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87-448: The White Southerner James was dubbed "The Trailer Park Gangsta" or "B-Jizzle". The African American Killings, already known as "The Truth", was dubbed "The Suntan Superman". The Latino Konnan was dubbed "The Magic Stick", his New World Order (nWo) nickname "K-Dogg", or sometimes "K-Dizzle." In November 2005, they aligned with Kip James , and began referring to themselves as the 4 Live Kru ( 4LK ) before disbanding soon after. In

174-752: A Black majority or urban areas in the South. The predominant culture of the original Southern states was English , particularly from South East England , South West England and the West Midlands . In the 17th century, most voluntary immigrants were of English origin and settled chiefly along the eastern coast, but had pushed as far inland as the Appalachian Mountains by the 18th century. The majority of early English settlers were indentured servants , who gained freedom after working off their passage. The wealthier men, typically members of

261-510: A First Blood match on March 31, 2006, at Super Card of Honor , which was won by Steel. Collyer made several further appearances with ROH throughout 2006. His final match, on August 13, 2006, at Anarchy in the UK , saw him team with The Kings of Wrestling in a loss to Colt Cabana, Nigel McGuiness and Robbie Brookside . Chad often tours the UK with All Star Wrestling in England , working as

348-787: A heel . However, his character became a comedic character, with most of his matches being comedy sketches. He has wrestled the likes of Dean Allmark , Marty Scurll , James Mason, the Zebra Kid and Doug Williams . After retiring in 2012, Collyer returned to professional wrestling in July 2015 and wrestled a number of matches for ASW until his final match on September 12. In July 2009, Collyer debuted in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) under his Metal Master gimmick, in which he defeated then- OVW Television Champion Jamin Olivencia in

435-531: A masked gladiator . He feuded with Great Sasuke over the NWA World Middleweight Championship, but was unable to defeat the veteran. Collyer also appeared for MPW as The Stealth, and for New Japan Pro-Wrestling and BattlARTS as Chad Malenko, in honor of one of his trainers, Dean Malenko . In the mid-2000s, Collyer wrestled a match for Cleveland All-Pro Wrestling in a winning effort against CM Punk . Collyer debuted in

522-467: A stable consisting of Collyer, Hotstuff Hernandez and Onyx . The Elite Guard were portrayed as a militant and superior antithesis to the 3 Live Kru , who were feuding with Jeff Jarrett and assisted Jarrett in his feud with the Kru. The 3Live Kru and The Elite Guard feuded over the following weeks, culminating in a ten-man Guitar on a Pole match on July 14, 2004, that saw Dusty Rhodes , Larry Zbyszko and

609-591: A TNA pay-per-view. They performed a new song, Beware (The Remix) , on January 7, 2004. Both have since been used at different times as their entrance music. 3LK continue to make an impact in TNA throughout 2004, with The Truth eventually returning to singles action and going after the NWA World Heavyweight Championship . He won the title in a four-way match on May 19, 2004, over champion A.J. Styles , Chris Harris and Raven . He would lose

696-409: A chair, but he refused to do it. The Truth saw that as hope that B.G. could be talked back into the Kru, but Konnan had long since given up, calling himself and Killings the "2Live Kru". At Sacrifice on August 14, Truth and Konnan faced Kip James and The Alpha Male once more. On the July 29, 2005, episode of TNA Impact! , TNA Director of Authority Larry Zbyszko , citing fear from the referee team in

783-652: A four way bout for the HWA Cruiserweight Championship. Throughout the remainder of 2001, Collyer wrestled a number of World Championship Wrestling wrestlers who had been assigned to the HWA (a World Wrestling Federation developmental territory) upon the purchase of WCW by the WWF. In January 2002, Collyer lost a best of three series for the number one contendership to the HWA Cruiserweight Championship to Stryker. In late January, Collyer began feuding with

870-589: A homogeneous group, and Jamieson saw it as a response to the label " Okie ". More recently, historian Clyde N. Wilson has argued that "In the North and West , white Southerners were treated as and understood themselves to be a distinct ethnic group, referred to negatively as ' hillbillies ' and 'Okies'". The Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups , published in 1980, includes a chapter on Southerners authored by John Shelton Reed, alongside chapters by other contributors on Appalachians and Yankees . Writing in

