Misplaced Pages:Featured pictures or Misplaced Pages:Full protection . FP may refer to: Arts, media and entertainment [ edit ] Music [ edit ] Fortepiano , an early version of the piano Fortepiano (musical dynamic) , an Italian musical term meaning 'loud soft' Flux Pavilion , a British dubstep artist Francis Poulenc , an early 20th century pianist and composer FP (catalogue) - of his compositions. "FP", song by Arcángel and Rauw Alejandro from Sentimiento, Elegancia y Más Maldad , 2023 Publications [ edit ] Financial Post ,

126-662: A Canadian business newspaper, published from 1907 to 1998, now National Post Foreign Policy , a bimonthly American magazine founded in 1970 Other media [ edit ] Facepunch Studios , a British video game company The FP , a 2011 comedy film Fast Picket , a class of fictional artificially intelligent starship in The Culture universe of late Scottish author Iain Banks Science and technology [ edit ] Computing [ edit ] FP (complexity) , in computational complexity theory,

189-502: A class of race cars F engine , a piston engine by Mazda New Zealand FP class electric multiple unit ( Matangi ), a class of electric multiple locomotive unit Ford Performance , a tuning division of the Ford Motor Company Other uses in science and technology [ edit ] False positive , in statistics, a result that indicates, inaccurately, that a condition has been fulfilled Ilford FP ,

252-547: A coloristic device. The fortepiano builders who followed Silbermann introduced actions that were simpler than the Cristofori action, even to the point of lacking an escapement , the device that permits the hammer to fall to rest position even when the key has been depressed. Such instruments were the subject of criticism, particularly in a widely quoted 1777 letter from Mozart to his father , but were simple to make and were widely incorporated into square pianos . One of

315-504: A complexity class FP (programming language) designed by John Backus in the 1970s Feature Pack , a software update for various devices which include new features Floating point , a numerical-representation system in computing Frame pointer Microsoft FrontPage , an HTML editor Functional programming , a programming paradigm Function point , a measurement of the business functionality an information system provides Transportation [ edit ] F - Production,

378-485: A cubic-grain black-and-white photographic film Fabry–Pérot interferometer , a device in optics Fire protection , in the construction industry Fluoroprotein foam, a type of fire retardant foam Forensic psychiatry , a subspeciality of psychiatry related to criminology Cyclopentadienyliron(II) dicarbonyl group (Fp = (η-C 5 H 5 )Fe(CO) 2 , colloquially pronounced as "fip"), see: cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer (Fp 2 ) Prostaglandin F receptor ,

441-522: A diagram of the action, the core of Cristofori's invention. That article was republished 1719 in a volume of Maffei's work, and then in a German translation (1725) in Johann Mattheson 's Critica Musica . The latter publication was perhaps the triggering event in the spread of the fortepiano to German-speaking countries (see below). Cristofori's instrument spread quite slowly at first, probably because, being more elaborate and harder to build than

504-562: A gesture indicating frustration Family planning , the use of birth control and planning when to have children Family practice, a general practitioner or family physician Finance Park, an educational program co-managed by the Stavros Institute in Pinellas County, Florida First person, a grammatical person referring to the speaker FlyPelican , an Australian airline (IATA code FP) Force protection , in

567-416: A gradually expanding range; his last piano compositions are for an instrument of about six and a half octaves. The range of most modern pianos, attained in the 19th century, is 7⅓ octaves. Fortepianos from the start often had devices similar to the pedals of modern pianos, but they were not always pedals; sometimes hand stops or knee levers were used instead. Like the modern piano, the fortepiano can vary

630-500: A harpsichord, it was very expensive. For a time, the piano was the instrument of royalty, with Cristofori-built or -styled instruments played in the courts of Portugal and Spain. Several were owned by Queen Maria Barbara of Spain , who was the pupil of the composer Domenico Scarlatti . One of the first private individuals to own a piano was the castrato Farinelli , who inherited one from Maria Barbara on her death. The first music specifically written for piano dates from this period:

693-408: A lack of significant electron density between the iron atoms. However, Labinger offers a dissenting view, based primarily on chemical reactivity and spectroscopic data, arguing that electron density is not necessarily the best indication of the presence of a chemical bond. Moreover, without an Fe–Fe bond, the bridging carbonyls must be formally treated as an μ-X 2 ligand and μ-L ligand in order for

