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82-433: Fiber to the x ( FTTX ; also spelled "fibre") or fiber in the loop is a generic term for any broadband network architecture using optical fiber to provide all or part of the local loop used for last mile telecommunications . As fiber optic cables are able to carry much more data than copper cables, especially over long distances, copper telephone networks built in the 20th century are being replaced by fiber. FTTX

164-467: A 12 VDC power supply fed over several tens of meters of cable. Power line networking deployments also rely on FTTC. Using the IEEE P1901 protocol (or its predecessor HomePlug AV ) existing electric service cables move up to 1 Gbit/s from the curb/pole/cabinet into every AC electrical outlet in the home—coverage equivalent to a robust Wi-Fi implementation, with the added advantage of

246-499: A broadband network can be classified according to three characteristics: Cellular networks utilize various standards for data transmission, including 5G which can support one million separate devices per square kilometer. The types of traffic found in a broadband network (with examples) and their respective requirements are summarised in Table 1. Many computer networks use a simple line code to transmit one type of signal using

328-422: A download speed of 24 Mbit/s plus and a fast upload speed. Ofcom have defined super-fast broadband as "broadband products that provide a maximum download speed that is greater than 24 Mbit/s  – this threshold is commonly considered to be the maximum speed that can be supported on current generation (copper-based) networks." A similar network called a hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) network

410-432: A halfway measure between fixed wireless and FTTH, with special advantages for smart appliances and electric vehicles that rely on PLC use already. Operators around the world have been rolling out high-speed Internet access networks since the mid-2000s. Some used a network topology known as Active Ethernet Point-to-Point to deliver services from its central office directly into subscribers' homes. Fiber termination

492-455: A list of measures to promote the deployment of fast broadband and next-generation access networks. Portugal Telecom plans to complete its fiber-to-the-home nationwide roll out by 2020. Currently 200 Mbit/s down, 100 Mbit/s up costs €22 per month. Between September 2017 and March 2019, the number of European FTTH and FTTB subscribers increased by nearly 16%. By 2025, the total number of premises passed by FTTH and FTTB infrastructure

574-566: A maximum of 56 kbit/s). This meaning is only distantly related to its original technical meaning. Since 1999, broadband Internet access has been a factor in public policy . In that year, at the World Trade Organization Biannual Conference called “ Financial Solutions to Digital Divide ” in Seattle, the term “Meaningful Broadband” was introduced to the world leaders, leading to the activation of

656-441: A medium's full bandwidth using its baseband (from zero through the highest frequency needed). Most versions of the popular Ethernet family are given names, such as the original 1980s 10BASE5 , to indicate this. Networks that use cable modems on standard cable television infrastructure are called broadband to indicate the wide range of frequencies that can include multiple data users as well as traditional television channels on

738-444: A more natural and informative mode of human interaction than do voice and data alone. Video teleconferencing enhances group interaction at a distance. High-definition entertainment video improves the quality of pictures, but requires much higher transmission rates. These new data transmission requirements may require new transmission means other than the present overcrowded radio spectrum. A modern telecommunications network (such as

820-401: A movement to close the digital divide . Fundamental aspects of this movement are to suggest that the equitable distribution of broadband is a fundamental human right. Personal computing facilitated easy access, manipulation, storage, and exchange of information, and required reliable data transmission. Communicating documents by images and the use of high-resolution graphics terminals provided

902-725: A much slower rate from there, and outperforms VDSL. Starting from 1,600 m (1 mi) its performance is equal to ADSL2+ . ADSL -like long-reach performance is one of the key advantages of VDSL2. LR-VDSL2 enabled systems are capable of supporting speeds of around 1–4 Mbit/s (downstream) over distances of 4–5 km (2.5–3 miles), gradually increasing the bit rate up to symmetric 100 Mbit/s as loop-length shortens. This means that VDSL2-based systems, unlike VDSL systems, are not limited to short local loops or MTU/MDUs only, but can also be used for medium range applications. Bonding (ITU-T G.998.x) may be used to combine multiple wire pairs to increase available capacity, or extend