957-568: A major percentage of the total agricultural output. The Deep South was dominated by cotton and rice plantations, originating with the colony of South Carolina , which was settled by a planter class who initially migrated from the British Caribbean island of Barbados. The Barbados Slave Code of 1661 was used as a model to control and terrorize the African American slave population. The first European colonists in

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1044-505: A number of authors who posit that Southerners might constitute an ethnic group. She notes that the historian George Brown Tindall analyzed the persistence of the distinctiveness of Southern culture in The Ethnic Southerners (1976), "and referred to the South as a subculture, pointing out its ethnic and regional identity". The 1977 book The Ethnic Imperative , by Howard F. Stein and Robert F. Hill , "viewed Southerners as

1131-548: A region suffering from a lack of public education and competition for resources. Southern politicians of the day built on conflict between poor whites and African Americans in a form of political opportunism . As John T. Campbell summarizes in The Broad Ax in 1906, the Civil War also caused poor whites to experience intense dire economic conditions and were brought into poverty along with enslaved African-Americans. In

1218-418: A series of vignettes where they all went to the settings of their individual stereotypes. In the first one, the three went to the ghetto , where B.G. ended up dressed like a pimp . In the second one, they all went to a Mexican restaurant , where The Truth ordered orange juice and instead got tequila , proceeding to get drunk . In the third one, they all went to B.G.'s "home" in a trailer park, where The Truth

1305-539: A six-man tag team match. 3LK defended the titles using the Freebird Rule , just as Triple X did earlier in the year. They beat AMW in their first title defense on December 10. They were ultimately defeated for the titles by Red Shirt Security, Kevin Northcutt and Joe Legend , on January 28, 2004. As part of the rap persona, they recorded two songs together. On September 24, 2003, they performed 3 Live K on

1392-560: A special kind of white ethnicity". Dillman notes that these authors, and earlier work by John Shelton Reed, all refer to the earlier work of Lewis Killian, whose White Southerners , first published in 1970, introduced "the idea that Southerners can be viewed as an American ethnic group". Killian does however note, that: "Whatever claims to ethnicity or minority status ardent 'Southernists' may have advanced, white southerners are not counted as such in official enumerations". Precursors to Killian include sociologist Erdman Beynon, who in 1938 made

1479-425: A steel chair. B.G. took the chair from The Outlaw, but refused to strike his former tag-team partner once more. Konnan ultimately ran The Outlaw off. Later, Konnan and B.G. James took on America's Most Wanted. They lost when Konnan was distracted by The Outlaw, causing B.G. James to not be able to tag out and get pinned after a Hart Attack. B.G. James was upset that Konnan had let The Outlaw get to him so badly, and left

1566-582: A supposed "hereditary hatred" against the Southerners. These ethnonationalist beliefs of being a "warrior race" widely disseminated among the Southern upper class, and Southerners began to use the term "Yankee" as a slur against a so-called "Yankee race" that they associated with being "calculating, money worshipping, cowardly" or even as "hordes" and "semi-barbarian". Southern ideologues also used their alleged Norman ancestors to explain their attachment to

1653-432: A tag team known as "Hellena's Hunks". Over the following weeks, Stryker and Heavenly vied with Shark Boy while Collyer toured Japan. Collyer returned to the HWA in July 2000, wrestling Shark Boy on a number of occasions, yet failing to win the HWA Cruiserweight Championship. On September 30, 2000, Shark Boy defeated Collyer in a last man standing match . On October 27, 2000, Collyer unsuccessfully challenged Race Steele for

1740-483: A tag-team match at Against All Odds on February 13, a humiliation which would help precipitate Shazarian's ultimate breakup. The group suffered some turmoil during 2005. Soon after Billy Gunn signed with TNA initially as "The Outlaw", he started targeting B.G., his former tag-team partner in the WWF , and began a campaign of sabotage against the 3LK. This first led to The Outlaw and B.G. James being on opposite sides of

1827-472: A threat to progress. For instance, a 1791 article in the New York Magazine warned that the spread of Southern cockfighting was tantamount to being "assaulted" by "the enemy within" and would "rob" the nation's "honor". The War of 1812 brought increasing awareness to the differences between Northerners and Southerners, who had opposed and supported the war respectively. The Panic of 1819 and

