Political satire is a type of satire that specializes in gaining entertainment from politics . Political satire can also act as a tool for advancing political arguments in conditions where political speech and dissent are banned.
110-550: Four Lions is a 2010 British political satire black comedy film directed by Chris Morris (in his feature film debut) from a screenplay written by Morris, Sam Bain and Jesse Armstrong . It stars Riz Ahmed , Kayvan Novak , Nigel Lindsay , Arsher Ali and Adeel Akhtar . In the film, a group of dimwitted homegrown terrorist jihadis attempt to plan an attack in Britain. Production on Four Lions began in late 2008, with writing partners Armstrong and Bain hired to complete
220-415: A European article number (EAN) required when registering online for the subscription of a prepaid card. As of 2020, eSIM is superseding physical SIM cards in some domains, including cellular telephony. eSIM uses a software-based SIM embedded into an irremovable eUICC . The SIM card is a type of smart card , the basis for which is the silicon integrated circuit (IC) chip. The idea of incorporating
330-498: A PIN code to prevent unauthorized use. SIMs are always used on GSM phones; for CDMA phones, they are needed only for LTE -capable handsets. SIM cards are also used in various satellite phones , smart watches, computers, or cameras. The first SIM cards were the size of credit and bank cards ; sizes were reduced several times over the years, usually keeping electrical contacts the same, to fit smaller-sized devices. SIMs are transferable between different mobile devices by removing
440-399: A Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One and A Witch Trial at Mount Holly . Cartoons continued to provide commentary on American politics. In the late 1800s, editorial cartoonist Thomas Nast employed political satire to tackle issues like corruption. Amongst other notable political satirists is well-known author Mark Twain , who used satire to criticize and comment on slavery. In
550-603: A SIM application and a USIM application. This configuration is necessary because older GSM only handsets are solely compatible with the SIM application and some UMTS security enhancements rely on the USIM application. On cdmaOne networks, the equivalent of the SIM card is the R-UIM and the equivalent of the SIM application is the CSIM . A virtual SIM is a mobile phone number provided by
660-564: A debate in early 2012 between a few designs created by Apple, Nokia and RIM , Apple's design for an even smaller SIM card was accepted by the ETSI. The nano-SIM (or 4FF) card was introduced in June 2012, when mobile service providers in various countries first supplied it for phones that supported the format. The nano-SIM measures 12.3 mm × 8.8 mm × 0.67 mm (0.484 in × 0.346 in × 0.026 in) and reduces
770-418: A fairly large impact, in that we were suddenly seeing all these guys with a Hovis accent. Suddenly you're not dealing with an amorphous Arab world so much as with British people who have been here quite a long time and who make curry and are a part of the landscape. So you've got a double excavation going on. Chris Morris explained that Jesse Armstrong and Sam Bain were brought into the project as "experts in
880-485: A fifth member, Hassan, after witnessing him pretending to commit a suicide bombing at a conference. The training in Pakistan ends in disaster when Omar accidentally destroys part of the camp attempting to shoot down a suspected drone; the pair are forced to flee. Omar later uses the experience to assert authority on the group on his return to Britain. The group disagrees about what the target should be. Barry wants to bomb
990-587: A form of alternative journalism . Utilizing satire has shown to be an attractive feature in news programming, drawing in the audiences of less politically engaged demographic cohorts. Moreover, satire news programming can be considered alternative because satire plays an important role in dissecting and critiquing power. In his article The Daily Show: Discursive Integration and the Reinvention of Political Journalism , Baym detailed how The Daily Show , then hosted by Jon Stewart , presented news stories. For
1100-410: A local mosque as a false flag operation to "radicalise the moderates" and Faisal suggests blowing up a Boots because it sells contraceptives and tampons. Ahmed, Omar's conservative, pacifist brother, tries to talk him out of doing anything violent; however, Omar and his wife mock Ahmed for keeping his wife in a small room. After the group begins production of the explosives, Hassan is left to watch
1210-433: A market need from ETSI customers, but additionally there is a strong desire not to invalidate, overnight, the existing interface, nor reduce the performance of the cards. Micro-SIM cards were introduced by various mobile service providers for the launch of the original iPad, and later for smartphones, from April 2010. The iPhone 4 was the first smartphone to use a micro-SIM card in June 2010, followed by many others. After
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#17327912172711320-515: A month (the last as of January 2019 was No. 1163 from 1 January 2019). ITU-T also publishes complete lists: as of August 2023, the list issued on 1 December 2018 was current, having all issuer identifier numbers before 1 December 2018. SIM cards are identified on their individual operator networks by a unique international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI). Mobile network operators connect mobile phone calls and communicate with their market SIM cards using their IMSIs. The format is: The K i
1430-432: A nearby phone store to buy a new SIM card to contact Waj but leaves empty-handed. He spots a colleague and borrows his phone. Omar attempts to talk Waj down, but his call is interrupted when the police charge in and kill the remaining hostage, whom they mistake for Waj. Waj's bomb is then detonated, killing everyone in the kebab shop. Distraught, Omar walks into a nearby pharmacy and detonates his own bomb. In an epilogue, it
