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82-622: In December 1948, a decision was made to begin production of trucks under the license of the Soviet GAZ-51 model in the pre-war Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein plants in Lublin . The agreement with the Soviets was signed on 22 July 1950. According to initial assumptions, the plant's annual production was to be approximately 12,000 copies, but at the end of 1950 the production capacity was increased to 25,000 pieces per year. The first copy of this car

164-458: A Manchester cotton mill in 1806. In 1901, studies of the defoliant effect of leaking gas pipes led to the discovery that ethylene is a plant hormone . Throughout the 19th century and into the first decades of the 20th, the gas was manufactured by the gasification of coal. Later in the 19th century, natural gas began to replace coal gas, first in the US, and then in other parts of the world. In

246-524: A Jewish entrepreneur from Berlin, was both the nephew and son-in-law of Leopold Kronenberg , the richest banker, industrialist and railroad tycoon of Poland. With Kronenberg's financial support (initially direct, later through his Commercial Bank ), the then-renamed Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein company rose to become the largest industrial conglomerate of Poland, and one of largest companies of Imperial Russia . Most importantly, both Jan Gotlib Bloch and Kronenberg placed huge orders for train engines and cars at

328-443: A bladder … and tied close, may be carried away, and kept some days, and being afterwards pressed gently through a small pipe into the flame of a candle, will take fire, and burn at the end of the pipe as long as the bladder is gently pressed to feed the flame, and when taken from the candle after it is so lighted, it will continue burning till there is no more air left in the bladder to supply the flame." Lowther had basically discovered

410-442: A course of lectures on chemistry , at Manchester , in which he showed the mode of producing gas from coal, and the facility and advantage of its use. Dr Henry analysed the composition and investigated the properties of carburetted hydrogen gas (i.e. methane). His experiments were numerous and accurate and made upon a variety of substances; having obtained the gas from wood, peat , different kinds of coal, oil, wax, etc., he quantified

492-458: A customs boundary was created between Congress Poland and the rest of Russia. To counter the threat of being deprived of raw materials, in 1879 Lilpop company entered into a partnership with several bankers and turned their old iron foundry into a modern steel plant, the largest such factory in Poland. Also, a gigantic iron-rolling mill was constructed shortly afterwards. By the end of the century

574-697: A factory for the production of lighting gas was constructed near the Obvodny Canal , using pit coal brought in by ship from Cardiff ; and 204 gas lamps were ceremonially lit in St. Petersburg on 27 September 1839. Over the next 10 years, their numbers almost quadrupled, to reach 800. By the middle of the 19th century, the central streets and buildings of the capital were illuminated: the Palace Square , Bolshaya and Malaya Morskaya streets, Nevsky and Tsarskoselsky Avenues, Passage Arcade, Noblemen's Assembly,

656-500: A gas lighting with copper apparatuses and chandeliers of ink , brass and crystal , reportedly one of the first such public installations of gas lighting in the region, enhanced as a triumphal arch for the city gate for a royal visit of Charles XIV John of Sweden in 1820. By 1823, numerous towns and cities throughout Britain were lit by gas. Gas light cost up to 75% less than oil lamps or candles, which helped to accelerate its development and deployment. By 1859, gas lighting

738-501: A gas-filled bladder attached to a jet. He would use this to walk home at night. After seeing how well this worked he decided to light his home with gas. In 1797, Murdoch installed gas lighting in his new home as well as the workshop in which he worked. “This work was of a large scale, and he next experimented to find better ways of producing, purifying, and burning the gas.” The foundation had been laid for companies to start producing gas and other inventors to start playing with ways of using

820-428: A method for purifying coal gas by means of the chemical action of ammoniacal gas. Another plan was devised by Reuben Phillips, of Exeter , who patented the purification of coal gas by the use of dry lime . G. Holworthy, in 1818, patented a method of purifying it by passing the gas, in a highly condensed state, through iron retorts heated to a dark red. In 1820, Swedish inventor Johan Patrik Ljungström had developed