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1914-599: A veteran wrestler with a rookie, a quarterfinal match pitted B.G. James with Cassidy Riley against Ron Killings and Sonjay Dutt on the August 19, 2005, episode of TNA Impact! Eventually B.G and The Truth ended up facing each other in the ring, but they refused to fight, drawing the ire of their respective partners. Ultimately B.G. hit Cassidy with the Pumphandle Drop after Cassidy, an admirer of Raven , used one of Raven's moves on The Truth. This allowed Sonjay to hit

2001-593: Is that they are quintessential Americans, and their nationalism equates "America" with the South. Chad Collyer Chad Collyer (born December 12, 1974) is an American retired professional wrestler . Collyer attended Manchester College , where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree . He was an accomplished amateur wrestler , winning multiple championships over an eleven-year period, but decided to turn professional and continue his amateur career at Manchester College during his freshman year. Upon graduation, Collyer traveled to Tampa, Florida to train at

2088-627: The 1820 admission of Missouri as a slave state also exacerbated the North–South divide. In 1823, New York activist Gerrit Smith commented that there was an almost "national difference of character between the people of the Northern and the people of the Southern states." Similarly, a 1822 commentary in the North American Review suggested that Southerners were "a different race of men", "highminded and vainglorious" people who lived on

2175-586: The HWA Heavyweight Championship . He defeated Steele on January 26, 2001, thus winning his first title, the HWA Heavyweight Championship. He held the title for just over month before being stripped of it on February 27, 2001, upon embarking upon a six-week tour to England . Collyer returned to the HWA in July 2001. On August 9, 2001, he wrestled at the third annual Brian Pillman Memorial Show , taking part in

2262-630: The Havana Pitbulls for the Tag Team Championship on December 4, 2004, at All-Star Extravaganza II . Following a four-month absence, Collyer returned to ROH on May 13, 2005, at The Final Showdown , teaming with McGuinness in a loss to Colt Cabana and Doug Williams . On August 12, 2005, Collyer and McGuinness unsuccessfully challenged B. J. Whitmer and Jimmy Jacobs for the Tag Team Championship . In November 2005, Collyer began feuding with Ace Steel . The feud culminated in

2349-602: The Internet pay-per-view CyberClash . Collyer won his third HWA Heavyweight Championship on August 29, 2006, defeating Jon Moxley . He lost the title to Pepper Parks on November 7, 2006. After failing to regain the title in a two out of three falls match on November 18, 2006, at the November to Dismember event, Collyer formed a tag team with Nigel McGuinness. Collyer wrestled his final match took place in April 2012 during

2436-830: The Midwestern Heartland Wrestling Association immediately after debuting. In 1998, Collyer teamed with Shark Boy on a number of occasions. In 1999, Collyer and Shark Boy began feuding with "Bad Boy" Bobby Kane and Tarek the Great. On March 6, 1999, and April 3, 1999, Collyer unsuccessfully challenged Kane for the HWA Cruiserweight Championship . Collyer received a third title shot on March 25, 2000, losing to Shark Boy by disqualification after Matt Stryker interfered on his behalf. Stryker and Collyer subsequently aligned themselves with valet Hellena Heavenly, forming

2523-596: The Province of Carolina , before it was split, introduced African slavery into the colony in 1670, the year the colony was founded. Charleston, South Carolina ultimately became the busiest slave port in North America. In 1765, London philanthropist Dr. John Fothergill remarked on the cultural differences of the British American colonies southward from Maryland and those to the north, suggesting that

2610-534: The Southern United States , originating from the various waves of Northwestern European immigration to the region beginning in the 17th century. A significant motivator in the creation of a unified white Southern identity was white supremacism . Academic John Shelton Reed argues that "Southerners' differences from the American mainstream have been similar in kind, if not degree, to those of

2697-485: The U.S. presidency during the late 20th century, it symbolized generations of change from an Old South to New South society. Journalist Hodding Carter and State Department spokesperson during the Carter Administration stated: "The thing about the South is that it's finally multiple rather than singular in almost every respect." The transition from President Carter to President Clinton also mirrored

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2784-804: The Upland South , comprising the areas in the South outside the Atlantic Plain , which remains heavily white to this day. Northern English , Scots lowlanders and Ulster-Scots (later called the Scotch-Irish ) settled in Appalachia in the 18th century, and eventually spread westward into the Ozarks and Texas Hill Country . The early settlers of the Ohio Valley were mainly Upland Southerners. As independent small farmers living on