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984-426: A multiple-audio-band system design of the compander . Later, with the advent of digital telecommunications , the term was mainly used for transmission over multiple channels . Whereas a passband signal is also modulated so that it occupies higher frequencies (compared to a baseband signal which is bound to the lowest end of the spectrum, see line coding ), it is still occupying a single channel. The key difference

1066-431: A single twisted pair of copper wires using the frequency band from 25  kHz to 12 MHz. These rates mean that VDSL is capable of supporting applications such as high-definition television , as well as telephone services ( voice over IP ) and general Internet access , over a single connection. VDSL is deployed over existing wiring used for analog telephone service and lower-speed DSL connections. This standard

1148-436: A single cable for power and data. By avoiding new cable and its cost and liabilities, FTTC costs less to deploy. However, it also has historically had lower bandwidth potential than FTTP. In practice, the relative advantage of fiber depends on the bandwidth available for backhaul , usage-based billing restrictions that prevent full use of last-mile capabilities, and customer premises equipment and maintenance restrictions, and

1230-459: A single optical fiber to serve up to 128 customers. A PON reduces the fiber and central office equipment required compared with point-to-point architecture. Because of this, and because it needs no powered splitters or other active components from the moment it leaves the ISP's facilities until it reaches the customer, many ISPs prefer this technology. The downstream signal coming from the central office

1312-472: A synonym for wideband . "Broadband" in analog video distribution is traditionally used to refer to systems such as cable television , where the individual channels are modulated on carriers at fixed frequencies. In this context, baseband is the term's antonym , referring to a single channel of analog video, typically in composite form with separate baseband audio . The act of demodulating converts broadband video to baseband video. Fiber optic allows

1394-411: A variable separating frequency between the second downstream band, and the second upstream band. All VDSL1 bandplans have spectrum up to 12 MHz, so the length of the copper loops must be shorter than ADSL. The VDSL2 standard defines a wide range of profiles that can be used in different VDSL deployment architectures; in the central office, in the cabinet or in the building for example. Vectoring

1476-445: A variety of factors, such as the physical geography of the local environment, number of anticipated subscribers, and labor force skill. FTTN/C is seen as an interim step towards full FTTH and in many cases triple-play services delivered using this approach to provide up to around 100 Mbit/s have been proven to grow subscriber numbers and ARPU considerably FTTN/C is currently used by a number of operators, including AT&T in

1558-483: A way to deliver multiple services over open-access networks in the United States. Once on private property, the signal is typically converted into an electrical format. Broadband Originally used to mean 'using a wide-spread frequency' and for services that were analog at the lowest level, nowadays in the context of Internet access , 'broadband' is often used to mean any high-speed Internet access that

1640-475: A wide band of frequencies. "Broadband" is a relative term, understood according to its context. The wider (or broader) the bandwidth of a channel, the greater the data-carrying capacity, given the same channel quality. In radio , for example, a very narrow band will carry Morse code , a broader band will carry speech, and a still broader band will carry music without losing the high audio frequencies required for realistic sound reproduction . This broad band

1722-420: A wide range of complexity and quality of audio reproduction. Similarly, full motion video signals may be encoded with bit-rates ranging from less than 1 Mbit/s to hundreds of Mbit/s. Thus a network transporting both video and audio signals may have to integrate traffic with a very broad range of bit-rates. Traditionally, different telecommunications services were carried via separate networks: voice on

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1804-442: Is FTTB. Fiber to the curb/cabinet (FTTC) is a telecommunications system based on fiber-optic cables run to a platform that serves several customers. Each of these customers has a connection to this platform via coaxial cable or twisted pair . The "curb" is an abstraction and can just as easily mean a pole-mounted device or communications closet or shed. Typically any system terminating fiber within 300 m (1,000 ft) of