902-402: A much brighter light than natural gas or water gas . Illuminating gas was much less toxic than other forms of coal gas, but less could be produced from a given quantity of coal. The experiments with distilling coal were described by John Clayton in 1684. George Dixon's pilot plant exploded in 1760, setting back the production of illuminating gas a few years. The first commercial application was in

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984-588: A new, more modern venue at Bema Street. After the outbreak of World War I , in 1915 the factory, along with most of the staff (roughly 2000 workers in 1914), was evacuated to Kremenchug by tsarist authorities. There the equipment of the factory was captured by the Reds in the course of the Russian Civil War and only a small part was brought back to Warsaw after the Polish-Soviet War and

1066-560: A novelty in Poland at the time. By 1866 the Warsaw factory included iron and brass foundries, along with mechanical workshops, all powered by a 40-horsepower steam engine. That year the factory sold 22 steam engines and 1422 various machines for 360,000 roubles , the steel mills of Rozwady and Drzewica brought additional 300,000 in income. The crew of the factory rose from 300 to 450 workers, plus 250 working in Rozwady and Drzewica. One of

1148-493: A performance, or having to light each candle individually. "It was easier to light a row of gas jets than a greater quantity of candles high in the air." Theatres also no longer needed to worry about wax dripping on the actors during a show. Gas lighting also had an effect on the actors. As the stage was brighter, they could now use less make-up and their motions did not have to be as exaggerated. Half-lit stages had become fully lit stages. Production companies were so impressed with

1230-471: A scholarship for him and he was sent to Germany, England and France to train in steam engine construction. Upon his return he took over the former State Machinery Factory (then headed by Wilhelm Rau, who continued to work for Lilpop), initially as its managing director and then as its owner. Production of various agricultural machines of his own design, notably a reaper based on William Manning's design, allowed him to gather significant wealth and soon his firm

1312-675: A small plot of land at Piesza Street, soon it was moved to the ground of a former convent and a defrocked St. George's Church at Świętojerska Street. A modern factory, it was the first venue in Warsaw to use gas lighting . During the November Uprising the factory extended its product range to include cannons for the Polish Army . The company prospered until the outbreak of the Crimean War in 1854, when all British citizens, including Alfred and Douglas Evans, had to leave

1394-462: A steering gear with a globoid worm. It is powered by an imported 6-cylinder in-line M-51 petrol engine with a capacity of 3,480 cm³ and a maximum power of 51.5 kW (70 HP). This unit is mated to a 4-speed manual, non-synchronised gearbox. The Lublin-51 was equipped with a cabin with the engine extended. The cabin frame is made of wood and covered with waterproof plywood . The side panels, engine hood and fenders were made of steel sheet, while

1476-848: A truck and high fuel consumption. Production ended in June 1959, after 17,479 units had been produced. Various versions of bodies were mounted on the chassis of the FSC Lublin-51 model, such as a cargo box, van bodies produced by Zakłady Budowy Adżużu Samochodowych in Nysa , bodies for traveling cinemas, repair workshops and sanitary bodies type N-243, produced by Zakłady Budowy Adżużu Samochodowych in Nysa ( Jelcz ). Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein ( [ˈlilpɔp rau̯ i lɛvɛnʂtai̯n] , often shortened to Lilpop or LRL )

1558-682: A variety of forms and with great brilliance at the front of his factory in Birmingham. In 1808 he constructed an apparatus, applicable for several uses, for Benjamin Cooke , a manufacturer of brass tubes, gilt toys, and other articles. In 1808, Murdoch presented to the Royal Society a paper entitled "Account of the Application of Gas from Coal to Economical Purposes" in which he described his successful application of coal gas to light

1640-411: A year later, with a large portfolio of locally assembled cars. Among them were passenger cars of several brands: Buick ( 41 and 90 ), Chevrolet ( Master , Imperial , and Sedan Taxi ), Opel ( P4 , Kadett , and Olimpia ). In addition, the company offered a number of utility cars and lorries, including Chevrolet's 112 van, 121 , 131 and 157 truck, and 183 bus. Between the world wars, Poland