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756-570: A more advanced action than Zumpe's. That English grand action , with an escapement and check, enabled a louder, more robust sound than the Viennese one, though it required deeper touch and was less sensitive. The early English grand pianos by those builders physically resembled Shudi harpsichords, being very imposing, with elegant, restrained veneer work on the exterior. Unlike contemporary Viennese instruments, English grand fortepianos had three strings per note, rather than two. John Broadwood married

819-552: A much lighter case construction than the modern piano and, except for later examples of the early nineteenth century (already evolving towards the modern piano), it has no metal frame or bracing. The action and hammers are lighter, giving rise to a much lighter touch, which in well-constructed fortepianos is also very expressive. The range of the fortepiano was about four octaves at the time of its invention and gradually increased. Mozart wrote his piano music for instruments of about five octaves. The piano works of Beethoven reflect

882-513: A piano, the mechanism by which the hammers are made to strike fewer than the maximum number of strings, for which Cristofori used a hand stop. It is not clear whether the modern soft pedal descends directly from Cristofori's work or arose independently. Cristofori's invention attracted public attention as the result of a journal article written by Scipione Maffei and published 1711 in Giornale de'letterati d'Italia of Venice. The article included

945-779: A receptor on cells which mediates responses to prostaglandin F2alpha Politics [ edit ] Freedom Party (disambiguation) , the name of various political parties Folkpartiet , a former name of the Liberal People's Party in Sweden The Federalist Papers , a series of essays advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution Força Portugal , a Portuguese political alliance Force Publique (French for "public force"),

1008-409: A very weak tone. Cristofori's instruments instead used thicker, tenser strings, mounted on a frame considerably more robust than that of contemporary harpsichords. As with virtually all later pianos, in Cristofori's instruments the hammers struck more than one string at a time; Cristofori used pairs of strings throughout the range. Cristofori was also the first to incorporate a form of soft pedal into

1071-424: Is a convenient and general precursor to other cationic Fp–alkene and Fp–alkyne complexes. The exchange process is facilitated by the loss of gaseous and bulky isobutene . Generally, less substituted alkenes bind more strongly and can displace more hindered alkene ligands. Alkene and alkyne complexes can also be prepared by heating a cationic ether or aqua complex, for example [Fp( thf )] BF 4 , with

1134-557: Is an early piano . In principle, the word "fortepiano" can designate any piano dating from the invention of the instrument by Bartolomeo Cristofori in 1700 up to the early 19th century. Most typically, however, it is used to refer to the mid-18th to early-19th century instruments, for which composers of the Classical era , such as Haydn , Mozart , and the younger Beethoven , wrote their piano music. Starting in Beethoven's time,

1197-422: Is an excellent S N 2 nucleophile, being one to two orders of magnitude more nucleophilic than thiophenolate, PhS when reacted with primary and secondary alkyl bromides. Treatment of NaFp with an alkyl halide (RX, X = Br, I) produces FeR( η -C 5 H 5 )(CO) 2 Fp 2 can also be cleaved with alkali metals and by electrochemical reduction . Halogens oxidatively cleave [CpFe(CO) 2 ] 2 to give

1260-419: Is credited with the invention of the forerunner of the sustain pedal , which removes the dampers from all the strings at once, permitting them to vibrate freely. Silbermann's device was only a hand stop, and so could only be changed during a pause in the music. Throughout the Classical era , even when the more flexible knee levers or pedals had been installed, the lifting of all the dampers was used primarily as

1323-1012: Is often modest. The addition of the nucleophile is completely stereoselective , occurring anti to the Fp group. Analogous Fp(alkyne) complexes are also reported to undergo nucleophilic addition reactions by various carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen nucleophiles. Fp(alkene) and Fp(alkyne) π-complexes are also quite acidic at the allylic and propargylic positions, respectively, and can be quantitatively deprotonated with amine bases like Et 3 N to give neutral Fp–allyl and Fp–allenyl σ-complexes (eqn 1, shown for alkene complex). [REDACTED] Fp–allyl and Fp–allenyl react with cationic electrophiles E (such as Me 3 O , carbocations , oxocarbenium ions ) to generate allylic and propargylic functionalization products, respectively (eqn 2, shown for allyliron). The related complex [Cp*Fe(CO) 2 (thf)] [BF 4 ] (Cp* = C 5 Me 5 ) has been shown to catalyze propargylic, allylic, and allenic C−H functionalization by combining