1886-399: Is a generalization for several configurations of fiber deployment, arranged into two groups: FTTP/FTTH/FTTB (fiber laid all the way to the premises/home/building) and FTTC/N (fiber laid to the cabinet/node, with copper wires completing the connection). Residential areas already served by balanced pair distribution plant call for a trade-off between cost and capacity. The closer the fiber head,

1968-437: Is a transmission method that employs the coordination of line signals for reduction of crosstalk levels and improvement of performance. It is based on the concept of noise cancellation , much like noise-cancelling headphones . The ITU-T G.993.5 standard, "Self-FEXT cancellation (vectoring) for use with VDSL2 transceivers" (2010), also known as G.vector , describes vectoring for VDSL2. The scope of Recommendation ITU-T G.993.5

2050-658: Is an enhancement to ITU T G.993.1 that supports asymmetric and symmetric transmission at a bidirectional net data rate up to 400 Mbit/s on twisted pairs using a bandwidth up to 35 MHz. A VDSL connection uses up to seven frequency bands, so one can allocate the data rate between upstream and downstream differently depending on the service offering and spectrum regulations. The first-generation VDSL standard specified both quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and discrete multi-tone modulation (DMT). In 2006, ITU-T standardized VDSL in recommendation G.993.2 which specified only DMT modulation for VDSL2. [REDACTED] VDSL2

2132-530: Is an enhancement to VDSL designed to support the wide deployment of triple play services such as voice, video, data and high-definition television (HDTV) VDSL2 is intended to enable operators and carriers to gradually, flexibly, and cost-efficiently upgrade existing xDSL infrastructure. The protocol is standardized in the International Telecommunication Union telecommunications sector ( ITU-T ) as Recommendation G.993.2. It

2214-495: Is broadcast to each customer premises sharing a fiber. Encryption is used to prevent eavesdropping. Upstream signals are combined using a multiple-access protocol, usually time-division multiple access (TDMA). Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) is a common way of delivering triple- and quad-play (voice, video, data, and mobile) services over both fiber and hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) networks. Active PPPoE uses dedicated fiber from an operator's central office all

2296-462: Is converted to a non-loaded twisted-pair wire (no telephone filters), it becomes hundreds of kilohertz wide (broadband) and can carry up to 100 megabits per second using very high-bit rate digital subscriber line ( VDSL or VHDSL) techniques. Modern networks have to carry integrated traffic consisting of voice, video and data. The Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) was designed for these needs. The types of traffic supported by

2378-709: Is expected to reach 187 million throughout Europe. Google Fiber provides speed of up to 8 Gbit/s . Active Line Access is an evolving standard for the provision of services over FTTP networks in the United Kingdom proposed by the regulator Ofcom and developed by the Network Interoperability Consultative Committee. Most FTTH deployments follow one of four primary architecture types: centralized split, distributed split, star architecture, or daisy-chaining. Fiber network developers choose architectures based on

2460-495: Is more typical. This neighborhood equipment performs layer 2 switching or layer 3 switching and routing, offloading full layer 3 routing to the carrier's central office. The IEEE 802.3ah standard enables service providers to deliver up to 1000 Mbit/s , full-duplex , over one single-mode optical fiber FTTP, depending on the provider. A passive optical network (PON) is a point-to-multipoint FTTP network architecture in which unpowered optical splitters are used to enable

2542-462: Is not until such a fiber gets relatively close to the customers that it is split into individual customer-specific fibers. AONs and PONs both achieve this split. AONs rely on electrically powered network equipment to distribute the signal, such as a switch or router . Normally, signals need an optical-electrical-optical transformation in the AON. Each signal leaving the central office is directed only to

Fiber to the x - Misplaced Pages Continue

2624-525: Is often divided into channels or "frequency bins" using passband techniques to allow frequency-division multiplexing instead of sending a higher-quality signal. In data communications, a 56k modem will transmit a data rate of 56 kilobits per second (kbit/s) over a 4-kilohertz-wide telephone line (narrowband or voiceband ). In the late 1980s, the Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) used