2871-624: The World Wrestling Federation in late 2000, Degeneration X finally came to an end following a short feud between Road Dogg (B.G. James) and X-Pac . Afterwards, James was paired with the debuting K-Kwik (Ron Killings) in a short lived hip hop-themed tag team. This was the first instance of James & Killings teaming before the two reunited years later in TNA. James was released in December, and Killings shortly thereafter. 3LK began as an on-screen entity on June 18, 2003. In

2958-568: The "bold and enterprising" residents of the northern states with the "heedless and lazy" people of the South and observed that American customs seemed "entirely changed" over the Potomac River , with Southern society resembling those of the Caribbean. Northern popular press and literature in this early period of US history often used a "we"-versus-"they" dichotomy when discussing Southerners, and looked upon Southern customs as backward and

3045-537: The 3Live Kru defeat Jarrett, Ken Shamrock and The Elite Guard when Rhodes pinned Onyx. Following the loss, The Elite Guard was removed from TNA television. In Collyer's final TNA match on July 30, 2004, he and Hernandez were defeated by America's Most Wanted in a dark match. Collyer debuted in Ring of Honor at Night of the Butcher , losing to Bryan Danielson . He would then return to defeat Matt Stryker at Revenge on

3132-647: The Confederacy The Lost Cause , continued insisting that the South had to "assert its well-known superiority in civilization over the people of the North." Southerners developed their ideas on nationalism on influences from the nationalist movements growing in Europe (such as the works of Johann Gottfried Herder and the constructed north–south divide between Germanic peoples and Italians). Southern ideologues, fearful of mass politics, sought to adopt

3219-572: The Cruiserweight Champion Shannon Moore . He conceded several matches before defeating Moore and Stryker in a three way bout to win the HWA Cruiserweight Championship on February 13, 2002. Moore and Collyer subsequently engaged in a best of seven series, with Moore winning the deciding bout and the Cruiserweight Championship on March 24, 2002. On April 7, 2002, Hellena Heavenly claimed that she

3306-568: The English landed gentry , who paid their way received land grants known as headrights to encourage settlement. During the colonial era, the British upper classes consisted of two sometimes overlapping entities, the peerage and landed gentry. In the British peerage, only the senior family member (typically the eldest son) inherited a substantive title (duke, marquess, earl, viscount, baron); these are referred to as peers or lords. The rest of

3393-536: The European immigrants to the Thirteen Colonies were indentured servants, at any one time they were outnumbered by workers who had never been indentured, or whose indenture had expired. Thus free wage labor was the most prevalent for Europeans in the colonies. Indentured servitude began its decline after Bacon's Rebellion (1676-1677), a servant uprising against the government of Colonial Virginia. This

3480-535: The HWA until January 11, 2005, when he defeated Brian Beech for the HWA Television Championship. He lost the title to "High IQ" Quinten Lee on January 18, 2005. Collyer subsequently appeared sporadically with the HWA throughout 2005, wrestling Stryker and James Gibson in technical bouts, and briefly feuding with Cody Hawk in August 2005. Following a lengthy absence, Collyer returned to the HWA on March 19, 2006, wrestling Nigel McGuinness at

3567-600: The HWA's second annual Heartland Cup. Collyer made his first appearance with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) on the September 23, 2000 episode of Jakked , losing to Perry Saturn . He made two further appearances on Jakked in January 2001 and February 2001, losing on both occasions. On April 5, 2002, Collyer signed a three-year developmental deal with the World Wrestling Federation. He

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3654-524: The Hindu Press and get the pin for the victory, advancing with The Truth to the semifinals. B.G. did not seem too upset to lose the match, and celebrated with Ron and Sonjay. Konnan also participated in the tournament, teamed with Lance Hoyt , but both remaining 3LK teams were eliminated in the semifinals. The full tandem won a match against The Diamonds in the Rough at Unbreakable on September 11. In

3741-507: The Impact! Zone alone. B.G. James stopped appearing alongside Konnan and The Truth for the next few months. However, he also refused The Outlaw's advances, despite Outlaw's changing his name to Kip James in brotherhood with B.G. at No Surrender 2005 on July 17. Kip James and Monty Brown beat Konnan and The Truth there, and B.G. finally appeared at the end of the match. Kip James gave B.G. an opportunity to join with him by hitting The Truth with

