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81-588: The Founders Library is located on Howard University's main quad. It was constructed on the location of the university's first main building which housed many university departments and the original library. The campus is located in the Howard/Shaw Neighborhood of Washington, D.C. At the time of the library's construction, the neighborhood was home to numerous black luminaries. Carter G. Woodson , Nannie Helen Burroughs , Georgia Douglas Johnson , Mary McLeod Bethune and Mary Church Terrell , were

162-474: A Jamaican activist who worked in New York. Woodson became a regular columnist for Garvey's weekly Negro World . Garvey believed Afro-Americans should embrace segregation, as he contended that race relations were and always would be antagonistic, and his ultimate objective was a "Back-to-Africa" plan as he believed all Afro-Americans should move to Africa. Woodson broke with Garvey when he learned that Garvey

243-500: A Negro History Week was a popular one, and to honor Negro History Week parades, breakfasts, speeches, lectures, poetry readings, banquets, and exhibits were commonly held. The Black United Students and Black educators at Kent State University expanded this idea to include an entire month beginning on February 1, 1970. Since 1976, every US president has designated February as Black History Month . Woodson believed in self-reliance and racial respect, values he shared with Marcus Garvey ,

324-511: A building about 200 feet long by 100 feet wide would do if we made the building four healthy stories high and provided for six levels of stacks. ... The tower should be exactly in the center and should read as a tower from the north campus (the larger, more prominent campus). The tower was borrowed from Independence Hall in Philadelphia. Since it was dedicated to liberty we felt that we could do no better. From these design parameters came

405-697: A category of history related to ethnic culture and race. At the time, these educators felt that it was wrong to teach or understand African-American history as separate from more general American history. According to these educators, "Negroes" were simply Americans, darker skinned, but with no history apart from that of any other. Thus Woodson's efforts to get Black culture and history into the curricula of institutions, even historically Black colleges, were often unsuccessful. Woodson criticized Christian churches for offering limited opportunity and requiring segregation. In 1933, he wrote in The Mis-Education of

486-545: A ceremony to apologize for his white ancestors' involvement in the slavery that had oppressed members of Carter G. Woodson's family. Following the reconciliation, both sides of the family developed the Black White Families Reconciliation (BWFR) Protocol, using the creative arts, particularly drumming and storytelling, with the aim of healing racial divides within Black and white families who share

567-464: A few of the residents who during their time, helped create the center of black intellectual life in Washington, D.C. Planning Process Discussions related to building a state of the art library on the campus of Howard University began in 1929. In that year, the U.S. Congress appropriated $ 1 million for the construction of the library. At the time, the university's library collection was housed in

648-690: A heart attack in the office within his home in the Shaw, Washington, D.C. , neighborhood on April 3, 1950, at the age of 74. He is buried at Lincoln Memorial Cemetery in Suitland, Maryland . The time that schools have set aside each year to focus on African-American history is Woodson's most visible legacy. His determination to further the recognition of the Black race in American and world history, however, inspired countless other scholars. Woodson remained focused on his work throughout his life. Many see him as

729-416: A man of vision and understanding. Although Woodson was among the ranks of the educated few, he did not feel particularly sentimental about elite educational institutions. The Association and journal that he started are still operating, and both have earned intellectual respect. Woodson's other far-reaching activities included the founding in 1920 of The Associated Publishers in Washington, D.C. This enabled

810-771: A negligible factor in the thought of the world." His stays at the Wabash Avenue YMCA in Chicago and in the surrounding Bronzeville neighborhood, including 1915's Lincoln Jubilee , inspired him to create the ASLNH (now the Association for the Study of African American Life and History). Another inspiration was John Wesley Cromwell 's 1914 book, The Negro in American History: Men and Women Eminent in

891-864: A new generation of Black people in historical research and methodology. Believing that history belonged to everybody, not just the historians, Woodson sought to engage Black civic leaders, high school teachers, clergymen, women's groups and fraternal associations in his project to improve the understanding of African-American history. He served as Academic Dean of the West Virginia Collegiate Institute , now West Virginia State University, from 1920 to 1922. By 1922, Woodson's experience of academic politics and intrigue had left him so disenchanted with university life that he vowed never to work in academia again. He continued to write publish and lecture nationwide. He studied many aspects of African-American history. For instance, in 1924, he published