1540-486: A phone containing this SIM card can connect to a maximum of only 33 or 80 networks, instead it means that the SIM card issuer can specify only up to that number of preferred networks. If a SIM is outside these preferred networks, it uses the first or best available network. Each SIM is internationally identified by its integrated circuit card identifier ( ICCID ). Nowadays ICCID numbers are also used to identify eSIM profiles, not only physical SIM cards. ICCIDs are stored in
1650-401: A political nature evokes negative emotions which consequently mobilizes political participation. It is documented that watching late-night comedy shows increases political participation due to the interpersonal discussions and online interaction that follows as a result of political satire. On the other hand, some scholars have expressed concern over the influence of political comedy shows, it
1760-478: A question and answer session with Chris Morris, Jesse Armstrong , Sam Bain , three of the principal actors, and two of the producers. Morris stated that he does not find the film at all controversial and that attempting to cause controversy is "one of the most boring things you can do". Morris also gave a talk introducing the film at a summer 2010 screening at Latitude Festival in Suffolk . Despite its acclaim at
1870-630: A right-wing news pundit. Both hosts' television programs were broadcast on Comedy Central . The Daily Show continues to run with Stewart as the Monday host, and featured Trevor Noah as the host from 2015–2022; Colbert became the host of The Late Show , succeeding David Letterman . With their shows, Stewart and Colbert helped increase public and academic discussion of the significance of political satire. Real Time with Bill Maher , Full Frontal with Samantha Bee and Last Week Tonight with John Oliver are also examples of satirical news shows. During
1980-424: A signed response (SRES_1/SRES_2: see steps 3 and 4, below) from the K i has certain vulnerabilities that can allow the extraction of the K i from a SIM card and the making of a duplicate SIM card . Authentication process: The SIM stores network state information, which is received from the location area identity (LAI). Operator networks are divided into location areas, each having a unique LAI number. When
2090-452: A silicon IC chip onto a plastic card originates from the late 1960s. Smart cards have since used MOS integrated circuit chips, along with MOS memory technologies such as flash memory and EEPROM (electrically EPROM ). The SIM was initially specified by the ETSI in the specification TS 11.11. This describes the physical and logical behaviour of the SIM. With the development of UMTS ,
2200-456: A topic. Baym proposes that as these shows are alternative , they have no obligation to "abide by standard practices". Unlike traditional news sources, which may be required to adhere to certain agendas, like political affiliation or advertising restrictions, hosts of satire news shows are free and zealous to showcase personal contributions through their mentions of disdain, qualms, and excitement. Critics of satire in news shows thus believe that
2310-469: Is Bassem Youssef . In Syria, in the year 2001 a satirical newspaper known as the Lamplighter was first published and resonated with the public as it sold out immediately. It was the first independent paper in the country since 1965 and was created by cartoonist and satirist Ali Farzat . A 2002 example of censorship resulted in satirist Ali Farzat having to remove two articles and a cartoon about
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#17327912172712420-475: Is a 128-bit value used in authenticating the SIMs on a GSM mobile network (for USIM network, the K i is still needed but other parameters are also needed). Each SIM holds a unique K i assigned to it by the operator during the personalisation process. The K i is also stored in a database (termed authentication center or AuC) on the carrier's network. The SIM card is designed to prevent someone from getting
2530-452: Is a fake news segment on the show that satirizes politics and current events. It has been a part of SNL since the first episode of the show on October 11, 1975. The Daily Show and The Colbert Report use stylistic formats that are similar to Weekend Update . On The Daily Show , host Jon Stewart used footage from news programs to satirize politics and the news media. Stephen Colbert performed in character on The Colbert Report as
2640-668: Is a poem by Dante Alighieri called Divine Comedy ( c. 1308 –1320). In this piece, Dante suggests that politicians of that time in Florence should travel to hell. Another well-known form of political satire through theater is William Shakespeare 's play Richard II , which criticized politics and authority figures of the time. One example is Maurice Joly 's 1864 pamphlet entitled The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu ( Dialogue aux enfers entre Machiavel et Montesquieu ), which attacks
2750-419: Is an identical ETSI specification with different numbering.) ETSI and 3GPP maintain the SIM specifications. The main specifications are: ETSI TS 102 223 (the toolkit for smart cards), ETSI TS 102 241 ( API ), ETSI TS 102 588 (application invocation), and ETSI TS 131 111 (toolkit for more SIM-likes). SIM toolkit applications were initially written in native code using proprietary APIs. To provide interoperability of
2860-424: Is argued that rather than increase political participation it has the adverse effect. Rather than mobilize participation it can actually demobilize participation due to the negative analysis of political figures, leading to cynicism towards the government and electoral system. Research has shown that voter attitude shifts positively in relation to political figures who find humor in their ridicule. This has to do with
2970-515: Is certainly rooted in the very nature of Greek religion, and there is no doubt that this attitude contributed to the gradual undermining of the old belief in the gods. [...] To tell immoral and scandalous stories about the gods did not offend average religious feeling; it troubled only advanced spirits like Xenophanes and Pintar [...] and it is clear that people no longer believed either in the story or in Zeus. Satire and derision progressively attacked even