2706-465: Is seemingly always 'on' and is faster than dial-up access over traditional analog or ISDN PSTN services. The ideal telecommunication network has the following characteristics: broadband , multi-media , multi-point , multi-rate and economical implementation for a diversity of services (multi-services). The Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) was planned to provide these characteristics. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

2788-417: Is sometimes given the acronym FTTLA (fiber-to-the-last-amplifier) when it replaces analog amplifiers up to the last one before the customer (or neighborhood of customers). FTTC allows delivery of broadband services such as high-speed internet. Usually, existing wire is used with communications protocols such as broadband cable access (typically DOCSIS ) or some form of DSL connecting the curb/cabinet and

2870-500: Is specifically limited to the self-FEXT ( far-end crosstalk ) cancellation in the downstream and upstream directions. The far-end crosstalk (FEXT) generated by a group of near-end transceivers and interfering with the far-end transceivers of that same group is cancelled. This cancellation takes place between VDSL2 transceivers, not necessarily of the same profile. The technology is analogous to G.INP and Seamless Rate Adaptation (SRA). Although technically feasible, as of 2022, vectoring

2952-441: Is that what is typically considered a broadband signal in this sense is a signal that occupies multiple (non-masking, orthogonal ) passbands, thus allowing for much higher throughput over a single medium but with additional complexity in the transmitter/receiver circuitry. The term became popularized through the 1990s as a marketing term for Internet access that was faster than dial-up access (dial-up being typically limited to

3034-480: Is the ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides a way to create a local area network up to 1 Gigabit/s (which is considered high-speed as of 2014) using existing home business and home wiring (including power lines, but also phone lines and coaxial cables ). In 2014, researchers at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology made developments on the creation of ultra-shallow broadband optical instruments . In

3116-610: Is used by cable television operators but is usually not synonymous with "fiber In the loop", although similar advanced services are provided by the HFC networks. Fixed wireless and mobile wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi , WiMAX and 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) are an alternative for providing Internet access . The telecommunications industry differentiates between several distinct FTTX configurations. The terms in most widespread use today are: To promote consistency, especially when comparing FTTH penetration rates between countries,

3198-423: The local loop attenuation increases. The concept of VDSL was first published in 1991 through a joint Bellcore - Stanford research study. The study searched for potential successors to the then-prevalent HDSL and relatively new ADSL , which were both 1.5 Mbit/s. Specifically, it explored the feasibility of symmetric and asymmetric data rates exceeding 10 Mbit/s on short phone lines. VDSL2 standard

3280-695: The FCC in December 2017. A number of national and international regulators categorize broadband connections according to upload and download speeds, stated in Mbit/s ( megabits per second ). In Australia, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission also requires Internet Service Providers to quote speed during night time and busy hours Bandwidth has historically been very unequally distributed worldwide with increasing concentration in

3362-538: The Fiber for Italy initiative, had an even more ambitious plan to bring fiber-to-the-home and fiber-to-the-business to 138 cities by 2018. By the end of December 2010, the total number of fiber-to-the-home enabled homes had passed 2.5 million, with more than 348,000 subscribers.) In September 2010, the European Commission published a new "Recommendation for Regulated Access to NGA Networks" along with

Fiber to the x - Misplaced Pages Continue

3444-580: The United States, Germany's Deutsche Telekom , Greece 's OTE , Swisscom, TIM in Italy, Proximus in Belgium, nbn™ in Australia , and Canadian operators Telus , Cogeco and Bell Canada . The simplest optical distribution network architecture is direct fiber: each fiber leaving the central office goes to exactly one customer. These networks can support a lot of bandwidth, but they cost more because of