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1386-557: Is prepared from FpNa with a thioether and methyl iodide , and has a good shelf-life, in contrast to typical Simmons-Smith intermediates and diazoalkanes . Use of [FpCH 2 S(CH 3 ) 2 ]BF 4 does not require specialized conditions. Iron(III) chloride is added to destroy any byproduct. Precursors to Fp=CH 2 , like FpCH 2 OMe which is converted to the iron carbene upon protonation, have also been used as cyclopropanation reagents. Fp 2 exhibits photochemistry . For example, upon UV irradiation at 350 nm, it

1449-562: Is somewhat specialist in its connotations, and does not preclude using the more general term piano to designate the same instrument. Thus, usages like "Cristofori invented the piano" or "Mozart's piano concertos" are currently common and would probably be considered acceptable by most musicians. Fortepiano is used in contexts where it is important to make the precise identity of the instrument clear, as in (for instance) "a fortepiano recital by Malcolm Bilson". The use of "fortepiano" to refer specifically to early pianos appears to be recent. Even

1512-489: The Sonate da cimbalo di piano (1732) by Lodovico Giustini . That publication was an isolated phenomenon, and James Parakilas conjectures that the publication was meant as an honor for the composer on the part of his royal patrons. Certainly there could have been no commercial market for fortepiano music while the instrument continued to be an exotic specimen. It appears that the fortepiano did not achieve full popularity until

1575-1083: The Warsaw Chopin Institute . A number of modern harpsichordists and pianists have achieved distinction in fortepiano performance, including Susan Alexander-Max , Paul Badura-Skoda , Malcolm Bilson , Hendrik Bouman , Ronald Brautigam , David Breitman , Wolfgang Brunner , Gary Cooper , Jörg Demus , Ursula Dütschler . Richard Egarr , Richard Fuller , Tuija Hakkila , Christoph Hammer , Robert Hill , Knut Jacques, Jenny Soonjin Kim , Piet Kuijken , Geoffrey Lancaster , Gustav Leonhardt , Trudelies Leonhardt , Morgane Le Corre, Robert Levin , Alexei Lubimov , Steven Lubin , Yury Martynov , Costantino Mastroprimiano , Zvi Meniker , Bart van Oort , Olga Pashchenko , Trevor Pinnock , David Schrader , Viviana Sofronitsky , Andreas Staier , Melvyn Tan , Natalia Valentin, Jos van Immerseel , Andras Schiff , Kristian Bezuidenhout, Katia and Marielle Labèque , Duo Pégase, Vladimir Feltsman . People's opinions about

1638-415: The cis and trans isomers are predominant. In addition, the terminal and bridging carbonyls are known to undergo exchange: the trans isomer can undergo bridging–terminal CO ligand exchange through the open isomer, or through a twisting motion without going through the open form. In contrast, the bridging and terminal CO ligands of the cis isomer can only exchange via the open isomer. In solution,

1701-564: The cis , trans , and open isomers interconvert rapidly at room temperature, making the molecular structure fluxional . The fluxional process for cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer is faster than the NMR time scale, so that only an averaged, single Cp signal is observed in the H ;NMR spectrum at 25 °C. Likewise, the C ;NMR spectrum exhibits one sharp CO signal above −10 °C, while

1764-461: The trans isomer versus a folded rhomboid in cis with an angle of 164°, and significant distortions in the Cp ring of the trans isomer reflecting different Cp orbital populations. Although older textbooks show the two iron atoms bonded to each other, theoretical analyses indicate the absence of a direct Fe–Fe bond. This view is consistent with computations and X-ray crystallographic data that indicate

1827-481: The "old man's head"). Although hardly a technological advancement in the fortepiano, Zumpe's instruments proved very popular, being imitated outside England, and playing a major role in the displacement of the harpsichord by the fortepiano. The square pianos were also the medium of the first public performances on the instrument in the 1760s, notably by Johann Christian Bach . Americus Backers , with John Broadwood and Robert Stodart , two of Shudi's workmen, produced

1890-741: The 1760s, from which time the first records of public performances on the instrument are dated, and when music described as being for the fortepiano was first widely published. It was Gottfried Silbermann who brought the construction of fortepianos to the German-speaking nations. Silbermann, who worked in Freiberg in Germany, began to make pianos based on Cristofori's design around 1730. (His previous experience had been in building organs , harpsichords , and clavichords .) Like Cristofori, Silbermann had royal support, in his case from Frederick