3080-483: Is independent of format. Full-size SIM was followed by mini-SIM, micro-SIM, and nano-SIM. SIM cards are also made to embed in devices. JEDEC Design Guide 4.8, SON-8 GSMA SGP.22 V1.0 All versions of the non-embedded SIM cards share the same ISO/IEC 7816 pin arrangement. The full-size SIM (or 1FF, 1st form factor) was the first form factor to appear. It was the size of a credit card (85.60 mm × 53.98 mm × 0.76 mm). The mini-SIM (or 2FF) card has
3190-473: Is more common than overt satire in ancient literature of political liberalism . Historically, public opinion in the Athenian democracy was remarkably influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theatres . Watching or reading satire has since ancient times been considered one of the best ways to understand a culture and a society. During the 20th and 21st centuries, satire
3300-576: Is obsolete, some suppliers refer to the mini-SIM as a "standard SIM" or "regular SIM". The micro-SIM (or 3FF) card has the same thickness and contact arrangements, but reduced length and width as shown in the table above. The micro-SIM was introduced by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) along with SCP, 3GPP (UTRAN/GERAN), 3GPP2 (CDMA2000), ARIB , GSM Association (GSMA SCaG and GSMNA), GlobalPlatform, Liberty Alliance , and
3410-494: Is revealed the police later arrested Omar's innocent brother as a terrorist and abducted him to a black site ; that they deflect responsibility for shooting the hostage and the bystander; and that Omar unknowingly killed Osama bin Laden when misfiring the rocket in Pakistan. Morris spent three years researching the project, speaking to terrorism experts, police, the secret service, and imams, as well as ordinary Muslims, and writing
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3520-441: Is somewhat idealistic. Nevertheless, Faina argues that the potential still exists. Not to mention, with the rise in technology and the growing ubiquity of cellular phones, it can be argued that civic participation is all the more easy to accomplish. Modern studies of the effects of political satire have shown that political satire has an influence on political participation, in fact research has shown that an exposure to satire of
3630-561: The Financial Times , who called the film a "spectacular miss" and The Guardian ' s Jeremy Kay, who wrote "as a satire on terror, Four Lions seems to be a missed opportunity". Andrew Pulver, also writing for The Guardian , gave the film a more favourable review, stating that "Chris Morris is still the most incendiary figure working in the British entertainment industry". Despite an initial release on just 115 screens across
3740-697: The 2020 presidential campaign , perennial candidate Vermin Supreme was recruited by members of the Libertarian Party to run a serious presidential campaign ( Vermin Supreme 2020 presidential campaign ) which utilizes his satirical character to promote libertarianism . As early as the Ottoman Empire , political satire was used to express political dissent and mobilize public opinion through shadow puppet shows, improvised folk theater and cartoons. The Ottoman Empire's first satirical magazine
3850-431: The 64 KB version has room for 80 MNCs. This is used by network operators to store data on preferred networks, mostly used when the SIM is not in its home network but is roaming . The network operator that issued the SIM card can use this to have a phone connect to a preferred network that is more economic for the provider instead of having to pay the network operator that the phone discovered first. This does not mean that
3960-663: The Honey Monster , but one of them mistakenly kills a bystander in a Wookiee costume. Waj is cornered by police in a kebab shop and takes the staff hostage. Omar calls Waj and convinces him to let all but one of the hostages go. Barry finds Omar, snatches his phone, and swallows the SIM card . However, as Barry begins to choke, a well-meaning passer-by attempts to perform the Heimlich manoeuvre , forcing Omar to flee before Barry's bombs are inadvertently detonated. Omar hurries to
4070-469: The Montana Logging and Ballet Co. , and public television and live performer Mark Russell who made satirist comments to both democrats and republicans alike. Additional subgenres include such literary classics as Gulliver's Travels and Animal Farm , and more recently, the digital online magazine and website sources such as The Onion . An early and well-known piece of political satire
4180-528: The Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) for the purpose of fitting into devices too small for a mini-SIM card. The form factor was mentioned in the December 1998 3GPP SMG9 UMTS Working Party, which is the standards-setting body for GSM SIM cards, and the form factor was agreed upon in late 2003. The micro-SIM was designed for backward compatibility. The major issue for backward compatibility was
4290-526: The 0.76 mm (0.030 in) of its predecessors. The iPhone 5 , released in September 2012, was the first device to use a nano-SIM card, followed by other handsets. In July 2013, Karsten Nohl, a security researcher from SRLabs, described vulnerabilities in some SIM cards that supported DES , which, despite its age, is still used by some operators. The attack could lead to the phone being remotely cloned or let someone steal payment credentials from
4400-528: The 18th and 19th centuries editorial cartoons developed as graphic form of satire, with dedicated satirical magazines such as Punch (launched 1841) appearing in the first half of the 19th century. A local satirical newspaper, The Town Crier , launched in Birmingham in 1861, has been described as setting out, through humour, to compare "municipal government as it was – in incompetent hands – with municipal government as it might be". The early 1960s saw
4510-400: The 1930's, political satire dominated Broadway . Lyricist Irving Berlin and playwright Moss Hart co-wrote the popular musical As Thousands Cheer . The Broadway show poked fun at politics by referencing topical news articles. Satire became more visible on American television during the 1960s. Some of the early shows that used political satire include the British and American versions of