3828-684: The Lethal Lockdown at Lockdown on April 24, with The Outlaw on Jeff Jarrett's team, and B.G. on the team of Diamond Dallas Page as their "mystery partner" to replace an injured Kevin Nash . The two avoided confronting each other, but Page's team won the match ultimately. The next month, B.G. James asked Diamond Dallas Page to tag with him against their respective foes, The Outlaw and Monty Brown at Hard Justice on May 15. B.G. however continued his unwillingness to come to blows with The Outlaw as "travel problems" led to him not arriving in time for

3915-741: The Malenko Pro Wrestling School under Dean Malenko and Jeff Bradley . Collyer began training on August 3, 1997. He debuted on December 6, 1997, at Kahuna's Bar and Grill in St. Petersburg, Florida , facing Jet Jaguar. In 2000, Collyer toured England twice with Scott Conway's Wrestling Alliance . He returned to England in 2001 and September 2002, competing for Brian Dixon's All Star Promotions . In 2002, Collyer returned to Japan , where he had worked previously in 1999, facing Tiger Mask . He wrestled for Michinoku Pro Wrestling between June 2002 and March 2003 as The Metal Master,

4002-781: The May 12 episode of WWE's ECW , where he jobbed to Vladimir Kozlov . Collyer debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling on the October 18, 2003 episode of TNA Xplosion , losing to Chris Sabin . He went on to appear on the November 12, 2003 episode of Xplosion , losing to Sonjay Dutt . On the January 28, 2004 weekly TNA pay-per-view , Collyer, Eric Young , Matt Stryker and Shark Boy lost to Team Mexico in an eight-man tag team bout. Collyer returned to TNA on June 16, 2004, as one-third of The Elite Guard,

4089-508: The Negroes. According to a 2014 study, about 10% of self-identified White Southerners have >1% African ancestry, compared to 3.5% of White Americans in general. Sociologist William L. Smith argues that "regional identity and ethnic identity are often intertwined in a variety of interesting ways such that some scholars have viewed white southerners as an ethnic group". In her book Southern Women , Caroline Matheny Dillman also documents

4176-537: The Prophecy in January, 2003. He appeared with ROH sporadically over the following 16 months, wrestling Stryker on a number of occasions. On June 12, 2004, at World Title Classic , Collyer faced Hydro , Superstar Steve and Ray Gordy in a Four Corner Survival match, with the stipulation being that the winner would take part in the Pure Wrestling Championship tournament in July 2004. The match

4263-430: The Southerners were marked by "idleness and extravagance". Fothergill suggested that Southerners were more similar to the people of the Caribbean than to the colonies to the north. J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur 's 1782 Letters from an American Farmer described Charleston, South Carolina slaveholders as having "all that life affords most bewitching and pleasurable, without labour, without fatigue, hardly subjected to

4350-491: The Tag Team titles once more at Victory Road on November 7, when B.G. James and Konnan defeated Bobby Roode and Eric Young of Team Canada . They would lose the titles back to Roode and Young at Turning Point on December 5. The Kru would begin 2005 with a feud with Shazarian , Michael Shane and Frankie Kazarian , which embroiled TNA Impact! analyst Jeff Hammond . B.G. James and Jeff Hammond would beat Shazarian in

4437-534: The Upland South such as West Virginia and East Tennessee remained loyal to the Union . East Tennessee's Republican leanings are rooted in its antebellum Whig sentiments, with historian O.P. Temple tracing this sentiment back to the anti-aristocratic Covenanters of Scotland. During the nadir of American race relations at the turn of the 20th century, intense violence and white supremacy flourished in

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4524-447: The chosen ones, and that if they stuck together they could rule TNA. On December 11 at Turning Point 2005 , Konnan hit Kip James with a steel chair at the end of their match with Team Canada. He also hit B.G. with the same chair. He offered his companionship to The Truth, but Killings was extremely upset, yelling at Konnan to hit him as well thus ending the team. White Southerners White Southerners , are White Americans from

4611-450: The colony. This early immigration by an elite contributed to the development of an aristocratic political and social structure in the South. According to historian G. E. Mingay , the gentry were landowners whose wealth "made possible a certain kind of education, a standard of comfort, and a degree of leisure and a common interest in ways of spending it". Leisure distinguished gentry from businessmen who gained their wealth through work. From