1722-432: Is produced either directly by the flame, generally by using special mixes (typically propane or butane) of illuminating gas to increase brightness, or indirectly with other components such as the gas mantle or the limelight , with the gas primarily functioning to heat the mantle or the lime to incandescence . Before electricity became sufficiently widespread and economical to allow for general public use, gas lighting

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1804-483: The choke damp and the other fire damp . In 1667, a paper detailing the effects of these gases was entitled, "A Description of a Well and Earth in Lancashire taking Fire, by a Candle approaching to it. Imparted by Thomas Shirley, Esq an eye-witness." British clergyman and scientist Stephen Hales experimented with the actual distillation of coal, thereby obtaining a flammable liquid. He reported his results in

1886-504: The Gas Light and Coke Company . A "thermolampe" using gas distilled from wood was patented in 1799, while German inventor Friedrich Winzer ( Frederick Albert Winsor ) was the first person to patent coal-gas lighting in 1804. In 1801, Phillipe Lebon of Paris had also used gas lights to illuminate his house and gardens, and was considering how to light all of Paris. In 1820, Paris adopted gas street lighting. In 1804, Dr Henry delivered

1968-537: The Kingdom of Poland at the time. In 1824 Morris left the business and it was taken over by Thomas Evans and his brother Andrew, hence it was renamed to "Bracia Evans" – the Evans Brothers Co. They were later joined by Douglas Evans, Alfred Evans and engineer Joshua Routledge . The company was producing mostly cast iron agricultural equipment and had a crew of approximately 150 workers. Initially occupying

2050-680: The Lilpop C electric tram, a reverse-engineered and slightly improved version of the ageing Typ A tram by a German consortium including Van der Zyper & Charlier , Siemens-Schuckert , MAN and Falkenried companies. While based on a tram introduced 20 years before, the C type (bought in small numbers by the city of Warsaw) became the first in a long line of modern trams based on it, starting with Lilpop I (1927), Lilpop II and Lilpop LRL (1929), Lilpop G (1932) and Lilpop III (1939). The trams were in use in Łódź until 1973, some were also bought by other cities. In 1936 Lilpop also entered

2132-612: The Peace of Riga . The factory in Warsaw was nevertheless rebuilt and continued to prosper as one of principal industrial centres of the country. Between 1921 and 1931 the factory was modernised and further expanded, extending the line of products by addition of internal combustion engines. The Lilpop factory produced train engines, railway and tramway cars, bus bodies, lorry undercarriages (in cooperation with Hanomag ), water turbines, industrial washing machines, rotodynamic pumps and many other products. In 1925 Lilpop factory introduced

2214-458: The Polish Army . Another part of the pre-war concern that continued production after the war was FSC Star , until 1939 a partially owned subsidiary producing truck components for Lilpop-made Chevrolets. Throughout its existence, the Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein company also trained many of the most important Polish engineers. Among those who collaborated with the company were Karol Adamiecki and

2296-727: The Russian Empire and its dependencies. Soon before their departure in 1855 the Evans brothers invited two new people to the company: Wilhelm Rau and Stanisław Lilpop . Lilpop, a son of a watchmaker who had moved to Warsaw from Styria in the late 18th century, graduated from the Warsaw Piarist School in 1833 and joined the Evans Brothers company as a trainee. A promising engineer, the Bank of Poland financed

2378-473: The Technical Institute and Peter and Paul Fortress . It took many years of development and testing before gas lighting for the stage was commercially available. Gas technology was then installed in just about every major theatre in the world. But gas lighting was short-lived because the electric light bulb soon followed. In the 19th century, gas stage lighting went from a crude experiment to

2460-490: The gas mantle was invented by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach . This eliminated the need for special illuminating gas (a synthetic mixture of hydrogen and hydrocarbon gases produced by destructive distillation of bituminous coal or peat ) to get bright shining flames. Acetylene was also used from about 1898 for gas lighting on a smaller scale. Illuminating gas was used for gas lighting, as it produces