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4620-487: The City Centre, Meadowhall Shopping Centre and the district of Meersbrook. Morris has described the film as a farce, which exposes the " Dad's Army side to terrorism". During the making of the film, the director sent the script to former Guantánamo Bay detainee Moazzam Begg . Begg has said that he found nothing in the script that would be offensive to British Muslims . Riz Ahmed also contacted Begg, to ask whether
4730-508: The ICCID length as an opaque data field, 10 octets (20 digits) in length, whose structure is specific to a mobile network operator . The number is composed of three subparts: Their format is as follows. Issuer identification number (IIN) Individual account identification Check digit With the GSM Phase 1 specification using 10 octets into which ICCID is stored as packed BCD ,
4840-452: The K i by using the smart-card interface . Instead, the SIM card provides a function, Run GSM Algorithm , that the phone uses to pass data to the SIM card to be signed with the K i . This, by design, makes using the SIM card mandatory unless the K i can be extracted from the SIM card, or the carrier is willing to reveal the K i . In practice, the GSM cryptographic algorithm for computing
4950-497: The King into a pear over the course of the drawings. The people of France began to recognize that King Louis-Philippe really did look like a pear and could not separate the two. People began to sarcastically state that pears should be banned in the country as cutting one would be a threat towards the King, Louis-Philippe. According to Santayana , German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche was actually "a keen satirist". "Nietzsche's satire"
5060-573: The Prime Minister from a magazine, which was deemed insulting. Farzat's newspaper was subsequently shut down and his printing license was revoked. According to the findings of the 2004 Pew Survey , both younger and older audiences are turning to late-night comedy shows as not only a source of entertainment, but also for an opportunity to gain political awareness. For this reason, Geoffrey Baym suggests that shows that make use of political satire, such as The Daily Show , should be considered as
5170-583: The S@T Browser library were being actively exploited. This vulnerability was named Simjacker . Attackers were using the vulnerability to track the location of thousands of mobile phone users in several countries. Further details of the research were provided at VirusBulletin on 3 October 2019. When GSM was already in use, the specifications were further developed and enhanced with functionality such as SMS and GPRS . These development steps are referred as releases by ETSI. Within these development cycles,
5280-421: The SIM card. When a user tries to copy such entries to a SIM, the handset's software breaks them into multiple entries, discarding information that is not a phone number. The number of contacts and messages stored depends on the SIM; early models stored as few as five messages and 20 contacts, while modern SIM cards can usually store over 250 contacts. SIM cards have been made smaller over the years; functionality
5390-506: The SIM cards and are also engraved or printed on the SIM card body during a process called personalisation. The ICCID is defined by the ITU-T recommendation E.118 as the primary account number . Its layout is based on ISO/IEC 7812 . According to E.118, the number can be up to 19 digits long, including a single check digit calculated using the Luhn algorithm . However, the GSM Phase 1 defined
5500-656: The SIM specification was enhanced as well: new voltage classes, formats and files were introduced. In GSM-only times, the SIM consisted of the hardware and the software. With the advent of UMTS, this naming was split: the SIM was now an application and hence only software. The hardware part was called UICC. This split was necessary because UMTS introduced a new application, the universal subscriber identity module (USIM). The USIM brought, among other things, security improvements like mutual authentication and longer encryption keys, and an improved address book. "SIM cards" in developed countries today are usually UICCs containing at least
5610-677: The SIM. Further details of the research were provided at BlackHat on 31 July 2013. In response, the International Telecommunication Union said that the development was "hugely significant" and that it would be contacting its members. In February 2015, The Intercept reported that the NSA and GCHQ had stolen the encryption keys (Ki's) used by Gemalto (now known as Thales DIS , manufacturer of 2 billion SIM cards annually) ), enabling these intelligence agencies to monitor voice and data communications without
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#17327912172715720-484: The SMSC ( Short Message service center ) number, service provider name (SPN), service dialing numbers (SDN), advice-of-charge parameters and value-added service (VAS) applications. (Refer to GSM 11.11. ) SIM cards can come in various data capacities, from 8 KB to at least 256 KB . All can store a maximum of 250 contacts on the SIM, but while the 32 KB has room for 33 Mobile country code (MCCs) or network identifiers ,
5830-581: The Sundance Film Festival, Four Lions failed to find a distributor in the U.S. for nine months, until the newly formed Drafthouse Films picked it up. The film had a limited release in the US on 5 November 2010. Four Lions was released in the UK on DVD and Blu-ray on 30 August 2010, and in the U.S. on 8 March 2011. Four Lions received positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives
5940-511: The UK, the film was successful at the box office on its opening weekend, generating the highest site average of all the new releases (£5,292) and making a total of £609,000. According to the Official Top 10 UK Film Chart (7–9 May 2010), Four Lions was placed at sixth, behind Iron Man 2 , Furry Vengeance , A Nightmare on Elm Street , Hot Tub Time Machine and The Back-up Plan . Due to its popularity, Optimum Releasing increased
6050-725: The United Kingdom include people such as Peter Brookes who has been a political cartoonist for The Times since 1992 and Nicola Jennings who features regularly in The Guardian . Comedian Tom Walker is famous for playing a political correspondent under the name of " Jonathan Pie " Street artists like Banksy have used dark political humor and witty political and social commentaries, primarily through graffiti , to comment on various themes such as capitalism, imperialism and war. Banksy's pieces which feature street art on political satire include "Stop and Search" which illustrates
