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38-592: The car's name comes from the Polish dance, the polonaise , and was chosen through a readers' poll conducted by the newspaper Życie Warszawy . In 2021, about 33,000 vehicles were still registered in Poland. The Polonez was based on the Polski Fiat 125p that Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych (FSO) built under license from Fiat. The internal components, including updated 1.3/1.5 Litre engines, (pistons and carburetor),

76-574: A musical score indicates that the piece should be played with the rhythm and character of a polonaise. For example, the third movement of Beethoven's Triple Concerto op. 56 , marked "Rondo alla polacca," the last movement in Weber's Clarinet Concerto No. 2 is marked "Alla Polacca", his Horn Concertino likewise ends with a polka movement, and the finale of Chopin's Variations on "Là ci darem la mano" both feature this notation. In his book Classic Music: Expression, Form, and Style , Leonard G. Ratner cites

114-682: A carburetted 1.5-litre inline-four from Beijing Engine Factory. These cars were built with locally-made spare parts for imported Polonez, which were common in China then. Nevertheless, many other local parts were substituted (Dongfanghong was also working with Fiat at the time on tractor technology, which may have also influenced the choice of a car). A sales advantage for the vehicles was that their parts were easily interchangeable with Polonez. These cars were not nearly as successful as their actual Polonez counterparts. The FSO Polonez suffered from relatively poor performance (except for those models equipped with

152-402: A crashed car that was driven by Andrzej Jaroszewicz, the son of Prime Minister Piotr Jaroszewicz in 1977 on Rally Poland . He failed to complete the rally because of crashing into a tree. The resulting salvaged vehicle was designed by Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy FSO (FSO Research and Development Center) in 1978. The car uses an FSC Star radiator located in the front (as a counterweight due to

190-685: A famous one, and Wilhelm Fiedemann Bach wrote a number of beautiful ones in major minor pairs.Other composers who wrote polonaises or pieces in polonaise rhythm include Johann Sebastian Bach , Georg Philipp Telemann , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , Ludwig van Beethoven , Franz Danzi , Bernhard Henrik Crusell , Karol Kurpiński , Józef Elsner , Maria Agata Szymanowska , Henryk Wieniawski , Franz Schubert , Carl Maria von Weber , Clara Schumann , Robert Schumann , Franz Liszt , Johann Kaspar Mertz , Moritz Moszkowski , Modest Mussorgsky , Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov , Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Alexander Scriabin . Another more recent prolific polonaise composer

228-688: A member of the European Union on 1 May 2004, the car was rapidly replaced by cheap and tax-free used cars from Western Europe. The Polonez has been a popular choice for participants in the Złombol Charity Rally . In 2018, around 300 teams, or approximately 40% of all racers, used versions of the Polonez in this event. Polonaise The polonaise ( / p ɒ l ə ˈ n ɛ z / , French: [pɔlɔnɛz] ; Polish : polonez , Polish pronunciation: [pɔˈlɔnɛs] )

266-491: A rear window wiper-washer placed horizontally, and side repeaters placed horizontally near the front doors. In January 1989, the first catalyzed Polonez (1500 only) was displayed at the Amsterdam Auto Show. Simultaneously, a version with an Italian FNM-built (Fratelli Negri Motori) 1,366 cc (1.4 L) turbo-diesel and a five-speed manual appeared (called the "Polonez Piedra 1.3 Turbodiesel"), specifically for

304-638: A rhythm quite close to that of the Swedish semiquaver or sixteenth-note polska , and the two dances share a common origin. Polska dance was introduced to Sweden during the period of the Vasa dynasty and the Polish–Swedish union . The polonaise is a very popular dance uninterruptedly danced in Poland till today. It is the opening dance in all major official balls and events, at New Year's balls, on national days as well as various less official parties. The polonaise

342-551: A year afterward. They were withdrawn from those markets due to more stringent emissions requirements and declining demand. In China, Polonez-based derivatives were produced by YTO Group as the Dongfanghong and Yituo. They were released with station wagon (LT5021) and sedan (LT5022) bodywork, though with many modifications. Trim pieces came from the Volkswagen Santana and were powered by locally produced engines,