3526-1096: The United States, in Chattanooga , Tennessee , despite being conducted by power utility EPB , was FTTH rather than FTTC, reaching every subscriber in a 600-square-mile area. Monthly pricing of US$ 350 reflected this generally high cost of deployment. However, Chattanooga EPB has reduced the monthly pricing to US$ 70/month. Historically, both telephone and cable companies avoided hybrid networks using several different modes of transport from their point of presence into customer premises. The increased competitive cost pressure, availability of three different existing wire solutions, smart grid deployment requirements (as in Chattanooga), and better hybrid networking tools (with major vendors like Alcatel-Lucent and Qualcomm Atheros , and Wi-Fi solutions for edge networks , IEEE 1905 and IEEE 802.21 protocol efforts and SNMP improvements) all make FTTC deployments more likely in areas uneconomic to serve with FTTP/FTTH. In effect FTTC serves as

3608-493: The broadband network) must provide all these different services ( multi-services ) to the user. Conventional telephony communication used: Modern services can be: These aspects are examined individually in the following three sub-sections. A multimedia call may communicate audio, data, still images, or full-motion video , or any combination of these media. Each medium has different demands for communication quality, such as: The information content of each medium may affect

3690-434: The cabinet is usually less than one mile in radius and can contain several hundred customers. FTTN allows delivery of broadband services such as high-speed internet. High-speed communications protocols such as broadband cable access (typically DOCSIS ) or some form of digital subscriber line (DSL) are used between the cabinet and the customers. Data rates vary according to the exact protocol used and according to how close

3772-582: The connection and media requests of a multipoint, multimedia communication call. A multirate service network is one which flexibly allocates transmission capacity to connections. A multimedia network has to support a broad range of bit-rates demanded by connections, not only because there are many communication media, but also because a communication medium may be encoded by algorithms with different bit-rates. For example, audio signals can be encoded with bit-rates ranging from less than 1 kbit/s to hundreds of kbit/s, using different encoding algorithms with

3854-408: The context of Internet access , the term "broadband" is used loosely to mean "access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access". A range of more precise definitions of speed have been prescribed at times, including: Broadband Internet service in the United States was effectively treated or managed as a public utility by net neutrality rules until being overturned by

3936-713: The copper network's reach. Hybrid Access Networks can be used to combine xDSL with wireless networks. This enables network operators to provide faster Internet access services over long lines. Vplus is a technology to achieve higher speeds over existing VDSL2 networks. It was developed by Alcatel-Lucent and standardised in November 2015 in ITU G.993.2 Amendment 1 as VDSL2 profile 35b. It promises to deliver speeds of up to 300 Mbit/s downstream and 100 Mbit/s upstream on loops shorter than 250 m. On longer loops, Vplus falls back to VDSL2 17a vectoring performance. Vplus uses

4018-680: The cost of running fiber that can vary widely with geography and building type. In the United States and Canada, the largest deployment of FTTC was carried out by BellSouth Telecommunications . With the acquisition of BellSouth by AT&T , deployment of FTTC will end. Future deployments will be based on either FTTN or FTTP. Existing FTTC plant may be removed and replaced with FTTP. Verizon , meanwhile, announced in March 2010 they were winding down Verizon FiOS expansion, concentrating on completing their network in areas that already had FiOS franchises but were not deploying to new areas, suggesting that FTTH

4100-421: The customer for whom it is intended. Incoming signals from the customers avoid colliding at the intersection because the powered equipment there provides buffering . Active Ethernet (a type of Ethernet in the first mile ) is a common AON, which uses optical Ethernet switches to distribute the signal, incorporating the customers' premises and the central office into a large switched Ethernet network. Ethernet in

4182-435: The customer is to the cabinet. Unlike FTTP, FTTN often uses existing coaxial or twisted-pair infrastructure to provide last mile service and is thus less costly to deploy. In the long term, however, its bandwidth potential is limited relative to implementations that bring the fiber still closer to the subscriber. A variant of this technique for cable television providers is used in a hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) system. It