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972-420: A position to develop certain aspects of the life and history of the race which cannot otherwise be treated. In the final analysis, this work must be done by Negroes.... The point here is rather that Negroes have the advantage of being able to think black." Woodson's claim that only Black historians could really understand Black history anticipated the fierce debates that rocked the American historical profession in

1053-731: A professor, and served there as Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. Woodson felt that the American Historical Association (AHA) had no interest in Black history, noting that although he was a dues-paying member of the AHA, he was not allowed to attend AHA conferences. Woodson became convinced he had no future in the white-dominated historical profession, and to work as a Black historian would require creating an institutional structure that would make it possible for Black scholars to study history. Because Woodson lacked

1134-548: A radical. I am ready to act, if I can find brave men to help me. His difference of opinion with Grimké, who wanted a more conservative course, contributed to Woodson's ending his affiliation with the NAACP. Woodson devoted the rest of his life to historical research. He worked to preserve the history of African Americans and accumulated a collection of thousands of artifacts and publications. He noted that African-American contributions "were overlooked, ignored, and even suppressed by

1215-639: A school supervisor in the Philippines , which had recently become an American territory. Woodson later attended the University of Chicago , where he was awarded an A.B and A.M in 1908. He was a member of the first Black professional fraternity Sigma Pi Phi and a member of Omega Psi Phi . Woodson's M.A thesis was titled "The German Policy of France in the War of Austrian Succession." He completed his PhD in history at Harvard University in 1912, where he

1296-478: A small farm. The Woodson family was extremely poor, but proud. Both Woodson's parents told him that it was the happiest day of their lives when they became free. His sister was the poet, teacher, and activist Bessie Woodson Yancey . Woodson was often unable to attend primary school regularly so as to help out on the farm. Through a mixture of self-instruction and four months of instruction from his two uncles, brothers of his mother who were also taught to read, Woodson

1377-487: A structure of striking nobility. When it was dedicated on May 25, 1939, The Founders Library opened to rave reviews. Newspaper headlines shouted, "Howard Memorial to Founders Is Like Aladdin's Palace." No detail was too small to escape notice. The sound proofed walls and ceilings enable readers to talk in one corner of the room without being heard in the other. Floors are of cork and rubber, $ 1,000 rugs so deep readers will sink in to their ankles. There are five reading rooms,

1458-647: A surname. Library of Congress Classification The Library of Congress Classification ( LCC ) is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress in the United States , which can be used for shelving books in a library. LCC is mainly used by large research and academic libraries , while most public libraries and small academic libraries use the Dewey Decimal Classification system. The classification

1539-475: A teacher and school administrator. Earning graduate degrees at the University of Chicago , Woodson then became the second African American, after W. E. B. Du Bois , to obtain a PhD degree from Harvard University . Woodson is the only person whose parents were enslaved in the United States to obtain a PhD in history. Largely excluded from the uniformly-white academic history profession, Woodson realized

1620-1054: A third one for staff. General public id and password is selected by user after selecting the network when accessing through their web browser . The library has three multi-function printers and one scanner connected to their network for students use. The library follows Accessibility and comply with ADA regulations : Since 1867, Howard University has had 24 University Librarians/Directors. Danforth B. Nichols (1867 – 1873) Lorenzo Westcott (1873 – 1874) George W. Mitchell (1874 – 1875) Charles H. A. Bulkley (1882 – 1890) H.O. Cushman (1890) Irene C Tyler (1891 – 1897) Flora L.P. Johnson (1898 – 1912) Grace Liscom Hewett-Watkin (1912 – 1916) Edward C. Williams (1916 – 1929) Emma G. Murray (1929 – 1935) Walter G. Daniel (1935 – 1946) Joseph H. Reason (1946 – 1971) William D. Cunningham (1971 – 1973) Kenneth S. Wilson (interim, 1973 – 1975) Carter G. Woodson Carter Godwin Woodson (December 19, 1875 – April 3, 1950)