380-483: Is a dance originating in Poland , and one of the five Polish national dances in 4 time . The original Polish-language name of the dance is chodzony ( pronounced [xɔˈd͡zɔnɨ] ), denoting a walking dance. It is one of the finest dances representing Poland's cultural dance tradition. The polonaise dance influenced European ballrooms, folk music and European classical music. The polonaise has

418-473: Is a Polish dance and is one of the five historic national dances of Poland . The others are the Mazur (Mazurka), Kujawiak , Krakowiak and Oberek . Polonaise originated as a peasant dance known under various names – chodzony ("pacer"), chmielowy ("hops"), pieszy ("walker") or wielki ("great"), recorded as early as the 15th century. In later centuries, it gained popularity among the urban population and

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456-678: Is always the first dance at a studniówka ("student ball"), the Polish equivalent of the senior prom that occurs approximately 100 days before exams, hence its name "studniówka" or literally in Polish "the ball of the hundred days". In 2023, the dance was included on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists being recognized as "a form of joint celebration", which "commemorates important moments in family and community life and symbolizes cooperation, reconciliation and equality." The notation alla polacca ( Italian : polacca means "polonaise") on

494-513: The 1980s, but financial problems at the time made it impossible to purchase a license from Fiat. This made producing the 125p alongside the Polonez possible for more than a decade. Moreover, mechanical improvements only occurred when they could be applied to both cars. This limitation changed after the production of the 125p ended in 1991. An advantage of the FSO Polonez is its safety in an accident, especially compared to many of its rivals from

532-528: The Belgian market. This engine has 60 PS (44 kW)at 4,500 rpm, enough for a top speed of 155 km/h (96 mph). In 1990, the FSO Polonez 2.0 SLE appeared, fitted with Ford's 105 PS (77 kW) 2.0-litre engine, 12.5 seconds acceleration to 100 km/h and a top speed of 165 km/h (103 mph). A unique version of FSO Polonez dubbed Stratopolonez (also known as FSO Polonez 2500 Racing) uses Lancia Stratos components salvaged from

570-513: The C-pillar. In 1987, the FSO Polonez 1.6 LE appeared. It has a 1,598 cc inline-four with 64 kW (86 hp) at 5,200 rpm and 132 N⋅m (97 lb⋅ft) at 3,800 rpm. Top speed is 155 km/h (96 mph). There was also the rare FSO 125p 1.6 ME, with the same engine but a top speed of 157 km/h (98 mph). Very few were made. FSO Polonez modifications: stamped rear spoiler instead of plastic one, new model labels on

608-653: The Eastern Bloc. In 1978, it was the only Eastern European car built to pass U.S. crash tests. Crash tests were performed in 1994 according to EU safety regulations, so the Polonez could be exported worldwide. They proved the car to be safe. The Caro 1.9 GLD hitting a concrete block (without an energy-absorbing metal cage) with 40% of the front at 50 km/h (31 mph) survived very well. All doors could be opened without any difficulty, there were no critical injuries for passengers, and no fuel leakage occurred. In May 1978, mass production commenced. The official premiere of

646-610: The FSO Atu - with 4-door sedan bodywork, with a completely new dashboard and upholstery (project by FSO), new rear suspension: rigid rear axle with longitudinal wishbones, reaction bars, and coil springs. The rear lamps are the same as in the Caro version. Two prototypes of the FSO Polonez Kombi (station wagon). The next prototype: FSO Analog 4WD, a light off-road car with 4-door pick-up bodywork and four-wheel drive. Export to

684-454: The FSO Polonez 1500 and FSO Polonez 1300 took place. The FSO Polonez 2000 Rally with a 2-liter Fiat DOHC engine was displayed later. In 1979, the FSO Polonez 2000, sold mostly to government officials, appeared. The Polonez 2000 has a Fiat twin-cam engine with 1,995 cc, 82 kW (110 hp), a 5-speed gearbox, a 0–100 km/h acceleration of 12.0 seconds, and a 175 km/h (109 mph) top speed. The FSO Polonez 2000 Rally debuted in

722-509: The FSO Polonez 2.0 D Turbo with an Italian VM Motori HR 488 engine of 1,995 cc appeared. It produces 62 kW (83 hp) at 4,300 rpm and 163 N⋅m (120 lb⋅ft) at 2,500 rpm. Final drive ratio is 3,727, for a 0–100 km/h acceleration time of 20,0 s, and a top speed of 146 km/h (91 mph). Fuel consumption is 7.1/10.6/10.0 L/100 km, and approximately 100 cars were produced to this specification. FSO Polonez - first cars with additional rear-side windows in