2542-608: The "spirit" of coal. He discovered its flammability by an accident. The "spirit" he isolated from coal caught fire by coming in contact with a candle as it escaped from a fracture in one of his distillation vessels. He stored the coal gas in bladders, and at times he entertained his friends by demonstrating the flammability of the gas. Clayton published his findings in Philosophical Transactions . It took nearly 200 years for gas to become accessible for commercial use. A Flemish alchemist, Jan Baptista van Helmont ,

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2624-488: The 19th century fell; these included footlights, border lights, groundrows, lengths, bunch lights, conical reflector floods, and limelight spots. These mechanisms sat directly on the stage, blinding the eyes of the audience. Gas lighting did have some disadvantages. "Several hundred theatres are said to have burned down in America and Europe between 1800 and the introduction of electricity in the late 1800s. The increased heat

2706-520: The Lilpop factory, for their ever-expanding train empires. Because of that, by 1877 Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein was responsible for over a quarter of all industrial production of Poland. In addition, the company produced all sorts of iron and steel constructions, pipes, machinery, artillery shells, field kitchens and military equipment. A crisis came in 1877, when Russia turned to mercantilism to protect its own markets. High tariffs were imposed on import of, among others, coal, ores, iron and steel; also

2788-459: The London and Westminster Gas Light and Coke Company was established. Less than two years later, on 31 December 1813, Westminster Bridge was lit by gas. By 1816, Samuel Clegg obtained the patent for his horizontal rotative retort , his apparatus for purifying coal gas with cream of lime , and for his rotative gas meter and self-acting governor . Among the economic impacts of gas lighting

2870-533: The US illuminated by gas has been variously identified as that of David Melville (c. 1806), as described above, or of William Henry, a coppersmith , at 200 Lombard Street, Philadelphia , Pennsylvania, in 1816. In 1817, at the three stations of the Chartered Gas Company in London, 25 chaldrons (24 m ) of coal were carbonized daily, producing 300,000 cubic feet (8,500 m ) of gas. This supplied gas lamps equal to 75,000 Argand lamps each yielding

2952-682: The United Kingdom, coal gas was used until the early 1970s. The history of the Russian gas industry began with retired Lieutenant Pyotr Sobolevsky (1782–1841), who improved Philippe le Bon 's design for a "thermolamp" and presented it to Emperor Alexander I in 1811; in January 1812, Sobolevsky was instructed to draw up a plan for gas street-lighting for St. Petersburg. The French invasion of Russia delayed implementation, but St. Petersburg's Governor General Mikhail Miloradovich , who had seen

3034-548: The United States, in either 1805 or 1806 in Newport, Rhode Island . In 1809, accordingly, the first application was made to Parliament to incorporate a company in order to accelerate the process, but the bill failed to pass. In 1810, however, the application was renewed by the same parties, and though some opposition was encountered and considerable expense incurred, the bill passed, but not without great alterations; and

3116-457: The Winter evening betwixt Hallowtide and Candlemassee ." Paris was first illuminated by an order issued in 1524, and, in the beginning of the 16th century, the inhabitants were ordered to keep lights burning in the windows of all houses that faced streets. In 1668, when some regulations were made for improving the streets of London, the residents were reminded to hang out their lanterns at

3198-469: The automotive industry. In the early 1930s the state-owned Państwowe Zakłady Inżynieryjne (PZInż) holding had a virtual state-imposed monopoly on assembling cars. The monopoly was lifted in 1936 and Lilpop immediately signed a contract with General Motors and Opel to assemble cars in their Warsaw and Lublin factories. The decision to lift the monopoly led to entire leadership of PZInż resigning their positions. Car production at Lilpop started less than

3280-539: The best-selling products of the company was a reaper dubbed Amerykanka – The American , based on Lilpop's earlier designs. The reaper was very successful commercially (over 90 sold between 1857 and 1863 alone) and British Ransomes & Sims bought license for its production in the United Kingdom . It received a silver medal at the 1867 International Exposition in Paris and remained in production almost until