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4264-419: The customer premises equipment would be described as FTTC. Fiber to the node or neighborhood (FTTN), sometimes identified with and sometimes distinguished from fiber to the cabinet (FTTC), is a telecommunication architecture based on fiber-optic cables run to a cabinet serving a neighborhood. Customers typically connect to this cabinet using traditional coaxial cable or twisted pair wiring. The area served by

4346-601: The customers. In these protocols, the data rates vary according to the exact protocol used and according to how close the customer is to the cabinet. Where it is feasible to run new cable, both fiber and copper Ethernet are capable of connecting the "curb" with a full 100 Mbit/s or 1 Gbit/s connection. Even using relatively cheap outdoor category 5 copper over hundreds of meters, all Ethernet protocols including power over Ethernet (PoE) are supported. Most fixed wireless technologies rely on PoE, including Motorola Canopy , which has low-power radios capable of running on

4428-419: The demand for reliable bandwidth is crucial as more and more people begin to utilize these services. FTTC (where fiber transitions to copper in a street cabinet) is generally too far from the users for standard Ethernet configurations over existing copper cabling. They generally use very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line (VDSL) at downstream rates of 80 Mbit/s , but this falls extremely quickly when

4510-518: The digital age. Historically only 10 countries have hosted 70–75% of the global telecommunication capacity (see pie-chart Figure on the right). In 2014, only three countries (China, the US, and Japan) host 50% of the globally installed telecommunication bandwidth potential. The U.S. lost its global leadership in terms of installed bandwidth in 2011, being replaced by China, which hosts more than twice as much national bandwidth potential in 2014 (29% versus 13% of

4592-407: The distance exceeds 100 m (300 ft). Fiber to the premises (FTTP) is a form of fiber-optic communication delivery in which an optical fiber is run in an optical distribution network from the central office all the way to the premises occupied by the subscriber. The term "FTTP" has become ambiguous and may also refer to FTTC where the fiber terminates at a utility pole without reaching

4674-779: The economy of sharing. This economy motivates the general idea of an integrated services network. Integration avoids the need for many overlaying networks, which complicates network management and reduces flexibility in the introduction and evolution of services. This integration was made possible with advances in broadband technologies and high-speed information processing of the 1990s. While multiple network structures were capable of supporting broadband services, an ever-increasing percentage of broadband and MSO providers opted for fibre-optic network structures to support both present and future bandwidth requirements. CATV (cable television), HDTV (high definition television), VoIP (voice over internet protocol), and broadband internet are some of

4756-420: The fact that the 10PASS-TS standard for Ethernet ratified in 2008 used DSL technology, and both cable and DSL modems often have Ethernet connectors on them. A television antenna may be described as "broadband" because it is capable of receiving a wide range of channels, while e.g. a low-VHF antenna is "narrowband" since it receives only 1 to 5 channels. The U.S. federal standard FS-1037C defines "broadband" as

4838-436: The fiber and the equipment in the central office. Direct fiber is generally favored by new entrants and competitive operators. A benefit is that no layer 2 networking technologies are excluded, whether passive optical network (PON), active optical network (AON), or other. Any form of regulatory remedy is possible using this topology. More commonly, each fiber leaving the central office is actually shared by many customers. It

4920-444: The fiber, permitting substantial speed improvements by equipment upgrades before the fiber itself must be upgraded. Still, the type and length of employed fibers chosen, e.g. multimode vs. single-mode, are critical for applicability for future connections of over 1 Gbit/s . With the rising popularity of high-definition , on-demand video streaming applications and devices such as YouTube , Netflix , Roku , and Facebook LIVE ,

5002-472: The first mile deployments follow a point to point or star network topology and are often based on Fast Ethernet speeds of up to 100 Mbit/s . Such networks are identical to Ethernet computer networks used in businesses and academic institutions, except that their purpose is to connect homes and buildings to a central office rather than to connect computers and printers within a location. Each switching cabinet can handle up to 1,000 customers, although 400–500