1953-456: The Cp signal sharpens to one peak above 60 °C. NMR studies indicate that the cis isomer is slightly more abundant than the trans isomer at room temperature, while the amount of the open form is small. The fluxional process is not fast enough to produce averaging in the IR spectrum . Thus, three absorptions are seen for each isomer. The bridging CO ligands appear at around 1780 cm whereas

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2016-553: The Fe(II) species FpX (X = Cl, Br, I): One example is cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl iodide . In the presence of halide anion acceptors such as aluminium bromide or silver tetrafluoroborate , FpX compounds (X = halide) react with alkenes , alkynes , or neutral labile ligands (such as ethers and nitriles ) to afford Fp complexes. In another approach, salts of [Fp(isobutene)] are readily obtained by reaction of NaFp with methallyl chloride followed by protonolysis. This complex

2079-681: The Great of Prussia , who bought many of his instruments. Silbermann's instruments were famously criticized by Johann Sebastian Bach around 1736, but later instruments encountered by Bach in his Berlin visit of 1747 apparently met with the composer's approval. It has been conjectured that the improvement in Silbermann's instruments resulted from his having seen an actual Cristofori piano, rather than merely reading Scipione Maffei's article. The piano action Maffei described does not match that found in surviving 18th-century instruments. Silbermann

2142-513: The US military French Polynesia (FIPS 10-4 country code) Friends Provident , a British insurance company Friday prayer , a congregational prayer service among Muslims Fp , runestone style characterized by runic bands that end with animal heads seen from above. The nickname of Falakata Polytechnic , West Bengal FP grade tea Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

2205-437: The alkene is easily released with sodium iodide in acetone or by warming with acetonitrile . The alkene ligand in these cations is activated toward attack by nucleophiles , opening the way to a number of carbon–carbon bond -forming reactions. Nucleophilic additions usually occur at the more substituted carbon. This regiochemistry is attributed to the greater positive charge density at this position. The regiocontrol

2268-645: The alkene or alkyne. [FpL] BF 4 complexes can also be prepared by treatment of FpMe with HBF 4 · Et 2 O in CH 2 Cl 2 at −78 °C, followed by addition of L. Alkene –Fp complexes can also be prepared from Fp anion indirectly. Thus, hydride abstraction from Fp–alkyl compounds using triphenylmethyl hexafluorophosphate affords [Fp(α-alkene)] complexes. Reaction of NaFp with an epoxide followed by acid-promoted dehydration also affords alkene complexes. Fp(alkene) are stable with respect to bromination , hydrogenation , and acetoxymercuration , but

2331-401: The athleticism exercised by modern piano virtuosos, but did require exquisite sensitivity of touch. Stein put the wood used in his instruments through a very severe weathering process, generating cracks in the wood, into which he would insert wedges. That gave his instruments a considerable longevity, on which Mozart commented, and several instruments survive today. Stein's fortepiano business

2394-462: The authoritative Oxford English Dictionary does not record this usage, noting only that "fortepiano" is "an early name of the pianoforte". During the age of the fortepiano, "fortepiano" and "pianoforte" were used interchangeably, as the OED's attestations show. Jane Austen , who lived in the age of the fortepiano and herself played the instrument, used "pianoforte" (also: "piano-forte", "piano forte") for

2457-557: The bass, "tinkling" in the high treble, and more rounded (closest to the modern piano) in the mid range. In comparison, modern pianos are rather more uniform in tone through their range. The piano was invented by the harpsichord maker Bartolomeo Cristofori in Florence . The first reliable record of his invention appears in the inventory of the Medici family (who were Cristofori's patrons), dated 1700. Cristofori continued to develop

2520-453: The construction of new instruments, discussed below. Still another important builder in that period was Conrad Graf (1782–1851), who made Beethoven's last piano. Graf was one of the first Viennese makers to build pianos in quantity, as a large business enterprise. His instruments were played by Chopin , Mendelssohn and Schumann . Prominent piano makers among the French during the era of

2583-455: The cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl anion, [CpFe(CO) 2 ] or called Fp (formally iron(0)), which are assumed to exist as a tight ion pair . A typical reductant is sodium metal or sodium amalgam ; NaK alloy, potassium graphite (KC 8 ), and alkali metal trialkylborohydrides have been used. [CpFe(CO) 2 ]Na is a widely studied reagent since it is readily alkylated, acylated, or metalated by treatment with an appropriate electrophile . It