3362-517: The end of the century. The company started producing equipment for railway companies, including rails and rail cars, notably for the Warsaw–Vienna railway . By 1866 Lilpop and Rau bought remaining shares of the Evans Brothers firm and renamed it to "Lilpop i Rau". Lilpop died later the same year in Biarritz , but his widow, Joanna Lilpop , took over both his shares and his seat in the board. She

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3444-409: The extensive establishment of Messrs. Phillips and Lea. For this paper he was awarded Count Rumford 's gold medal. Murdoch's statements threw great light on the comparative advantage of gas and candles, and contained much useful information on the expenses of production and management. Although the history is uncertain, David Melville has been credited with the first house and street lighting in

3526-465: The factory was electrified as one of the first buildings in Warsaw , the company also started experimenting with arc welding , a novelty at the time. By the end of the century the Warsaw plant alone had over 1300 workers. In 1905 Bonawentura Toeplitz died, having led the company for 39 years. One of his last plans, completed over the next decade, was the move of the main factory and its main offices to

3608-470: The first practical use of natural gas for lighting purposes around 500 B.C. in which they used bamboo pipelines to transport both brine and natural gas for many miles, such as the ones in Zigong salt mines. Public illumination preceded by centuries the development and widespread adoption of gas lighting. In 1417, Sir Henry Barton , Lord Mayor of London , ordained "Lanthornes with lights to bee hanged out on

3690-583: The first stage 'switchboard'. By the 1850s, gas lighting in theatres had spread practically all over the United States and Europe. Some of the largest installations of gas lighting were in large auditoriums, like the Théâtre du Chatelet , built in 1862. In 1875, the new Paris Opera was constructed. "Its lighting system contained more than twenty-eight miles [45 km] of gas piping, and its gas table had no fewer than eighty-eight stopcocks, which controlled nine hundred and sixty gas jets." The theatre that used

3772-412: The first volume of his Vegetable Statics , published in 1726. From the distillation of "one hundred and fifty-eight grains [10.2 g] of Newcastle coal, he stated that he obtained 180 cubic inches [2.9 L] of gas, which weighed 51 grains [3.3 g], being nearly one third of the whole." Hales's results garnered attention decades later as the unique chemical properties of various gases became understood through

3854-454: The gas lighting of Vienna, Paris and other European cities, initiated experimental work on gas lighting for the capital, using British apparatus for obtaining gas from pit coal, and by the autumn of 1819, Russia's first gas street light was lit on one of the streets on Aptekarsky Island . In February 1835, the Company for Gas Lighting St. Petersburg was founded; towards the end of that year,

3936-569: The high energy density of the hydrocarbon fuel , and the modular canisters on which camping lights are built, brings bright and long lasting light without complex equipment. In addition, some urban historical districts retain gas street lighting , and gas lighting is used indoors or outdoors to create or preserve a nostalgic effect . Prior to use of gaseous fuels for lighting, the early lighting fuels consisted of olive oil , beeswax , fish oil , whale oil , sesame oil , nut oil, or other similar substances, which were all liquid fuels. These were

4018-494: The intensity of the light from each source. In 1806 The Philips and Lee factory and a portion of Chapel Street in Salford, Lancashire were lit by gas, thought to be the first use of gas street lighting in the world. Josiah Pemberton , an inventor, had for some time been experimenting on the nature of gas. A resident of Birmingham, his attention may have been roused by the exhibition at Soho. About 1806, he exhibited gas lights in

4100-527: The light of six candles. At the City Gas Works, in Dorset Street, Blackfriars , three chaldrons of coal were carbonized each day, providing the gas equivalent of 9,000 Argand lamps. So 28 chaldrons of coal were carbonized daily, and 84,000 lights supplied by those two companies only. At this period the principal difficulty in gas manufacture was purification. Mr. D. Wilson, of Dublin, patented