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5084-513: The global total). Nation specific: Very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line Very high-speed digital subscriber line ( VDSL ) and very high-speed digital subscriber line 2 ( VDSL2 ) are digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies providing data transmission faster than the earlier standards of asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) G.992.1 , G.992.3 (ADSL2) and G.992.5 (ADSL2+). VDSL offers speeds of up to 52  Mbit/s downstream and 16 Mbit/s upstream , over

5166-433: The higher the cost of construction and the higher the channel capacity. In places not served by metallic facilities, little cost is saved by not running fiber to the home. Fiber to the x is the key method used to drive next-generation access ( NGA ), which describes a significant upgrade to the broadband available by making a step change in speed and quality of the service. This is typically thought of as asymmetrical with

5248-402: The information generated by other media. For example, voice could be transcribed into data via voice recognition, and data commands may control the way voice and video are presented. These interactions most often occur at the communication terminals, but may also occur within the network. Traditional voice calls are predominantly two party calls, requiring a point-to-point connection using only

5330-549: The information into the system. However, "broadband video" in the context of streaming Internet video has come to mean video files that have bit-rates high enough to require broadband Internet access for viewing. "Broadband video" is also sometimes used to describe IPTV Video on demand . Power lines have also been used for various types of data communication. Although some systems for remote control are based on narrowband signaling, modern high-speed systems use broadband signaling to achieve very high data rates. One example

5412-412: The most common applications now being supported by fibre optic networks, in some cases directly to the home (FTTh – Fibre To The Home). These types of fibre optic networks incorporate a wide variety of products to support and distribute the signal from the central office to an optic node, and ultimately to the subscriber (end-user). In telecommunications , a broadband signalling method is one that handles

5494-461: The other hand, data networks which store and forward messages using computers had limited connectivity, usually did not have sufficient bandwidth for digitised voice and video signals, and suffer from unacceptable delays for the real-time signals. Television networks using radio or cables were largely broadcast networks with minimum switching facilities. It was desirable to have a single network for providing all these communication services to achieve

5576-421: The premises. Fiber to the premises can be categorized according to where the optical fiber ends: An apartment building may provide an example of the distinction between FTTH and FTTB. If a fiber is run to a panel inside each subscriber's apartment unit, it is FTTH. If instead, the fiber goes only as far as the apartment building's shared electrical room (either only to the ground floor or to each floor), it

5658-493: The same cable. Broadband systems usually use a different radio frequency modulated by the data signal for each band. The total bandwidth of the medium is larger than the bandwidth of any channel. The 10BROAD36 broadband variant of Ethernet was standardized by 1985, but was not commercially successful. The DOCSIS standard became available to consumers in the late 1990s, to provide Internet access to cable television residential customers. Matters were further confused by

5740-471: The same tone spacing as VDSL2 17a to allow vectoring across Vplus (35b) and 17a lines, and thus mixed deployments and a smooth introduction of Vplus. The VDSL1 standard has three bandplans: Annex A (Asymmetric BandPlan), Annex B (Symmetric BandPlan) and Annex C (Fx BandPlan). Annex A and Annex B were formerly called Plan 998 and Plan 997 respectively. VDSL1 Annex C is intended for use in Sweden only and it uses

5822-413: The signal to be transmitted farther without being repeated. Cable companies use a hybrid system using fiber to transmit the signal to neighborhoods and then changes the signal from light to radio frequency to be transmitted over coaxial cable to homes. Doing so reduces the use of having multiple head ends. A head end gathers all the information from the local cable networks and movie channels and then feeds

5904-410: The telephone network, data on computer networks such as local area networks , video teleconferencing on private corporate networks, and television on broadcast radio or cable networks. These networks were largely engineered for a specific application and are not suited to other applications. For example, the traditional telephone network is too noisy and inefficient for bursty data communication. On

5986-438: The term to refer to a broad range of bit rates , independent of physical modulation details. The various forms of digital subscriber line (DSL) services are broadband in the sense that digital information is sent over multiple channels. Each channel is at a higher frequency than the baseband voice channel, so it can support plain old telephone service on a single pair of wires at the same time. However, when that same line