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2646-486: The deprotonation and electrophilic functionalization processes described above with facile exchange of the unsaturated hydrocarbon bound to the cationic iron center. η -Allenyl complexes of Fp and substituted cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl cations have also been characterized, with X-ray crystallographic analysis showing substantial bending at the central allenic carbon (bond angle < 150°). Fp-based reagents have been developed for cyclopropanations . The key reagent

2709-433: The formulation [( η -C 5 H 5 )Fe(CO)( μ -CO)] 2 , that is, two CO ligands are terminal whereas the other two CO ligands bridge between the iron atoms. The cis and trans isomers interconvert via the open isomer, which has no bridging ligands between iron atoms. Instead, it is formulated as ( η -C 5 H 5 )(OC) 2 Fe−Fe(CO) 2 ( η -C 5 H 5 ) — the metals are held together by an iron–iron bond. At equilibrium,

2772-491: The fortepiano began a period of steady evolution, culminating in the late 19th century with the modern grand . The earlier fortepiano became obsolete and was absent from the musical scene for many decades. In the later 20th century, the fortepiano was revived, following the rise of interest in historically informed performance . Fortepianos are built for that purpose, in specialist workshops. The fortepiano has leather -covered hammers and thin, harpsichord -like strings. It has

2835-617: The fortepiano has permitted performance of 18th- and early 19th-century music on the instruments for which it was written, yielding new insights into this music (for detailed discussion, see Piano history and musical performance ). More and more music schools offer courses of study in the fortepiano. There are several fortepiano competitions, including the MAfestival Brugge and the International Chopin Competition on Chopin era instruments , organized by

2898-463: The fortepiano included Erard , Pleyel ( Chopin ’s favorite maker) and Boisselot ( Liszt ’s favorite). The English fortepiano had a humble origin in the work of Johannes Zumpe , a maker who had immigrated from Germany and worked for a while in the workshop of the great harpsichord maker Burkat Shudi . Starting in the middle to late 1760s, Zumpe made inexpensive square pianos that had a very simple action, lacking an escapement, (sometimes known as

2961-411: The instrument until the 1720s, the time from which the surviving three Cristofori instruments date. Cristofori is perhaps best admired today for his ingenious piano action, which in some ways was more subtle and effective than that of many later instruments. However, other innovations were also needed to make the piano possible. Merely attaching the Cristofori action to a harpsichord would have produced

3024-519: The iron centers to satisfy the 18-electron rule . This formalism is argued to give misleading implications with respect to the chemical and spectroscopic behavior of the carbonyl groups. Cp 2 Fe 2 (CO) 4 was first prepared in 1955 at Harvard by Geoffrey Wilkinson using the same method employed today: the reaction of iron pentacarbonyl and dicyclopentadiene . In this preparation, dicyclopentadiene cracks to give cyclopentadiene, which reacts with Fe(CO) 5 with loss of CO . Thereafter,

3087-458: The late 19th century, the early music pioneer Arnold Dolmetsch built three fortepianos. However, that attempted revival of the instrument was evidently several decades ahead of its time, and did not lead to its widespread adoption. In the second half of the 20th century, a great upsurge of interest occurred in period instruments , including a revival of interest in the fortepiano. Old instruments were restored, and many new ones were built along

3150-547: The lines of the old. Fortepiano kits also became available. The ability of builders to recreate the fortepiano drew on the accumulating expertise of the builders who were making harpsichords of historical design; for instance fortepiano pioneer Philip Belt spent two years early in his career working as an apprentice for Frank Hubbard , a prominent builder of historical harpsichords. Other builders also took up fortepiano construction, including Margaret F. Hood , Rodney Regier, Chris Maene , and Paul McNulty . The reintroduction of

3213-473: The many occurrences of the instrument in her writings. Cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer In solution, Cp 2 Fe 2 (CO) 4 can be considered a dimeric half-sandwich complex. It exists in three isomeric forms: cis , trans , and an unbridged, open form. These isomeric forms are distinguished by the position of the ligands. The cis and trans isomers differ in the relative position of C 5 H 5 (Cp) ligands. The cis and trans isomers have