4698-499: The contrasting characteristics of Southern states were acknowledged in a discussion between Thomas Jefferson and François-Jean de Chastellux . Jefferson ascribed the Southerners' "unsteady", "generous", "candid" traits to their climate, while De Chastellux claimed that Southerners' "indelible character which every nation acquires at the moment of its origin" would "always be aristocratic" not only because of slavery but also "vanity and sloth". A visiting French dignitary in 1810 contrasted

4785-421: The corrosions of a liberal-capitalist order", nonetheless notes problems with the approach. He argues that the South is home to two ethnic communities (white and black) as well as smaller, growing ethnic groups, not just one. He argues that: "Most important, though, and most troubling, is the peculiar relationship of white southerners to the nation's history." The view of the average white Southerner, Carlton argues,

4872-435: The ethnic themes of the revolutions of 1848 while distancing themselves from the revolutionaries' radical liberal ideas. The slaveholding elite encouraged Romantic "antimodern" narratives of Southern culture as a refuge of traditional community hospitality and chivalry to mobilise popular support from non-slaveholding White Southerners, promising to bring the South through a form of technological and economic progress without

4959-469: The face of Kip and Monty's intentional targeting of them, named B.G. James the special guest referee for the match. B.G. proved his allegiance to 3LK after two months of silence, making his decision loud and clear when he stopped Kip from using a steel chair, then attacked Kip himself. Konnan got the pin, and 3 Live Kru reunited and celebrated together after the match. In the 2005 Chris Candido Memorial Tag Team Tournament where tag teams are formed by pairing

5046-444: The gentleman could live entirely off rent income. Gentlemen, ranking above yeomen , formed the lowest rank of British nobility. William Berkeley , who served as the governor of Virginia from 1660 to 1677, instituted a "Second Sons" policy, in which younger sons of the British nobility were recruited to emigrate to Virginia. Berkeley also emphasized the headright system, the offering of large tracts of land to those arriving in

5133-466: The group. After B.G. got heated with Konnan, both gave Kip "yes" votes, and the "4 Live Kru" was born. That night, Kip James had a fight with NWA World Heavyweight Champion Jeff Jarrett , and almost won before the usual interference tipped the match in Jarrett's favor. On December 3, 4LK gave an interview to Terry Taylor along with BG's father, "Bullet" Bob Armstrong . Armstrong opined that 4LK were

5220-543: The harsh American frontier , poor whites had starkly different interests than those of white Southerners that lived on commercial plantations or in large cities. Poor whites were often isolated from the rest of Southern society and civilization during the Antebellum South , with few owning slaves, and many were more likely to be critical of slavery. During the American Civil War , some regions of

5307-452: The idea of a Southern nation by claiming that secession was not based on slavery but rather on "two separate nations". These writers postulated that Southerners were descended from Norman cavaliers, Huguenots , Jacobites and other supposed "Mediterranean races" linked to the Romans, while Northerners were claimed to be descended from Anglo-Saxon serfs and other Germanic immigrants who had

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5394-431: The immigrant ethnic groups". Reed states that Southerners, as other ethnic groups, are marked by differences from the national norm, noting that they tend to be poorer , less educated, more rural, and specialize in job occupation. He argues that they tended to differ in cultural and political terms, and that their accents serve as an ethnic marker. Upon white Southerners Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton being elected to

5481-546: The institution of slavery, as opposed to the Northerners who were denigrated as descendants of a so-called "slave race". Union Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles and German-American political scientist Francis Lieber , who condemned the Southerners' belief in their supposed distinct ancestry, attributed the Civil War's outbreak to that belief. In 1866, Edward A. Pollard , author of the first history book on

5568-486: The journal Ethnic and Racial Studies , social anthropologist M. G. Smith argued that the entries do not satisfactorily indicate how these groups meet the criteria of ethnicity, and so justify inclusion in the encyclopedia. Historian David L. Carlton, argues that Killian, Reed and Tindall's "ethnic approach does provide a way to understand the South as part of a vast, patchwork America, the components of which have been loath to allow their particularities to be eaten away by