1701-541: Is also distinct from Library of Congress Subject Headings , the system of labels such as "Glaciers" and "Glaciers—Fiction" that describe contents systematically. One variation from the original LCC system is the National Library of Medicine classification system (NLM), which uses the initial letters W and QS – QZ , which are not used by LCC. Some libraries use NLM in conjunction with LCC, eschewing LCC's R, QM, and QP, which overlap with NLM's schema. Another

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1782-418: Is free," and observed that West Indian societies had been more successful at properly dedicating the necessary amounts of time and resources needed to educate and emancipate people genuinely. Woodson approved of efforts by West Indians to include materials related to Black history and culture into their school curricula. Woodson was ostracized by some of his contemporaries because of his insistence on defining

1863-703: Is the Canadian Universities and the Canadian National Library using FC for Canadian History, a subclass that LCC has not officially adopted, but which it has agreed not to use for anything else. Together, the Dewey Decimal System (DDC) and LCC make up the two main classification system used in U.S. libraries. LCC is favored by large academic and research libraries. Systems of classification can be evaluated on several metrics, including expressiveness (the ability of

1944-496: Is their approach to classifying. Dewey's system is a comprehensive classification to all topics, with no regard to the actual collections a library might hold. While this has allowed it to be successfully adapted into more modern classification systems for use outside of libraries, such as the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), it does make it more unwieldy for large or specialized collections. On

2025-613: The Carnegie Library also located on the main campus. Opened in 1910, the Carnegie Library allowed for the expansion the library collection and number of which facilitated easier usage of the collection. Prior to this period, the library collection was scattered between the main building and individual libraries in each college. By 1929, the collection had grown to over 85,000 volumes and continued expanding through yearly appropriations of $ 4,000. The building also housed

2106-757: The Dewey Decimal System , Charles Ammi Cutter 's Cutter Expansive Classification , the Index Medicus , and the Putnam Classification System (developed while Putnam was head librarian at the Minneapolis Public Library ). The one closest to their needs was Cutter's; however, he died before the completion of his system. Hanson and Martel thus decided to develop their own unique system, strongly based on his ideas. They published their first outline of

2187-503: The Universal Negro Improvement Association led by an extremely charismatic Jamaican immigrant Marcus Garvey . In this atmosphere, Woodson was considered by other Black Americans to be one of their most important community leaders who discovered their "lost history." Woodson's project for the "New Negro History" had a dual purpose of giving Black Americans a history to be proud of and to ensure that

2268-534: The 1960s–1970s when a younger generation of Black historians asserted that only Black people were qualified to write about Black history. Despite these claims, the need for funding ensured that Woodson had several white philanthropists such as Julius Rosenwald , George Foster Peabody , and James H. Dillard elected to the board of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. Woodson preferred white patrons such as Rosenwald who were willing to finance his Association without being involved in its work. Some of

2349-539: The American stage, in movies, and on television. The collection's strengths are Shakespearean drama and criticism as well as English and American theater of the 19th century. The Moorland – Spingarn Research Center (MSRC) is recognized as one of the world's largest and most comprehensive repositories for the documentation of the history and culture of people of African descent in Africa, the Americas, and other parts of

2430-511: The Americas), and B (Philosophy, Psychology, Religion). On the other hand, the later-developed K (Law) gives fairly even weight to global law. Today, the various schedules are maintained and revised by the Library's Policy and Standards Division, in conjunction with experts in each field. However, updating various schedules with classification biases is generally assumed to be impractical due to

2511-562: The Dewey Decimal Classification, where the numbers assigned to a topic iterate throughout the system (e.g., the ".05" tag indicated a periodical publication on the topic), the LCC numerical ranges are strictly hierarchal, only corresponding to their level on the outline. LCC is enumerative, meaning that it lists all the classes in officially published schedules, which are updated as needed by the Library of Congress. After

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2592-572: The Evolution of the American of African Descent . Woodson believed that education and increasing social and professional contacts among Black and white people could reduce racism, and he promoted the organized study of African-American history partly for that purpose. He would later promote the first Negro History Week in Washington, D.C., in 1926, forerunner of Black History Month. The Association ran conferences, published The Journal of Negro History , and "particularly targeted those responsible for

2673-399: The Library's Cataloging Distribution Service entirely online. LCC divides all knowledge into twenty-one basic classes, exchanges given a single letter of the alphabet as an identifier. The vast majority of these classes are divided further into two and three level sub-classes. With these sub-classes, numerical ranges are assigned to topics, going from more general to more specific. Unlike in