4182-521: The most commonly used fuels until the late 18th century. Whale oil was especially widely used for lighting in European cities such as London through the early 19th century. Chinese records dating back 1,700 years indicate the use of natural gas in homes for lighting and heating. The natural gas was transported by means of bamboo pipes to homes. The ancient Chinese of the Spring and Autumn period made

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4264-538: The most effective. He first lit his own house in Redruth , Cornwall in 1792. In 1798, he used gas to light the main building of the Soho Foundry and in 1802 lit the outside in a public display of gas lighting, the lights astonishing the local population. One of the employees at the Soho Foundry, Samuel Clegg , saw the potential of this new form of lighting. Clegg left his job to set up his own gas lighting business,

4346-612: The most gas lighting was Astley's Equestrian Amphitheatre in London. According to the Illustrated London News , "Everywhere white and gold meets the eye, and about 200,000 gas jets add to the glittering effect of the auditorium … such a blaze of light and splendour has scarcely ever been witnessed, even in dreams." Theatres switched to gas lighting because it was more economical than using candles and also required less labour to operate. With gas lighting, theatres would no longer need to have people tending to candles during

4428-696: The most popular way of lighting theatrical stages. In 1804, Frederick Albert Winsor first demonstrated the way to use gas to light the stage in London at the Lyceum Theatre . Although the demonstration and all the lead research were being done in London, "in 1816 at the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia was the earliest gas lit theatre in world". In 1817 the Lyceum, Drury Lane , and Covent Garden theatres were all lit by gas. Gas

4510-400: The new technology that one said, "This light is perfect for the stage. One can obtain gradation of brightness that is really magical." The best result was the improved respect from the audience. There was no more shouting or riots. The light pushed the actors more up stage behind the proscenium, helping the audience concentrate more on the action that was taking place on stage rather than what

4592-549: The new technology. Murdoch was the first to exploit the flammability of gas for the practical application of lighting. He worked for Matthew Boulton and James Watt at their Soho Foundry steam engine works in Birmingham , England. In the early 1790s, while overseeing the use of his company's steam engines in tin mining in Cornwall, Murdoch began experimenting with various types of gas, finally settling on coal gas as

4674-531: The pioneer of arc welding Stanisław Olszewski . However, one of the best-known workers of Lilpop is Bolesław Prus , the famous Polish writer, who worked there for several years as an office clerk. *An existing company, but not currently producing any vehicles Gas lighting Gas lighting is the production of artificial light from combustion of a fuel gas such as methane , propane , butane , acetylene , ethylene , hydrogen , carbon monoxide , coal gas (town gas) or natural gas . The light

4756-674: The principal streets in the centre of the city, as well as nearby houses, had switched to gas lighting by the end of 1817. In America, Seth Bemis lit his factory with gas illumination from 1812 to 1813. The use of gas lights in Rembrandt Peale 's Museum in Baltimore in 1816 was a great success. Baltimore was the first American city with gas street lights; Peale's Gas Light Company of Baltimore on 7 February 1817 lit its first street lamp at Market and Lemon Streets (currently Baltimore and Holliday Streets). The first private residence in

4838-411: The principle behind gas lighting. Later in the 18th century William Murdoch (sometimes spelled "Murdock") stated: "the gas obtained by distillation from coal, peat, wood and other inflammable substances burnt with great brilliancy upon being set fire to … by conducting it through tubes, it might be employed as an economical substitute for lamps and candles." Murdoch's first invention was a lantern with

4920-500: The rapid adoption of electric lighting. By 1881, the Savoy Theatre in London was using incandescent lighting. While electric lighting was introduced to theatre stages, the gas mantle was developed in 1885 for gas-lit theatres. "This was a beehive-shaped mesh of knitted thread impregnated with lime that, in miniature, converted the naked gas flame into in effect, a lime-light ." Electric lighting slowly took over in theatres. In

5002-399: The roof was covered with dermatoid. Modernizations were carried out during production. A new type of carburetor with a vacuum-controlled saver was used, the vacuum wiper drive system was replaced with electric motors and a fully metal cabin was put into production. Despite the modernization, it was not possible to eliminate the basic drawbacks of this vehicle: too low load capacity for