5655-617: The late 16th-century, the gentry emerged as the class most closely involved in politics, the military and law. According to Bertram Wyatt-Brown , "Bondage was an answer to an economic need. The South was not founded to create slavery; slavery was recruited to perpetuate the South." Between one-half and two-thirds of European immigrants to the Thirteen Colonies between the 1630s and the American Revolution came as indentured servants . However, while more than half

5742-510: The match. Team Canada held Konnan, expecting Kip to hit him with a steel chair. Instead, Kip proceeded to lay out members of Team Canada, saving Konnan instead. Later that night, after being eliminated from the 10-man Gauntlet Match to determine Jeff Jarrett 's opponent for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, Kip would save The Truth from elimination twice before being restrained by the referees. 3LK came to

5829-461: The match. The Truth took his place, but he and Page lost the match when Page was Pounced by Brown. By this time, Konnan was beginning to distrust B.G. to the point of not even recognizing him as a member of 3LK. Ron Killings, however, still trusted B.G. At Slammiversary on June 19, B.G. James promised his 3LK teammates that he would prove his loyalties. After The Truth's solo match with The Outlaw, which Killings won, The Outlaw tried to hit Truth with

5916-577: The nobility form part of the landed gentry (abbreviated "gentry"). The term landed gentry, although originally used to mean nobility, came to be used for the lesser nobility in England around 1540. The landed gentry was a traditional British social class consisting of gentlemen in the original sense; that is, those who owned land in the form of country estates to such an extent that they were not required to actively work, except in an administrative capacity on their own lands. The estates were often (but not always) worked by tenant farmers , in which case

6003-439: The observation that "there appears to be an emergent group consciousness among the southern white laborers", and economist Stuart Jamieson, who argued four years later in 1942 that Oklahomans, Arkansans and Texans who were living in the valleys of California were starting to take on the "appearance of a distinct 'ethnic group'". Beynon saw this group consciousness as deriving partly from the tendency of northerners to consider them as

6090-416: The past, white men have hated white men quite as much as some of them hate the Negro, and have vented their hatred with as much savagery as they ever have against the Negro. The best educated people have the least race prejudice. In the United States the poor white were encouraged to hate the Negroes because they could then be used to help hold the Negroes in slavery. The Negroes were taught to show contempt for

6177-400: The perceived social ills of modern industrial societies. In the eleven states that seceded from the United States in 1860–61 to form the Confederacy , 31% of families held at least one African American in slavery , which includes the territory that split from Virginia to become West Virginia . The four border states that did not secede also permitted slavery. Slavery was less common in

6264-460: The plantations. Political disputes surrounding foreign policy, slavery and tariffs weakened the notion of an all-Union ideological identity which Southern writers had been promoting for the first thirty years after independence. Due to migration in the South itself, the notion of the South as a unified, distinctive political-economic entity began to replace the more specific local divisions between Easterners and Westerners/plantation-versus-backwoods in

6351-425: The poor white because this would increase the hatred between them and each side could be used by the master to control the other. The real interest of the poor whites and the Negroes were the same, that of resisting the oppression of the master class. But ignorance stood in the way. This race hatred was at first used to perpetuate white supremacy in politics in the South. The poor whites are almost injured by it as are

6438-461: The preceding weeks, Konnan, James and Killings appeared together on the pay-per-views in varying combinations, but June 18 was the first time all three appeared together. At first, they did spots where the three of them were made fun of other Total Nonstop Action Wrestling wrestlers and, occasionally, each other. They also began wrestling together as a three-man tandem in dark matches and on TNA Xplosion . Starting on July 16 of that year, they began with

6525-454: The rescue of Rhino after he beat Jarrett for the title at the end of Bound for Glory. Kip James refereed a Hockey Stick Fight between 3LK and Team Canada at Genesis on November 13 and called the match fairly. 3LK won the match. On the November 26 episode of Impact! , B.G. brought Kip and the 3LK to the ring, and asked the Truth and Konnan to give Kip James a yes/no vote to be accepted into

6612-603: The social and economic evolution of the South in the mid-to-late 20th century. White Southern diaspora populations exist in Brazil and Belize , known respectively as the Confederados and Confederate Belizeans . The politics and economy of the South were historically dominated by a small rural elite. When looked at broadly, studies have shown that Southerners tend to be more conservative than most non-Southerners, with liberalism being mostly predominant in places with