2754-512: The Moorland Collection of over 3000 documents related to African and African American history donated in 1914 by Howard Trustee and YMCA executive Jesse E. Moorland . Due to its continued growth, the Carnegie Library was strained by usage at the time. Thus, a new library was commissioned. Construction Although funds were appropriated for construction in 1929, construction did not begin until 1936. To accommodate its construction,

2835-509: The Negro that “the ritualistic churches into which these Negroes have gone do not touch the masses, and they show no promising future for racial development. Such institutions are controlled by those who offer the Negroes only limited opportunity and then sometimes on the condition that they be segregated in the court of the gentiles outside of the temple of Jehovah." Woodson died suddenly from

2916-650: The Negro Prior to 1861 . His other books followed: A Century of Negro Migration (1918) and The History of the Negro Church (1927). His work The Negro in Our History has been reprinted in numerous editions and was revised by Charles H. Wesley after Woodson's death in 1950. Woodson described the purpose of the ASNLH as the "scientific study" of the "neglected aspects of Negro life and history" by training

2997-501: The author's last name. This serves to further distinguish publications and nominally alphabetize volumes within a topic section. The final component of a typical LCC call-number is the publication year, in full. Library collections can add modifiers to distinguish specific volumes, such as "Copy 1." LCC should not be confused with Library of Congress Control Numbers (LCCN), which are assigned to all books (and authors) and defines online catalog entries. Library of Congress Classification

3078-727: The building. This included much of the work on the famed Brown v. Board of Topeka, Kansas case. The case, which originated with Charles Hamilton Houston , Dean of the Howard University School of Law, was eventually argued by Houston's former student and mentee, Thurgood Marshall , who later became an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Founders Library provide library cards to Howard Students only in order to borrow books and other materials. Founders serves Howard students and general public ; Visitors must present their photo ID to

3159-512: The celebration of "Negro History Week," the precursor of Black History Month . Woodson was an important figure to the movement of Afrocentrism , due to his perspective of placing people of African descent at the center of the study of history and the human experience. Born in Virginia , the son of former slaves , Woodson had to put off schooling while he worked in the coal mines of West Virginia . He graduated from Berea College , and became

3240-420: The classification decisions were driven by the practical needs of that library rather than epistemological considerations. Although it divides subjects into broad categories, it is essentially enumerative in nature. That is, it provides a guide to the books actually in one library's collections, not a classification of the world. The central core of the modern Library of Congress was formed from books sold to

3321-427: The classification scheme in 1904. Development of the classes continued throughout the twentieth century. The last class to be developed was K (Law): the first K schedule was published in 1969 and not completed until the 2004 publication of KB. From 1996 onwards, the LCC schedules were available online, and since 2013, there have been no new print editions of the classification system. All updates are now distributed by

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3402-518: The development of a new classification system that would more accurately describe the collections the library held. Young's tenure as Librarian ended with his death in 1899, and his successor, Herbert Putnam , continued to implement the updates to the catalog through his long stay in the office. By the time he departed from his post in 1939, all the classes except K (Law) were well developed. In creating their classification system, Hanson and Martel evaluated several systems already in existence, including

3483-634: The education of black children." In January 1916, Woodson began publication of the scholarly Journal of Negro History . It has never missed an issue, despite the Great Depression , loss of support from foundations, and two World Wars. In 2002, it was renamed the Journal of African American History and continues to be published by the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH). Woodson published The Education of

3564-513: The extended duties of the Association, Woodson was able to write academic works such as The History of the Negro Church (1922), The Mis-Education of the Negro (1933), and others which continue to have wide readership. Woodson did not shy away from controversial subjects, and used the pages of Black World to contribute to debates. One issue related to West Indian/African-American relations. He summarized that "the West Indian Negro

3645-556: The face of widespread disillusionment felt in Black America caused by the "Red Summer", Carter worked hard to improve the understanding of Black history, later writing: "I have made every sacrifice for this movement. I have spent all my time doing this one thing and trying to do it efficiently." The 1920s were a time of rising Black self-consciousness expressed variously in movements such as the Harlem Renaissance and