6160-475: The United States than the United Kingdom, as commentators who are both Liberal and Conservative are being used more often as the "main way" in which young viewers learn about current affairs. This is particularly troublesome when commentators use polemic and sarcasm in their satire as opposed to witty humour or impersonations. The fact that the gods could be brought down to a human or 'far too human' level
6270-545: The applications, ETSI chose Java Card . A multi-company collaboration called GlobalPlatform defines some extensions on the cards, with additional APIs and features like more cryptographic security and RFID contactless use added. SIM cards store network-specific information used to authenticate and identify subscribers on the network. The most important of these are the ICCID, IMSI, authentication key (K i ) , local area identity (LAI) and operator-specific emergency number. The SIM also stores other carrier-specific data such as
6380-661: The award, thanking all his "brothers"; referring to his fellow actors in Four Lions . At the BAFTAs 2011, Chris Morris won the award for Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Director or Producer. He beat competition from The Arbor , Exit Through the Gift Shop , Monsters and Skeletons . Political satire Political satire is usually distinguished from political protest or political dissent , as it does not necessarily carry an agenda nor seek to influence
6490-614: The card itself. Technically the actual physical card is known as a universal integrated circuit card (UICC); this smart card is usually made of PVC with embedded contacts and semiconductors , with the SIM as its primary component. In practice the term "SIM card" is still used to refer to the entire unit and not simply the IC. A SIM contains a unique serial number, integrated circuit card identification (ICCID), international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number, security authentication and ciphering information, temporary information related to
6600-525: The case for cynical despotism . In this manner, Joly communicated the secret ways in which liberalism might spawn a despot like Napoleon III. The literacy rate in France was roughly 30 percent in the 19th century making it virtually impossible for people of lower classes to engage in political satire. However, visual arts could be interpreted by anyone, and a man named Charles Philipon took advantage creating two weekly magazines, La Caricature and Le Charivari –
6710-410: The character Dorothy from The Wizard of Oz being searched by a police officer. Banksy mocks politicians opinions on police brutality as innocent Dorothy is being questioned by the police which is a representation of police brutality. "Bomb Hugger" is another one of Banksy's pieces which displays a young woman hugging a bomb which was dropped by military planes. He criticizes the nature of war and
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#17327912172716820-530: The cheaper of the two. Philipon used his papers, which had become more and more popular across France, as a threat to the King, Louis-Philippe, as the papers used satire and humor to criticize the government and King. Several attempts to suppress the two magazines were made by the monarchy which would only make the articles more critical. Philipon was eventually taken to court and sentenced to 13 months in prison following several more arrests. The drawings that originally sent Philipon to court were drawings that turned
6930-518: The claustrophobic mundanity of the Muslims' lives, their querulous banter, their flimsily pick 'n' mix approach to the Koran all feel painfully, brilliantly real." The Daily Express rated Four Lions four out of five and praised the performances in particular, calling the film "brilliantly cast with all the actors displaying sharp comic timing and both [Riz] Ahmed and [Kayvan] Novak also bringing out
7040-496: The contact area of the chip. Retaining the same contact area makes the micro-SIM compatible with the prior, larger SIM readers through the use of plastic cutout surrounds. The SIM was also designed to run at the same speed (5 MHz) as the prior version. The same size and positions of pins resulted in numerous "How-to" tutorials and YouTube videos with detailed instructions how to cut a mini-SIM card to micro-SIM size. The chairman of EP SCP, Klaus Vedder, said ETSI has responded to
7150-454: The data field has room for 20 digits with hexadecimal digit "F" being used as filler when necessary. In practice, this means that on GSM cards there are 20-digit (19+1) and 19-digit (18+1) ICCIDs in use, depending upon the issuer. However, a single issuer always uses the same size for its ICCIDs. As required by E.118, the ITU-T updates a list of all current internationally assigned IIN codes in its Operational Bulletins which are published twice
7260-447: The device changes locations, it stores the new LAI to the SIM and sends it back to the operator network with its new location. If the device is power cycled, it takes data off the SIM, and searches for the prior LAI. Most SIM cards store a number of SMS messages and phone book contacts. It stores the contacts in simple "name and number" pairs. Entries that contain multiple phone numbers and additional phone numbers are usually not stored on
7370-473: The feeling of relating to politicians, who allow themselves to be seen as the comedians joke. Political satire may also be used to cover a presidential aspect that America has a problem with. Joe Biden utilized humor in his campaign for presidency as he joked about the concern of his age. Though satire in news is celebrated as a vehicle toward a more informed public, such view is not universally shared among scholars. Critics have expressed their hesitancy toward
7480-403: The film a score of 83%, based on 139 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's consensus reads, "Its premise suggests brazenly tasteless humor, but Four Lions is actually a smart, pitch-black comedy that carries the unmistakable ring of truth." Metacritic gives the film a score of 68 out of 100, based on 28 critics. The Daily Telegraph wrote that "[Chris Morris's] evocations of
