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23-703: For much of its history the area had been known as Tegeingl , after the Celtic tribe Deceangli which inhabited North East Wales since the Iron Age. This was also the name of the most easterly cantref of the region. As the Kingdom of Gwynedd emerged as the dominant power in North Wales, the area also became known as Gwynedd Is Conwy (Gwynedd "below" the Conwy River ). The name Y Berfeddwlad appears in

46-704: A daughter from this marriage named Catherine, who became the ancestor of Owain Glyndwr . Eleanor had a daughter, Gwenllian of Wales , whom she died giving birth to on 19 June 1282 at the royal palace in Abergwyngregyn , on the north coast of Gwynedd. Her body was taken across the Lafan Sands to the Franciscan Friary at Llanfaes , Anglesey. The Friary had been founded by Llywelyn the Great ,

69-720: A peace agreement, resulting in the Treaty of Aberconwy : Edward had kept the coastal Cantrefs of the Perfeddwlad, while Dafydd gained Rhufoniog and Dyffryn Clwyd. Nevertheless, by the end of 1281, the Welsh princes who had supported Edward had become disillusioned, and in early 1282 Dafydd attacked the English castles of Hawarden and Rhuddlan (which had recently been built to strengthen Edward's control of coastal Perfeddwlad), instigating sympathetic outbreaks of anti-English violence in

92-511: A pre-emptive English invasion, in 1245. Dafydd died without heirs the next year, but the war was continued by Gruffydd's sons until 1247, when they decided to make peace with the King - the Treaty of Woodstock. The Treaty gave Henry the Perfeddwlad, which he gave to his own son ( Edward ), while the rest of Gwynedd was divided between Gruffydd's two adult sons ( Llywelyn and Owain ). After a decade,

115-506: A series of defeats for the English, who subsequently had to abandon their campaign to deal with serious conflicts between the King and his Barons . In 1269, the King's weakened authority over the whole kingdom, and Llywelyn's gains in the meantime, lead to the Treaty of Montgomery , by which Henry acknowledged Llywelyn's gain of the Perfeddwlad, and his dominance over the rest of Wales - acknowledging Llywelyn as Prince of Wales . However, when Llywelyn married Eleanor de Montfort (in 1275),

138-544: The High Middle Ages , as the rivalries between Gwynedd, Powys , and the Anglo-Saxon England (and later Normans ) intensified. The name is a contraction of " Perfedd " and " gwlad " meaning heart-land or middle-country as the area became a centre of conflict. Shortly after the death of Owain, the ruling Prince of Gwynedd , his son and heir Hywel was ousted in a coup led by his stepmother; he

161-517: The 12th century. Edwin of Tegeingl (d.1073) was in the 11th century described as "lord" or "prince" of Tegeingl. He was succeeded as lord of Tegeingl by his son Owain who supported the Anglo-Normans ' invasion of North Wales in the 1090s. The family remained powerful in North Wales until Owain's sons were killed in 1125 by a son of Gruffudd ap Cynan , Prince of Gwynedd. It then changed hands several times between England and Gwynedd, but

184-701: The King of the Romans, Richard of Cornwall . Her maternal aunts included the Queen of Scotland, Joan of England ; the Holy Roman Empress, Queen of Germany and Queen of Sicily, Isabella of England ; and the wife of the Prince of Wales, Joan, Lady of Wales . When Eleanor was thirteen years old, her father Simon de Montfort, and brother Lord Henry were killed at the Battle of Evesham (4 August 1265). According to

207-508: The Perfeddwlad in order to force Llywelyn's son - Dafydd - to agree (by the Treaty of Gwerneigron ) to limit his authority to Gwynedd. Henry took Dafydd's bastard elder brother Gruffydd hostage to ensure compliance (Gruffydd's potential release represented a threat to Dafydd, as Welsh Law allowed acknowledged bastards to inherit). Following Gruffydd's accidental death a few years later (while trying to escape), Dafydd forged an anti-English alliance against his uncle (King Henry), resulting in

230-508: The Spring of 1275. Shortly after, Eleanor de Montfort married Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales, by marriage per nuncios (proxy marriage) or per verba de presenti , which was endorsed by Canon Law. Eleanor began the sea voyage from France to north Wales, avoiding making a land passage through England. The two ships carrying Eleanor, her brother Amaury and their entourage, sailing off the south coast of England, were captured by sailors from

253-501: The chroniclers, Nicholas Trivet , William Rishanger and others, Earl Simon had earlier made an alliance with Llywelyn ap Gruffudd , whereby it was agreed that Llywelyn and Eleanor would marry. After Earl Simon's death, his family was forced to flee the Kingdom of England : Countess Eleanor took her daughter to the safety of the Dominican nunnery at Montargis , France, a Montfort foundation. Eleanor’s mother Countess Eleanor died in