3726-579: The first study of free Black slaveowners of 1830, in the United States . Woodson became affiliated with the Washington, D.C., branch of the NAACP and its chairman Archibald Grimké . On January 28, 1915, Woodson wrote a letter to Grimké expressing his dissatisfaction with activities and making two proposals: Du Bois added the proposal to divert "patronage from business establishments which do not treat races alike;" that is, boycott racially discriminatory businesses. Woodson wrote that he would cooperate as one of

3807-414: The funding for the library, said this of the importance of libraries: We can hardly over-estimate the role of libraries in modern life. They constitute perhaps the most important single agency for the perpetuation of civilization. To the libraries we entrust for safe keeping our accumulated social, artistic and scientific knowledge. It is upon their resources that we largely depend for knowing and understand

3888-630: The funds to finance such a new institutional structure himself, he turned to philanthropist institutions such as the Carnegie Foundation , the Julius Rosenwald Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation . Convinced that the role of his own people in American history and in the history of other cultures was being ignored or misrepresented among scholars, Woodson realized the need for research into

3969-564: The government by Thomas Jefferson after the original collection was razed by the British in the War of 1812 . As a result, the original classification system used by the library was of his own invention. However, by the end of the nineteenth century, the collection had grown to over a million volumes and his system was deemed too unwieldy. John Russell Young , the seventh Librarian of Congress, hired James Hanson and Charles Martel in 1897, who began

4050-402: The librarian receptionist. Founder Library has more than 6 open study rooms with more than 60 seats and restrooms in each level. The library have more than 40 computers that can be used by students and can be accessed with their Student Id and password, and two guest computers that can be used by general public. Founders count with 3 main hotspots, one for students, one for general public and

4131-493: The library was also recognized in 2012 by the National Trust for Historic Preservation as it named the library a "national treasure." The main library uses consist in more than 40 thousand books organized using the Library of Congress Classification : Third floor Second floor First floor Ground floor The library has a map with the classification and sub classification of each class in order to facilitate

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4212-645: The literary and political activities of author Daniel Defoe. The Channing Pollock Theater Collection is a non-circulating special collection of the Howard University Libraries. Devoted to the performing arts, the Channing Pollock Collection was established in 1950 by Helen Channing Pollock, daughter of the late American playwright and critic, Channing Pollock. The collection was formally presented to Howard in May 1952 during

4293-485: The main one 120 feet by 32 feet, equipped with twenty silver oak tables each having six chairs. Overhead the ceiling carries ... indirect lights of 500 watts each. So efficient is the lighting that if an obstruction is held 2 feet above a book, enough light will still come in at the side to permit easy reading. The browsing room is fitted with cream colored monk's cloth drapes, Spanish leather easy chairs and couches and Axminster rugs that cost $ 1,000 each. The importance of

4374-497: The massive workload that would result in, especially as the "discipline" based classes of LCC have been entrenched in the average library user's mind. Like all classification systems, LCC struggles with catering to interdisciplinary scholars and topics, as ultimately, a book can only be shelved in a single location. Additionally, LCC has a problem with "othering" marginalized groups, making works related to or authored by members of these groups particularly difficult to locate. This

4455-482: The most advanced technological advancements of the day including mechanical elevators and air conditioning. Founders Library cost $ 1.106 million in 1939 and was one of the most important academic structures of the 1940s. The library has five reading rooms. The main reading room is 120 feet (37 m) by 32 feet (9.8 m). A contemporary account by one of the leading architects in Albert Cassell's firm makes clear how

4536-492: The navigation for its visitors. Each floor has tables and seat available to be used by its visitors. An extensive collection of Eighteenth Century English Literature curated by former Howard University professors Charles E. Burch. Burch headed the Howard University English Department and received wide acclaim as a professor of 17th, 18th century English Literature. His major research concerned

4617-592: The need to make the structures which support scholarship in black history, and black historians. He taught at historically black colleges , Howard University and West Virginia State University , but spent most of his career in Washington, D.C., managing the ASALH, public speaking, writing, and publishing. Carter G. Woodson was born in New Canton, Virginia , on December 19, 1875, the son of former slaves Anne Eliza (Riddle) and James Henry Woodson. Although his father