7590-612: The film's premiere, Morris said: "I feel in a weird way that this is a good-hearted film. It's not a hate film, so I would hope that aspect would come through." The UK première took place at the National Media Museum as part of Bradford International Film Festival on 25 March 2010, and was followed by a nationwide release on 7 May. The UK premiere at the National Media Museum in Bradford was followed by
7700-440: The flaws of the critiqued subject. This can be very harmful to the reputation of public figures or organizations since the satire frames them in a comical way. Satire can be traced back throughout history; wherever organized government , or social categories have existed, so has satire. The oldest example that has survived until today is Aristophanes . In his time, satire targeted top politicians, like Cleon, and religion, at
7810-410: The fundamental and most sacred facts of faith, above all faith in the gods' power, and it was from this that doubt began to grow. The power of the gods, whose dignity and stringth were impressively reflected in most of the tragedies, however different the religious attitudes of the tragic poets were, this same power was on the same festival days belittled and questioned by the comic poets who made fun of
7920-408: The general population. Meanwhile, Joseph Faina has considered the satire used in news shows as a facilitator in developing a public journalism practice. Faina explains in his article that the nature of satire encourages viewers to become politically engaged, and a civic participant , in which the humor exercised by hosts elicit responses in viewers. However, Faina has acknowledged that this model
8030-518: The gods and represented traditional and sacred forms in a starling manner. Subscriber identity module A SIM ( Subscriber Identity Module ) card is an integrated circuit (IC) intended to securely store an international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number and its related key, which are used to identify and authenticate subscribers on mobile telephone devices (such as mobile phones and laptops ). SIMs are also able to store address book contacts information, and may be protected using
8140-414: The group, which leads Hassan to attempt to alert the officer about their plot, but is killed when Barry remotely detonates his bomb. The remaining three panic and run away as the police search for them. Omar has a change of heart, feeling guilt about manipulating Waj into dying for a cause he does not understand and attempts to prevent the attack. Two police snipers receive Omar's description, a man dressed as
8250-400: The infiltration of lighthearted practices to cover more dire topics like political affair. Potentially off-color remarks, or vulgar comments made by the likes of Stephen Colbert of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert , or Samantha Bee , host of Full Frontal with Samantha Bee , can be used as examples of what critics are concerned about. Here, satire is believed to diminish the gravity of
8360-537: The knowledge or approval of cellular network providers or judicial oversight. Having finished its investigation, Gemalto claimed that it has “reasonable grounds” to believe that the NSA and GCHQ carried out an operation to hack its network in 2010 and 2011, but says the number of possibly stolen keys would not have been massive. In September 2019, Cathal Mc Daid, a security researcher from Adaptive Mobile Security, described how vulnerabilities in some SIM cards that contained
8470-459: The local network, a list of the services the user has access to, and four passwords: a personal identification number (PIN) for ordinary use, and a personal unblocking key (PUK) for PIN unlocking as well as a second pair (called PIN2 and PUK2 respectively) which are used for managing fixed dialing number and some other functionality. In Europe, the serial SIM number (SSN) is also sometimes accompanied by an international article number (IAN) or
8580-463: The majority of SIM cards launched before 1998 was 5 V . SIM cards produced subsequently are compatible with 3 V and 5 V . Modern cards support 5 V , 3 V and 1.8 V . Modern SIM cards allow applications to load when the SIM is in use by the subscriber. These applications communicate with the handset or a server using SIM Application Toolkit , which was initially specified by 3GPP in TS 11.14. (There
8690-499: The most popular forms of media in Germany at the time. The UK has a long tradition of political satire, dating from the early years of English literature. In some readings, a number of William Shakespeare 's plays can be seen – or at least performed – as satire, including Richard III and The Merchant of Venice . Later examples such as Jonathan Swift 's A Modest Proposal are more outright in their satirical nature. Through
8800-554: The number of screens showing the film to 200. As of 8 August 2010, Four Lions grossed £2,932,366 at the UK box office. As of 2013, Four Lions ' worldwide gross was $ 6,149,356. Time magazine rated the film as among Top 10 movies of 2010. The lead actors, Kayvan Novak and Nigel Lindsay , were both nominated for Best Comedy Performance in Film at the British Comedy Awards 2010. Kayvan Novak went on to win
8910-584: The opinions of politicians on the subject as the woman represents innocence being directly impacted by the "dark" bomb symbol. Political satire has played a role in American Politics since the 1700s. Under King George 's rule, the colonies used political cartoons to criticize the parliament and fight for independence. Founding father Benjamin Franklin was a notable political satirist. He employed satire in several essays, including Rules by Which
9020-510: The others and leaves. Faisal's head is found, tipping off the authorities, and Omar tells the others and they reconcile. Omar decides to target the upcoming London Marathon due to having access to mascot costumes, which they use to conceal the bombs. Meanwhile, armed police raid Omar's brother's house. At the Marathon, Waj expresses doubts about the morality of their plot, but Omar convinces him to go through with it. A police officer approaches