760-857: The FSO Wars, a prototype car that was supposed to be the successor to Polonez), new front and rear bumpers, a steering wheel, new rooflet over instruments, and improved front crash safety. Also new was the FSO Polonez Caro 1.9 GLD with Citroën's 1,905 cc diesel engine , 50 kW (68 PS), 120 N⋅m (89 lb⋅ft), and a top speed of 150 km/h (93 mph). The Caro GLD was sold across mainland Europe . The other versions in pricelist: (December) FSO Polonez 1.4 GLI 16V with Rover 1396 cc engine, 76 kW (103 PS) at 6000 rpm, 127 N⋅m (94 lb⋅ft) at 5000 rpm, 11,9 s, 178 km/h (111 mph), with or without catalytic converter. FSO Polonez Sedan prototype - later produced as

798-609: The Fiat 2.0 DOHC, the Ford 2.0 SOHC, or the Rover 1.4 MPI 16V). Polonez parts were relatively cheap and readily available. After 1992, quality began to increase, especially after 1995 when Daewoo started cooperating with FSO. Since 1997, the last production models (the PLUS series) offered new features such as air conditioning. Production ended in 2002, after 24 years. The relatively low price of

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836-516: The Polonez was seen as the main advantage over other cars. But demand slumped, and the last versions of the Polonez produced were the Truck versions, valued for their low price, reliability, and high load capability: up to 1,000 kg (2,205 lb) depending on the version. The Polonez was a common sight in Central and Eastern Europe , particularly in its home country of Poland. Once Poland became

874-529: The Rallye Monte Carlo. In 1980, the FSO Polonez 1300 and 1500 three-door appeared. With the same short front doors as the five-door version, it was produced from 1979 until 1981 with about 300 units. In 1981, a more economical version of the Polonez started being produced. This was sold without black side rubbing strips between the front and rear wheel, chrome bumper strips, rear window wiper-washer, fog lamps, luggage cover, and tachometer. Basic vinyl

912-679: The UK restarted: FSO Caro (Polonez 1.6 and 1.9 D) and FSO Pick-up (Truck) Girling-Lucas brakes were introduced. Production of the FSO Polonez Caro 1.9 GLD stopped. End of export to the Netherlands, the last foreign market for Polonez passenger versions; the final offering in the Netherlands consisted of: (December) FSO Polonez Caro Plus and Atu Plus 1.6 GSI - with Delphi (Multec XM) multi-point fuel injection, 1598 cc 62 kW (84 PS), 130 N⋅m (96 lb⋅ft), circa 155 km/h (96 mph) top speed, new door handles introduced. FSO Truck

950-474: The car was restored by Warsaw Motor Technical College students as part of their diploma thesis. 1,800 mm (70.9 in) 1991 marked the end of FSO 125p production. Along with this, FSO's 1,295 cc engine ended production. FSO imports to the United Kingdom were temporarily stopped. On the other hand, the facelifted FSO Polonez Caro appeared. It had new headlamps and grille (similar to the design of

988-461: The chassis, and other mechanicals, were from the Polski Fiat 125p. However, the body was an entirely new liftback initially designed in the early 1970s by Centro Stile Fiat as a prototype for Fiat. After the Polish side started cooperation with Fiat over a new car, the original design was changed due to Polish requirements. The car was meant to be equipped with Fiat's 2.0 Litre DOHC engines in

1026-501: The form originated in Poland and was very popular throughout Europe. This dance in 3/4 metre was designed to entertain the French royal court. The term polonaise was used over the term polonez at the start of the 18th century. Princess Anna Maria of Saxony collected sheet music for polonaises throughout her life time, collecting over 350. Her collection was focused on the finest examples of instrumentation. The polones (from either

1064-458: The fourth movement from Beethoven's Serenade in D major, Op. 8 , marked "Allegretto alla Polacca," as a representative example of the polonaise dance topic (Ratner 1980, pp. 12–13). Frédéric Chopin 's polonaises are generally the best known of all polonaises in classical music . But there was a long tradition of polonaise in European music at least 100 years before Chopin. Händel wrote