4698-458: The neglected past of African Americans. Along with William D. Hartgrove, George Cleveland Hall , Alexander L. Jackson , and James E. Stamps, he founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASLNH) on September 9, 1915, in Chicago . Woodson's purpose was "to treat the records scientifically and to publish the findings of the world" in order to avoid "the awful fate of becoming

4779-521: The numeration system to express the hierarchal and correlative relationships between topics), hospitality (the ability of the system to accommodate new subjects), and brevity (length of call numbers). While LCC is significantly less expressive than DDC, it is extremely hospitable, mainly in the fact that five class (I, O, W, X, and Y) lack any assignment to topics. LCC call numbers also tend to be shorter than those in DDC. The main difference between DDC and LCC

4860-541: The original main building on the campus was demolished. In addition, the President's house, which sat next to the main building was moved. Upon completion, Founders Library was described as a "palace of books" and was the most comprehensive library at any Historically Black College or University. Founders was dedication in May 1939. U.S. Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, who was prominent in securing

4941-418: The other hand, Hanson and Martel designed LCC specifically for library use, which means while it does not completely enumerate the world, it does more reflect what books a library might hold. Because LCC was designed around the collections of the Library of Congress, it has an American, European, and Christian bias, as reflected mainly in the earlier developed schedules of D (World History), E and F (History of

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5022-443: The overlooked role of Black people in American history was acknowledged by white historians. Woodson wanted a history that would ensure that "the world see the Negro as a participant rather than as a lay figure in history." He wrote: "[W]hile the Association welcomes the cooperation of white scholars in certain projects...it proceeds also on the basis that its important objectives can be attained through Negro investigators who are in

5103-464: The past; it is by their help that we may undertake to absorb the knowledge and develop the intellectual habits necessary for effective participation in the democratic way of life; and it is mainly through them that we hope to be able to project our own contributions into and influence the future. Architecture The Founders Library is a Georgian style, red brick building with a clock tower visible throughout Washington, D.C. The building contained many of

5184-466: The post office and have dinner at the YMCA. He would teasingly decline her dinner invitations saying, 'No, you are trying to marry me off. I am married to my work.'" Woodson's most cherished ambition, a six-volume Encyclopedia Africana , was incomplete at the time of his death. In 1998, musician and ethnomusicologist Craig Woodson (once of the experimental rock band The United States of America ), arranged

5265-532: The project began: The university was fairly specific. They gave us the names and the sizes for the principal spaces, and the number of books that they wanted to provide for. They suggested that this building have a tower. Old Main Building had one. The site given was on top of the hill where the Old Main Building sat. It would have to go and the president's house would have to be moved. We found that

5346-835: The publication of books concerning Black people that might not have been supported in the rest of the market. He founded Negro History Week in 1926 (now known as Black History Month). He created the Negro History Bulletin , developed for teachers in elementary and high school grades, and published continuously since 1937. Woodson also influenced the Association's direction and subsidizing of research in African-American history. He wrote numerous articles, monographs, and books on Black people. The Negro in Our History reached its 11th edition in 1966, when it had sold more than 90,000 copies. Dorothy Porter Wesley recalled: "Woodson would wrap up his publications, take them to

5427-444: The range of numbers making up the topical division, call numbers often also include one or more Cutter numbers, modeled after the unfinished Cutter Expansive Classification index. The full LCC schedules contain tables that describe Cutter numbers for certain types of media, collections of work, and geographical areas. Cutter numbers also can take the form of an author-specific code, containing a letter and several numbers corresponding to

5508-576: The second week in February, to coincide with marking the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass . Woodson wrote of the purpose of Negro History Week as: It is not so much a Negro History Week as it is a History Week. We should emphasise not Negro History, but the Negro in History. What we need is not a history of selected races or nations, but the history of the world void of national bias, race hatred and religious prejudice. The idea of

5589-433: The twenty-five effective canvassers, adding that he would pay the office rent for one month. Grimké did not welcome Woodson's ideas. Responding to Grimké's comments about his proposals, on March 18, 1915, Woodson wrote: I am not afraid of being sued by white businessmen. In fact, I should welcome such a law suit. It would do the cause much good. Let us banish fear. We have been in this mental state for three centuries. I am