6068-754: The three FTTH Councils of Europe, North America, and Asia-Pacific agreed upon definitions for FTTH and FTTB in 2006, with an update in 2009, 2011 and another in 2015. The FTTH Councils do not have formal definitions for FTTC and FTTN. While fiber optic cables can carry data at high speeds over long distances, copper cables used in traditional telephone lines and ADSL cannot. For example, the common form of Gigabit Ethernet ( 1 Gbit/s ) runs over relatively economical category 5e , category 6 or 6A unshielded twisted-pair copper cabling but only to 100 m (300 ft). However, 1 Gbit/s Ethernet over fiber can easily reach tens of kilometers. Therefore, FTTP has been selected by every major communications provider in

6150-556: The voice medium. To access pictorial information in a remote database would require a point-to-point connection that sends low bit-rate queries to the database and high bit-rate video from the database. Entertainment video applications are largely point-to-multi-point connections, requiring one way communication of full motion video and audio from the program source to the viewers. Video teleconferencing involves connections among many parties, communicating voice, video, as well as data. Offering future services thus requires flexible management of

6232-528: The way to the subscribers' homes, while hybrid networks (often FTTN) use it to transport data via fiber to an intermediate point to ensure sufficiently high throughput speeds over last-mile copper connections. This approach has become increasingly popular in recent years with telecoms service providers in both North America ( AT&T , Telus , for example) and Europe's Fastweb , Telecom Italia , Telekom Austria and Deutsche Telekom , for example. Google has also looked into this approach, amongst others, as

6314-407: The world to carry data over long 1 Gbit/s symmetrical connections directly to consumer homes. FTTP configurations that bring fiber directly into the building can offer the highest speeds since the remaining segments can use standard Ethernet or coaxial cable. Fiber is often said to be "future-proof" because the data rate of the connection is usually limited by the terminal equipment rather than

6396-564: Was announced as finalized on 27 May 2005, and first published on 17 February 2006. Several corrections and amendments were published from 2007 to 2011. VDSL2 permits the transmission of asymmetric and symmetric aggregate data rates up to 300+ Mbit/s downstream and upstream on twisted pairs using a bandwidth up to 35 MHz on its latest version. It deteriorates quickly from a theoretical maximum of 350 Mbit/s at source to 100 Mbit/s at 500 m (1640.42 ft) and 50 Mbit/s at 1000 m (3280.84 ft), but degrades at

6478-480: Was approved by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in November 2001. Second-generation systems ( VDSL2 ; ITU-T G.993.2 approved in February 2006) use frequencies of up to 30 MHz to provide data rates exceeding 100 Mbit/s simultaneously in both the upstream and downstream directions. The maximum available bit rate is achieved at a range of about 300 metres (980 ft); performance degrades as

6560-576: Was handled by a residential gateway provided by Advanced Digital Broadcast inside a subscriber's home to be shared with other consumer electronics (CE) devices. Since 2007, Italian access providers Fastweb , Vodafone , and Wind participated in an initiative called Fiber for Italy, with the aim of creating a countrywide fiber-to-the-home network in Italy. The pilot taking place in the Italian capital, Rome, has seen symmetrical bandwidth of 100 Mbit/s . Telecom Italia, which refused to take part in

6642-399: Was promoted as a target technology for meeting these requirements. Different criteria for "broad" have been applied in different contexts and at different times. Its origin is in physics, acoustics , and radio systems engineering, where it had been used with a meaning similar to " wideband ", or in the context of audio noise reduction systems , where it indicated a single-band rather than

6724-427: Was uneconomic beyond these areas. Verizon also announced (at CES 2010) its entry into the smart home and power utility data management arenas, indicating it was considering using P1901-based FTTC or some other existing-wire approach to reach into homes, and access additional revenues from the secure AES-128 bandwidth required for advanced metering infrastructure . However, the largest 1 Gbit/s deployment in

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