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276-416: The daughter of Henry's greatest enemy, Edward - now king of England - demanded an explanation, in person. Llywelyn refused to attend, insisting he wouldn't be safe, so Edward declared him a rebel, and in 1277 attacked Gwynedd with an enormous army, seeking to depose Llywelyn entirely. Once Edward captured the Perfeddwlad and Anglesey (which provided much of the food supply for Llywelyn's troops), Llywelyn sought

299-628: The next eldest son of Owain Gwynedd after Hywel), defeated Dafydd in the Battle of Aberconwy , and took over the Perfeddwlad. Following Rhodri's death the following year, Gruffudd , another grandson of Owain Gwynedd by yet another son, took over the remainder of Gwynedd; when Gruffudd died in 1200, Llywelyn inherited these lands as well. Llywelyn's expansionist conflicts with Reginald de Braose , William Marshal , and Powys Wenwynwyn , lead to his dominance of Wales, but following his death, his brother-in-law, King Henry III of England , temporarily invaded

322-643: The northern coast of Wales between the River Clwyd and Deeside . The territory is roughly equivalent to the modern county of Flintshire today. Comprising the three commotes of Rhuddlan , Prestatyn and Coleshill (Cwnsyllt), the territory originally formed part of the Kingdom of Gwynedd until, in the late 8th century, it was conquered by the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Mercia . It remained under Mercian (or English) control for over three centuries until Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd recovered it in

345-452: The population of the Perfeddwlad felt that their grievances were not being adequately addressed by Edward, and appealed to Llywelyn for assistance. Llywelyn was himself already aggrieved that when Llywelyn's younger brother, Dafydd , had reached adulthood, Henry had promised to re-divide Gwynedd so that Dafydd would also have lands to rule. So it was that in late 1256 Llywelyn invaded the Perfeddwlad, and captured it. Supply-line problems led to

368-683: The port of Bristol , just off the Isles of Scilly . Six named men together with the crews of four ships of Bristol were rewarded with a payment of 220 marks. 'Thomas Larchdeacon', 'Thomas the Archdeacon', who masterminded the capture on behalf of her first cousin Edward I of England was paid £20 in May 1276 by the king's orders, through the sheriff of Cornwall. Eleanor was taken by ship to Bristol, then held prisoner at Windsor for nearly three years. She

391-486: The rest of wales. Llywelyn decided to support his brother. Edward's reaction was fierce, the revolt was crushed, Llywelyn was killed in battle, and Dafydd was caught, tried by Edward's parliament, and (having been convicted) hung, drawn, and quartered . Gwynedd was abolished, its relics and assets taken to Westminster, and Dafydd's sons were imprisoned for life. Following the consequent Statute of Rhuddlan , in 1284, Tegeingl Tegeingl , also known as Englefield ,

414-429: Was Prince of Gwynedd , and later, Prince of Wales . She was the daughter of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester and Eleanor of England . She was also the second woman who can be shown to have used the title Princess of Wales . Eleanor's maternal grandparents were King John of England and his Queen consort , Isabella of Angoulême . Her maternal uncles included the King of England, Henry of Winchester , and

437-476: Was a cantref in north-east Wales during the mediaeval period. It was incorporated into Flintshire following Edward I of England 's conquest of northern Wales in the 13th century. The region's name was derived from the Deceangli , an Iron Age Celtic tribe which had inhabited the region and attested since the 1st century BC. The cantref formed the eastern part of Perfeddwlad (or Y Berfeddwlad ) on

460-411: Was celebrated, Edward insisted that Llywelyn should put his seal to an adjustment to the agreement that they had previously made. Llywelyn had no alternative but to comply, and he later stated that he did it under duress, 'moved by the fear that can grip a steadfast man'. Following the ceremony, Eleanor became officially known as Princess of Wales and Lady of Snowdon. Eleanor was documented as having

483-548: Was eventually seized by Edward I as part of his conquest of the Principality of Wales between 1277 and 1283. It was then incorporated into the county of Flintshire by the Statute of Rhuddlan . Eleanor de Montfort, Princess of Wales Eleanor de Montfort, Princess of Wales and Lady of Snowdon (1252 – 19 June 1282) was an English noblewoman and Welsh princess through her marriage to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd , who

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506-472: Was released in 1278 following the signing of the Treaty of Aberconwy between Edward I of England and Llywelyn ap Gruffydd. Eleanor and Llywelyn were formally married ( secundum formam ecclesie ) at the cathedral door, as was the custom, of the cathedral church at Worcester , on the Feast Day of St Edward, 1278; Edward gave the bride, his cousin, away and paid for the wedding feast. Before the wedding mass

529-403: Was replaced by his step-brothers Rhodri , Maelgwn , and Dafydd , who ruled jointly. However, within a year, the ruling brothers fell into dispute, forcing Maelgwn to flee to Ireland, while Dafydd and Rhodri eventually divided Gwynedd between them; Anglesey and the Perfeddwlad went to Dafydd. In 1194, Llywelyn Fawr , the senior heir of Owain Gwynedd (being the eldest son of Iorwerth Drwyndwn ,

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