9130-585: The political ambitions of Napoleon III . It was first published in Brussels in 1864. The piece used the literary device of a dialogue between two diabolical plotters in Hell , the historical characters of Machiavelli and Montesquieu , to cover up a direct, and illegal, attack on Napoleon's rule. The noble baron Montesquieu made the case for liberalism ; the Florentine political writer Machiavelli presented
9240-463: The political process. While occasionally it may, it more commonly aims simply to provide entertainment. By its very nature, it rarely offers a constructive view in itself; when it is used as part of protest or dissent, it tends to simply establish the error of matters rather than provide solutions. Because of the exaggerated manner of these parodies, satirical news shows can more effectively sway their audiences to believe specific ideas by overemphasizing
9350-437: The previous format to the contact area while maintaining the existing contact arrangements. A small rim of isolating material is left around the contact area to avoid short circuits with the socket. The nano-SIM can be put into adapters for use with devices designed for 2FF or 3FF SIMs, and is made thinner for that purpose, and telephone companies give due warning about this. 4FF is 0.67 mm (0.026 in) thick, compared to
9460-577: The program That Was the Week That Was (airing on the American Broadcasting Company , or ABC, in the U.S.), CBS 's The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour , and NBC 's Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In . During the months leading up to the 1968 presidential election, Richard Nixon appeared on Laugh-In and repeated the program's catch-phrase "Sock it to me." Other forms of satire of the 1960s and early 1970s typically used
9570-438: The safehouse as Barry, Waj and Faisal test detonate a small amount of TATP contained in a microwave, using a nearby fireworks show to cover the sound. When they return, they find Hassan dancing with an oblivious neighbour. The group suspects they have been compromised and transport the explosives to a new location in grocery bags. Faisal trips up while crossing a field and is killed in the explosion. This angers Omar, who berates
9680-453: The same contact arrangement as the full-size SIM card and is normally supplied within a full-size card carrier, attached by a number of linking pieces. This arrangement (defined in ISO/IEC 7810 as ID-1/000 ) lets such a card be used in a device that requires a full-size card – or in a device that requires a mini-SIM card, after breaking the linking pieces. As the full-size SIM
9790-406: The satire news show, presenting information in a comprehensive manner was used to give viewers a greater perspective of a situation. Often, Stewart studded his segments with additional background information, or reminders of relevant and past details. For example, The Daily Show displayed the full video of Bush's comments regarding Tenet's resignation in 2004. This was a deliberate choice by
9900-446: The school of male psychology, plus they have technical expertise and experience of comedy dialogue." Armstrong and Bain provided the first script, which Morris subsequently rewrote and edited. Riz Ahmed initially declined the role of Omar but later signed on as he felt the film "challenged stereotypes". He received Morris' attention after writing a song called "Post 9/11 Blues" which he wrote about being detained at Luton Airport after
10010-734: The screening of the docudrama Road to Guantanamo in Berlin . Morris suggested in a mass email, titled "Funding Mentalism", that fans could contribute between £25 and £100 each to the production costs of the film and would appear as extras in return. Funding was secured in October 2008 from Film 4 Productions and Warp Films , with Derrin Schlesinger & Mark Herbert producing. Filming began in Sheffield in May 2009, with scenes being filmed
10120-607: The screenplay, direction, themes, humour, and cast performances (particularly Ahmed's). Four radicalised British Muslim men living in Sheffield (three of whom are British Pakistani ) aspire to become suicide bombers : Omar, who is deeply critical of Western society and interventionism ; his dim-witted and anxious cousin Waj; Barry, a bad-tempered and rash English convert; and the naive Faisal. When Omar and Waj travel to an al-Qaeda -affiliated training camp in Pakistan , Barry recruits
10230-611: The screenplay. Prior to this, Morris spent multiple years researching for the film, conducting interviews with terrorism and religion experts, law enforcement, and British Muslims. Principal photography took place in May 2009, with filming primarily done on location in Sheffield . Four Lions first premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on 23 January 2010, and was released in the United Kingdom on 7 May, by Optimum Releasing . The film grossed £6 million worldwide and received positive reviews from critics, with praise for
10340-419: The script in 2007. In a separate interview, he asserts that the research predated the 7 July 2005 London bombings : It was an attempt to figure it out, to ask, "What's going on with this?" This [the "War on Terror"] is something that's commanding so much of our lives, shaping so much of our culture, turning this massive political wheel. I was wondering what this new game was all about. But then 7/7 hit that with
10450-434: The show in attempt to give a more sincere representation of the event. Moreover, it can be seen as a challenge and critique of what more traditional news shows failed to include. In this way, satire news can be seen as more informative than other news sources. Notably, research findings released by National Annenberg Election Survey (NAES) concede that followers of satire news are more knowledgeable and consume more news than
10560-475: The show to satirize Republican vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin . In addition to Fey's striking physical resemblance to Palin, the impersonation of the vice presidential candidate was also noteworthy because of Fey's humorous use of some of exactly the same words Palin used in media interviews and campaign speeches as a way to perform political satire. Saturday Night Live also uses political satire throughout its Weekend Update sketch. Weekend Update