5670-424: The university's Festival of Fine Arts. The collection contains the playwright's published works, manuscripts, and personal correspondence with celebrities of his day. It also includes photographs, programs, broadsides, sheet music representing different phases of the theatrical and entertainment world, and extensive original clippings files that provide an historical sketch of the role and place of Black performers on

5751-482: The white board members that Woodson recruited such as historian Albert Bushnell Hart and teacher Thomas Jesse Jones were not content to play the passive role that Woodson wanted, leading to clashes as both Hart and Jones wanted to write about Black history. In 1920, both Jones and Hart resigned from the Board in protest against Woodson. In 1926, Woodson pioneered the celebration of "Negro History Week," designated for

5832-561: The world. The Moorland-Spingarn Research Center is located within the Founders Library. As one of the most comprehensive libraries on a historically black college campus, the Founders Library has been a beacon of intellectual research and study of the African American experience. Housing Howard University's School of Law during the 1930s-1950s, many of the major achievements of that department's faculty were completed in

5913-445: The writers of history textbooks and the teachers who use them." Race prejudice, he concluded, "is merely the logical result of tradition, the inevitable outcome of thorough instruction to the effect that the Negro has never contributed anything to the progress of mankind." The summer of 1919 was the " Red Summer ," a time of intense racial violence that saw about 1,000 people killed between May and September. Most of them were Black. In

5994-416: Was Albert Bushnell Hart , who had also been the advisor for Du Bois, with Edward Channing and Charles Haskins also on the committee. After earning his doctoral degree, he continued teaching in public schools – no university was willing to hire him – ultimately becoming the principal of the all-Black Armstrong Manual Training School in Washington D.C. He later joined the faculty at Howard University as

6075-481: Was able to master most school subjects. At the age of seventeen, Woodson followed his older brother Robert Henry to Huntington, West Virginia , where he hoped to attend Douglass High School , a secondary school for African Americans founded there. Woodson worked in the coal mines near the New River in southern West Virginia, which left little time for pursuing an education. At the age of twenty in 1895, Woodson

6156-457: Was an American historian, author, journalist, and the founder of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH). He was one of the first scholars to study the history of the African diaspora , including African-American history . A founder of The Journal of Negro History in 1916, Woodson has been called the "father of black history." In February 1926, he launched

6237-468: Was developed by James Hanson (chief of the Catalog Department), with assistance from Charles Martel , in 1897, while they were working at the Library of Congress. It was designed specifically for the purposes and collection of the Library of Congress to replace the fixed location system developed by Thomas Jefferson . LCC has been criticized for lacking a sound theoretical basis; many of

6318-634: Was finally able to enter Douglass High School full-time and received his diploma in 1897. From his graduation in 1897 until 1900, Woodson was employed as a teacher at a school in Winona , West Virginia. His career advanced further in 1900 when he became the principal of Douglass High School, the place where he had started his academic career. Between 1901 and 1903, Woodson took classes at Berea College in Kentucky , eventually earning his bachelor's degree in literature in 1903. From 1903 to 1907, Woodson served as

6399-551: Was illiterate, Carter's mother, Anna, had been taught to read by her mistress. His father, James, during the Civil War , had helped Union soldiers near Richmond , after escaping from his owner, by leading them to Confederate supply stations and warehouses to raid army supplies. Thereafter, and until the war ended, James had scouted for the Union Army. In 1867, Anna and James married, and later moved to West Virginia after buying

6480-685: Was meeting with the leaders of the Ku Klux Klan to discuss how the Universal Negro Improvement Association and the Klan could work together to achieve his "Back-to-Africa" plans. Woodson's political activism placed him at the center of a circle of many Black intellectuals and activists from the 1920s to the 1940s. He corresponded with W. E. B. Du Bois , John E. Bruce , Arturo Alfonso Schomburg , Hubert H. Harrison , and T. Thomas Fortune , among others. Even with

6561-436: Was the second African American (after W. E. B. Du Bois ) to earn a doctorate. His doctoral dissertation, The Disruption of Virginia , was based on research he did at the Library of Congress while teaching high school in Washington, D.C. During his research, Woodson came into conflict with his supervisors, causing professor of history, Frederick Jackson Turner , to intervene on Woodson's behalf. Woodson's dissertation advisor

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