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3276-521: The master's daughter (Barbara Shudi, 1769) and ultimately took over and renamed the Shudi firm. The Broadwood company (which survives to this day) was an important innovator in the evolution of the fortepiano into the piano . Broadwood, in collaboration with Jan Ladislav Dussek , a noted piano virtuoso active in London in the 1790s, developed pianos that gradually increased the range to six octaves. Dussek

3339-405: The mid 19th century. The Viennese action was simpler than the Cristofori action, and very sensitive to the player's touch. According to Edwin M. Ripin (see references below), the force needed to depress a key on a Viennese fortepiano was only about a fourth of what it is on a modern piano, and the descent of the key only about half as much. Thus playing the Viennese fortepiano involved nothing like

3402-709: The military force of the Belgian Congo during the colonial period Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development of the European Union Fuerza Popular , a right-wing populist Fujimorist political party in Peru Virtue Party ( Fazilet Partisi ), an Islamist political party in Turkey Other uses [ edit ] 50 metre pistol , a shooting sport formerly known as free pistol Facepalm ,

3465-517: The most distinguished fortepiano builders in the era following Silbermann was one of his pupils, Johann Andreas Stein , who worked in Augsburg , Germany. Stein's fortepianos had (what we, or Cristofori, would call) "backwards" hammers, with the striking end closer to the player than the hinged end. This action came to be called the "Viennese" action, and was widely used in Vienna, even on pianos up to

3528-478: The pathways for the photochemical and thermal routes differ subtly but both entail formation of a hydride intermediate. The method is used in the teaching laboratory. Although of no major commercial value, Fp 2 is a workhorse in organometallic chemistry because it is inexpensive and FpX derivatives are rugged (X = halide, organyl). Reductive cleavage of [CpFe(CO) 2 ] 2 (formally an iron(I) complex) produces alkali metal derivatives formally derived from

3591-445: The sound of the fortepiano vary widely, both from person to person and from instrument to instrument. Here are three representative opinions about fortepianos: "Fortepiano" is Italian for "loud-soft", just as the formal name for the modern piano, "pianoforte", is "soft-loud". Both are abbreviations of Cristofori's original name for his invention: gravicembalo col piano e forte , "harpsichord with soft and loud". The term fortepiano

3654-452: The sound volume of each note, depending on the player's touch. The tone of the fortepiano is quite different from that of the modern piano, however, being softer, with less sustain . Sforzando accents tend to stand out more than on the modern piano, because they differ from softer notes in timbre as well as volume, and decay rapidly. Fortepianos also tend to have quite different tone quality in their different registers – slightly buzzing in

3717-559: The terminal CO ligands are observed at around 1980 cm . The averaged structure of these isomers of Cp 2 Fe 2 (CO) 4 results in a dipole moment of 3.1  D in benzene . The solid-state molecular structure of both cis and trans isomers have been analyzed by X-ray and neutron diffraction . The Fe–Fe separation and the Fe–C bond lengths are the same in the Fe 2 C 2 rhomboids, an exactly planar Fe 2 C 2 four-membered ring in

3780-474: The title FP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FP&oldid=1252201945 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Fortepiano A fortepiano [ˌfɔrteˈpjaːno]

3843-452: Was Anton Walter , a friend of Mozart, who built instruments with a somewhat more powerful sound than Stein's. Although Mozart very much admired the Stein fortepianos, as the 1777 letter mentioned above makes clear, his own piano was a Walter. Haydn also owned a Walter piano, and even Beethoven expressed a wish to buy one. The fortepianos of Stein and Walter are widely used today as models for

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3906-574: Was carried on in Vienna with distinction by his daughter Nannette Streicher , along with her husband Johann Andreas Streicher . The two were friends of Beethoven, and one of the composer's pianos was a Streicher. Later on, in the early 19th century, more robust instruments, with greater range, were built in Vienna, by (for example) the Streicher firm, which continued through two more generations of Streichers. Composer Johannes Brahms also preferred pianos by Streicher. Another important Viennese builder

3969-454: Was one of the first pianists to receive a 5½ foot piano and, in 1793, he wrote the first work for piano "with extra keys", a piano concert (C 97). The firm shipped a piano to Beethoven in Vienna, which the composer evidently treasured. From the late 18th century, the fortepiano underwent extensive technological development and evolved into the modern piano (for details, see Piano ). The older type of instrument eventually ceased to be made. In

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