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5084-589: The total production of steel in the Kingdom of Poland rose from 18,000 tons in 1877 to 270,000 tons, with roughly a quarter produced by Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein. In addition, the company opened new factories on the other side of the new customs boundary, in Bila Tserkva (until 1878) and Slavuta (until 1910). It also had permanent trade offices in St. Petersburg , Moscow , Tbilisi , Odessa and Baku . In 1885

5166-675: The usual time, and, in 1690, an order was issued to hang out a light, or lamp, every night at nightfall, from Michaelmas to Christmas. By an Act of the Common Council in 1716, all housekeepers, whose houses faced any street, lane, or passage, were required to hang out, every dark night, one or more lights, to burn from six to eleven o'clock, under the penalty of one shilling as a fine for failing to do so. Accumulating and escaping gases were known originally among coal miners for their adverse effects rather than their useful characteristics. Coal miners described two types of gases, one called

5248-705: The work of Joseph Black , Henry Cavendish , Alessandro Volta , and others. A 1733 publication by Sir James Lowther in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society detailed some properties of coal gas, including its flammability. Lowther demonstrated the principal properties of coal gas to different members of the Royal Society . He showed that the gas retained its flammability after storage for some time. The demonstration did not result in identification of utility. Minister and experimentalist John Clayton referred to coal gas as

5330-458: The workers. Perhaps the single best-known car produced by LRL was a Chevrolet 157 3-ton truck named Kubuś , converted to an improvised armoured personnel carrier during the uprising. After the uprising the factory was levelled with explosives by German troops, along with rest of the city . Only the office buildings survived the war. After the war the new communist authorities of Poland nationalised virtually all privately held companies and there

5412-720: Was a Polish engineering company. Established in 1818 as an iron foundry, with time it rose to become a large holding company specialising in iron and steel production, as well as all sorts of machinery and metal products. The largest factory was in Warsaw . Between the 1860s and World War II the company was the largest Polish producer of machinery, cars, lorries and railway equipment. The range of products designed and produced by Lilpop included train engines , rails, railway cars and equipment for railroads, automotive engines, license-built lorries (Chevrolet and Buick), steam turbines, electric appliances and many other types of machinery. The main factory of Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein in Warsaw

5494-445: Was assembled on November 7, 1951, from parts supplied by the licensor. The body of Lublin-51 was mounted on a longitudinal, riveted frame made of pressed sheet metal. The suspension system used a front rigid axle suspended on semi-elliptical leaf springs and two hydraulic arm shock absorbers. At the rear, the drive axle was suspended on semi-elliptical leaf springs, additionally supported by auxiliary leaf springs. This vehicle used

5576-413: Was brought into the building by "miles of rubber tubing from outlets in the floor called 'water joints'" which "carried the gas to border-lights and wing lights". But before it was distributed, the gas came through a central distribution point called a "gas table", which varied the brightness by regulating the gas supply, and the gas table, which allowed control of separate parts of the stage. Thus it became

5658-517: Was due to the Preston Gaslight Company run by revolutionary Joseph Dunn , who found the most improved way of brighter gas lighting. The parish church there was the first religious building to be lit by gas lighting. In Bristol , a Gas Light Company was founded on 15 December 1815. Under the supervision of the engineer, John Brelliat, extensive works were conducted in 1816-17 to build a gasholder, mains and street lights. Many of

5740-532: Was established, with Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet as general manager. The 1839 invention, the Bude-Light , provided a brighter and more economical lamp. Oil-gas appeared in the field as a rival of coal gas. In 1815, John Taylor patented an apparatus for the decomposition of "oil" and other animal substances. Public attention was attracted to "oil-gas" by the display of the patent apparatus at Apothecary's Hall , by Taylor & Martineau . In 1891

5822-426: Was going on in the house. Management had more authority on what went on during the show because they could see. Gaslight was the leading cause of behaviour change in theatres. They were no longer places for mingling and orange selling, but places of respected entertainment. There were six types of burners, but four burners were really experimented with: Several different instruments were used for stage lighting in