6699-405: The team of Simon Diamond and Johnny Swinger . The match ended with the titles held up after Killings and Swinger double-pinned each other. On November 26, the entire 3LK faced Diamond, Swinger and Glenn Gilberti in a six-man tag team match for the titles. 3LK ultimately won the match thanks to revenge interference by America's Most Wanted , and became the first team to win the Tag Team titles in

6786-574: The threat of Bacon's Rebellion , namely the potential for lower-class revolt, with the Colony of Virginia 's transition over to slavery, saying, "But for those with eyes to see, there was an obvious lesson in the rebellion. Resentment of an alien race might be more powerful than resentment of an upper class. Virginians did not immediately grasp it. It would sink in as time went on." In the Chesapeake and Province of North Carolina , tobacco constituted

6873-693: The title two weeks later to Jeff Jarrett in the first King of the Mountain match on June 2. Over the next few months, 3LK would feud directly with Jeff Jarrett and his hired guns, the Elite Guard ( Shawn Hernandez , Chad Collyer and Onyx , assembled by Jarrett specifically to foil the ethnic diversity of 3LK). Their first match in Orlando, Florida on TNA Impact! was a six-man tag match against David Young and The Naturals , Andy Douglas and Chase Stevens , on June 11. 3LK would finally come across

6960-468: The trouble of wishing." Crèvecœur sought to portray Southerners as stuck in the social, cultural and economic remnants of colonialism, in contrast to the Northerners whom he considered to be representative of the distinctive culture of the new nation. All of the states north of Maryland passed laws to gradually or immediately abolish slavery between 1777 and 1804. Early in United States history,

7047-405: The weeks before Bound for Glory , Kip James again came to the rescue of B.G. James in situations with Team Canada, suffering the ire of Konnan in the process. He offered his protection (to neutralize D'Amore in particular, in his own words) to the group at BFG, but Konnan thought it was a bad idea. 3LK lost their match with Team Canada, but Kip James made the save when Team Canada beat down 3LK after

7134-463: The years following the War of 1812, culminating in the Southern literature of William Gilmore Simms . It was only in this generation's youth that the United States as a whole began shifting to a postcolonial society with new vehicles for collective identity; in their adulthood they helped define and historicize the South. Some Southern writers in the lead up to the American Civil War (1861–1865) built on

7221-402: Was due to multiple factors, such as the treatment of servants, support of native tribes in the surrounding area, a refusal to expand the amount of land an indentured servant could work by the colonial government, and inequality between the upper and lower class in colonial society. Edmund S. Morgan 's 1975 classic, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia , connected

7308-498: Was lusted over by a Deliverance -inspired redneck . It was during these vignettes that the term "3 Live Kru" was born. 3LK is one of the most recognized stables in TNA, and at some points has been its most powerful stable. Killings and James got a shot at the NWA World Tag Team Championship by winning a four-team/eight-man Gauntlet Match on November 12. On November 19 they faced Simon and Swinger ,

7395-425: Was pregnant, with numerous wrestlers claiming that they were the father. Over the following weeks, Collyer faced each of the claimants. Collyer was subsequently largely inactive in the HWA until 2003. On May 2, 2003, Collyer won a Royal Rumble match with the HWA Heavyweight Championship on the line. He lost the title to Nigel McGuinness on September 6, 2003. Following his loss, Collyer appeared intermittently with

7482-612: Was subsequently assigned to the Heartland Wrestling Association developmental territory. While under contract, Collyer furthered his training under Les Thatcher and Tom Prichard , although he was skeptical of the WWF's request that he take acting classes. He was released by the WWF in July 2002. Despite being released, Collyer made several appearances for the now renamed World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in 2003 and 2004, jobbing on Heat , Velocity and in dark matches . In 2009, Collyer appeared on

7569-517: Was won by Hydro. In late 2004, Ricky Steamboat , an advocate of technical wrestling, began feuding with Mick Foley , a proponent of hardcore wrestling , with Collyer taking the side of Steamboat along with other mat-based wrestlers such as Nigel McGuinness . On October 16, 2004, at Joe vs. Punk II , Collyer and McGuinness (accompanied by Steamboat) defeated B. J. Whitmer and Dan Maff (accompanied by Foley). Collyer and McGuinness subsequently teamed on several occasions, unsuccessfully challenging

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