10670-413: The showcasing of an overly and openly frustrated host will induce or perpetuate "cynicism in viewers". The Financial Times argues that political satire can contribute to "media led populism", this is argued to be due to the mockery of politicians and public officials that is required to be accountable only to "audience maximisation", it is argued that this form of media led populism is more prevalent in
10780-480: The sitcom format, such as the show All in the Family . When Saturday Night Live debuted in 1975, the show began to change the way that comedians would depict the president on television. Chevy Chase opened the fourth episode of the show with his impersonation of a bumbling Gerald Ford . Chase did not change his appearance to look like President Ford, and he portrayed the president by repeatedly falling down on
10890-655: The so-called " satire boom ", of which the most prominent products were the stage revue Beyond the Fringe (debuted 1960), the fortnightly magazine Private Eye (launched 1961) and the BBC TV show That Was the Week That Was (1962–1963). More recent examples have included topical television panel shows such as Have I Got News for You and Mock the Week , and television series such as Ballot Monkeys , The Mash Report and Spitting Image . Key political cartoonists in
11000-493: The specification work was partially transferred to 3GPP . 3GPP is now responsible for the further development of applications like SIM (TS 51.011 ) and USIM (TS 31.102 ) and ETSI for the further development of the physical card UICC . The first SIM card was manufactured in 1991 by Munich smart-card maker Giesecke+Devrient , who sold the first 300 SIM cards to the Finnish wireless network operator Radiolinja , who launched
11110-432: The stage. Some of the other famous presidential impersonations on Saturday Night Live include Dan Aykroyd 's Richard Nixon and Jimmy Carter caricatures, Dana Carvey as George H. W. Bush , Darrell Hammond and Phil Hartman as Bill Clinton , Will Ferrell as George W. Bush , Jay Pharoah and Fred Armisen as Barack Obama . Hartman was the first in a long string of cast members to impersonate Donald Trump , who
11220-480: The subject matter was "too raw". When the film was completed, Begg was given a special screening and said that he enjoyed it. The film's music supervisor was Phil Canning. The song " Avril 14th " by electronic musician Aphex Twin plays during the film's ending credits. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2010 and was short-listed for the festival's World Cinema Narrative prize. Introducing
11330-435: The time headed by Zeus. "Satire and derision progressively attacked even the fundamental and most sacred facts of faith," leading to an increased doubt towards religion by the general population. The Roman period, for example, gives us the satirical poems and epigrams of Martial . Cynic philosophers often engaged in political satire. Due to the lack of political freedom of speech in many ancient civilizations, covert satire
11440-499: The touching humanity of their characters". Upon its screening at Sundance , the Los Angeles Times and The Hollywood Reporter gave the film positive reviews, the latter describing the film as "a brilliant takedown of the imbecility of fanaticism " drawing comparisons with This Is Spinal Tap (1984) and The Three Stooges . Amongst the reviewers that gave the film negative and mixed reviews were Nigel Andrews of
11550-550: The world's first commercial 2G GSM cell network that year. Today, SIM cards are considered ubiquitous, allowing over 8 billion devices to connect to cellular networks around the world daily. According to the International Card Manufacturers Association (ICMA), there were 5.4 billion SIM cards manufactured globally in 2016 creating over $ 6.5 billion in revenue for traditional SIM card vendors. The rise of cellular IoT and 5G networks
11660-421: Was aimed at Lutheranism. Kladderadatsch and Simplicissimus were two sources of political satire in Germany during the 18-19 century, both of which show how satire can be used to see cultural history in societies. Popularity in press and satirical jokes flourished in the 19th century as thousands of new magazines emerged in Germany. Magazines and newspapers began to exceed the consumption of books and became one of
11770-548: Was called Karagöz , which translates to "Black eye." Turkey is home to the political satire magazine known as LeMan , which published its 1000th issue in 2010. LeMan is known for its political cartoons highlighting corruption, lampooning and shedding light on serious situations using humor. One of the most-widely read satirists is Egyptian writer Lenin El-Ramly , who is credited with over 30 scripts for films and television series and 12 plays. Another notable Egyptian satirist
11880-477: Was found in an increasing number of media (in cartoons such as political cartoons with heavy caricature and exaggeration and political magazines ) and the parallel exposure of political scandals to performances (including television shows). Examples include musicians such as Tom Lehrer incorporating lyrics which targeted the army and the church, live performance groups like the Capitol Steps and
11990-516: Was most famously impersonated by Darrell Hammond and Alec Baldwin , and currently James Austin Johnson impersonates him. Johnson also impersonates Joe Biden , who was also impersonated by Jason Sudeikis and Jim Carrey . Political elites like Hillary Clinton are also famously impersonated on Saturday Night Live . During the 2008 presidential campaign , Saturday Night Live gained wide attention because former cast member Tina Fey returned to
12100-611: Was predicted by Ericsson to drive the growth of the addressable market for SIM cards to over 20 billion devices by 2020. The introduction of embedded-SIM (eSIM) and remote SIM provisioning (RSP) from the GSMA may disrupt the traditional SIM card ecosystem with the entrance of new players specializing in "digital" SIM card provisioning and other value-added services for mobile network operators. There are three operating voltages for SIM cards: 5 V , 3 V and 1.8 V ( ISO/IEC 7816 -3 classes A, B and C, respectively). The operating voltage of
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