5904-525: Was looted by the Germans during World War II and the buildings demolished. The company was not rebuilt after the war. The predecessor to the Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein company was the Odlewnia i Rządowa Fabryka Machin ("Foundry and Government Machinery Factory"), the first iron foundry in Warsaw. Established in 1818, it was initially headed by Thomas Evans and Joseph Morris, two British nationals active in

5986-614: Was merged with that of the Evans brothers under a new name of "Evans, Lilpop et Comp." The new company was now the first true concern in Poland: it owned not only the mechanical works in Warsaw, but also two iron ore mines and steel mills in Drzewica and Rozwady , both near Radom . Lilpop modernised the production, turning the Warsaw plant from a simple manufactory to a modern, mechanised factory. He also started cooperation with banks and introduced credit sale of his agricultural machines,

6068-491: Was much longer work hours in factories. This was particularly important in Great Britain during the winter months when nights are significantly longer. Factories could even work continuously over 24 hours, resulting in increased production. Following successful commercialization, gas lighting spread to other countries. In England, the first place outside London to have gas lighting was Preston, Lancashire , in 1816; this

6150-600: Was no chance to rebuild the Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein company as a private venture. The remaining buildings at Bema Street continue to be used as offices. Perhaps the only part of the once powerful LRL concern that still exists is the Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych , the Lublin automotive branch of Lilpop, that was rebuilt after the war and continues to produce cars, notably the Tarpan Honker truck used by

6232-434: Was objectionable, and the border lights and wing lights had to be lighted by a long stick with a flaming wad of cotton at the end. For many years, an attendant or gas boy moved along the long row of jets, lighting them individually while gas was escaping from the whole row. Both actors and audiences complained of the escaping gas, and explosions sometimes resulted from its accumulation." These problems with gas lighting led to

6314-414: Was prevalent for outdoor and indoor use in cities and suburbs where the infrastructure for distribution of gas was practical. At that time, the most common fuels for gas lighting were wood gas , coal gas and, in limited cases, water gas . Early gas lights were ignited manually by lamplighters , although many later designs are self-igniting. Gas lighting now is frequently used for camping , for which

6396-414: Was primarily an agricultural country, with an underdeveloped road network and high luxury taxes on cars. Because of that the overall volume of production remained low, with roughly 7000 cars and lorries assembled in Poland during 1938-1939. Most of these were assembled by Lilpop. In 1938 the factory had 3900 workers. The same year the management started construction of a new car factory in Lublin that

6478-425: Was the first person to formally recognize gas as a state of matter. He would go on to identify several types of gases, including carbon dioxide. Over one hundred years later in 1733, Sir James Lowther had some of his miners working on a water pit for his mine. While digging the pit they hit a pocket of gas. Lowther took a sample of the gas and took it home to do some experiments. He noted, "The said air being put into

6560-425: Was the first, and for many years the only woman to hold a seat on the board of any large industrial firm in Poland. She was later joined by their sons: Karol Lilpop (1849–1924), Wiktor Lilpop (1851–1922) and Marian Lilpop (1855–1889). After Lilpop's death, Bonawentura Toeplitz became the new general director and in 1868 Leon Loewenstein  [ pl ] was invited into the partnership. Loewenstein,

6642-550: Was to be completed in 1940 and was to take over the automotive part of the production. However, the war started before it could be completed. During World War II the factory was taken over by Germany and assigned to Reichswerke Hermann Göring and continued the production, this time for the Wehrmacht . When the Warsaw Uprising broke out in 1944, the machinery was dismantled and sent to Germany, along with most of

6724-594: Was to be found all over Britain and about a thousand gas works had sprung up to meet the demand for the new fuel. The brighter lighting which gas provided allowed people to read more easily and for longer. This helped to stimulate literacy and learning, speeding up the second Industrial Revolution . In 1824 the English Association for Gas Lighting on the Continent , a sizeable business producing gas for several cities in mainland, Europe, including Berlin,

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