1102-524: The main takers. Complete knock down (CKD) cars were assembled by El Nasr (in conjunction with Arab American Vehicles) in Egypt from 1983 until 1993, succeeding the locally assembled 125p in that market. In some countries, the FSO Polonez was sold as Celina, Prima, Mistral, Piedra, Atou. Imports to the UK ceased in 1997, though sales continued in some parts of Western Europe - including France - for at least

1140-419: The nobles. By the late 16th century, the folk versions of polonaise (accompanied by singing) were commonly danced by the lower Polish nobility, but the dance was not known under its current name until the 17th century. With time, it also became a favorite dance of the Polish aristocratic class and acquired an instrumental form. The polonaise was first introduced in the 17th century in French courts, although

1178-518: The sticking foil, new version coding system with an 'S' supposedly meaning that the car had the additional rear-side windows in the C-pillar, a feature was often broken in practice. The versions available were: 1,3 SCE, 1.3 SL, 1.3 SLE, 1,5 CE, 1.5 L, 1,5 LE, 1,5 SCE, 1,5 SL, 1,5 SLE, 1,6 SLE, 2.0 SLE In 1988, the FSO Polonez 1500 Turbo with AA 1,481 cc engine, 188 hp (140 kW) at 7,000 rpm, 240 N⋅m (177 lb⋅ft) at 3,200 rpm, 8,5 s, 220 km/h (137 mph) appeared. This

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1216-428: The usual 1,481 cc engine with 60 kW (80 hp) and 2,0 DOHC Fiat. It was the first FSO model to feature electronic ignition and fuel economizer owing to a supply of pre-heated air to the suction manifold. Only a few dozen were produced. In 1983, the Polski Fiat 125p was renamed FSO 125p, after FSO's licence rights to the Fiat badge expired. The new naming system for FSO's models was as follows: Also in 1983,

1254-434: The vehicle being now mid-engined), engine output was improved to 280 PS, and does not share spoilers with FSO Polonez 2000 Rally . This car was raced until 1985. Drivers were Andrzej Jaroszewicz, Adam Polak, Maciej Stawowiak, and Marian Bublewicz. Marian made improvements, such as adding wider rear wheel arches and strengthening areas around the windshield. The vehicle went to Museum of Technology, Warsaw afterward. In 2000,

1292-456: Was a rally version only, built to group A specifications. Following this competition version, the FSO Polonez 1.5 SLE Turbo with a turbocharged AA engine was introduced in December 1989. With a compression ratio of 8.5 to 1, the 1,481 cc inline-four produces 105 hp (78 kW) at 6,000 rpm, and 180 N⋅m (133 lb⋅ft) at 3,200 rpm. The zero to 100 km/h acceleration

1330-416: Was in 11,0 s, and the top speed is 180 km/h (112 mph). A catalyzed version with 94 hp (70 kW) was also available. The Turbo Polonez' were built mainly in rally versions (group N), although on special order a Turbo-kit could be installed in mass-produced cars. In 1989, the facelifted '89 FSO Polonez was introduced. Changes included a rear boot lid lowered to the bumper level, new rear lamps,

1368-651: Was marketed in Italy by the Daewoo dealer network. The Polonez range was expanded to encompass a wide range of bodies. These included: There were also many prototypes, including a pickup made using the rear part of Polski Fiat 125p pick-up, chassis cab (without frame in the rear), 4x4 off-roader (Analog), hydro-pneumatic suspension, another sedan version (very different from Atu/Celina), 4x4 Truck w/o offroad suspension and van. In total, FSO total exported 226,966 cars to foreign markets, with China, UK, Egypt, and France being

1406-636: Was the American Edward Alexander MacDowell . John Philip Sousa wrote the Presidential Polonaise , intended to keep visitors moving briskly through the White House receiving line. Sousa wrote it in 1886 after a suggestion from President Chester A. Arthur . Tchaikovsky's opera Eugene Onegin , an adaption of Alexander Pushkin's novel in poetry verse, includes a famous polonaise. The polonaise

1444-528: Was used on the seats and in the luggage compartment. At the other end appeared the top version, FSO Polonez 1500 X. This was fitted with the AB 1,481 cc engine of 60 kW (80 hp), a five-speed gearbox (final drive ratio 4:3), and a radio. It was sold in the domestic market, usually for U.S. dollar payments. In 1981 and 1983, the FSO Polonez Coupé, with three-door bodywork was introduced. It had

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