143-644: Four Marks is a village and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire , England. It is 4.4 miles (7.1 km) southwest of Alton , on the A31 road . It is situated on the borders of the South Downs National Park on the Pilgrims' Way that leads from Winchester to Canterbury . It contains within it the medieval hamlets of Kitwood , Hawthorn and Lymington, although now
286-522: A London borough . (Since the new county was beforehand a mixture of metropolitan boroughs , municipal boroughs and urban districts, no extant parish councils were abolished.) In 1974, the Local Government Act 1972 retained rural parishes, but abolished most urban parishes, as well as the urban districts and boroughs which had administered them. Provision was made for smaller urban districts and boroughs to become successor parishes , with
429-405: A London-based wholesale stationer. Tomlinson, in turn, gave the purchase price towards the cost of construction. At first, church services were held in the school until in 1908, when Hagen moved the 'Iron Room', a corrugated iron and timber hut, from Ropley Soke to opposite Belford House where it became the mission. This chapel is still visible now and lies in a dilapidated state. Since construction
572-515: A Special Expense, to residents of the unparished area to fund those activities. If the district council does not opt to make a Special Expenses charge, there is an element of double taxation of residents of parished areas, because services provided to residents of the unparished area are funded by council tax paid by residents of the whole district, rather than only by residents of the unparished area. Parish councils comprise volunteer councillors who are elected to serve for four years. Decisions of
715-576: A boundary coterminous with an existing urban district or borough or, if divided by a new district boundary, as much as was comprised in a single district. There were 300 such successor parishes established. In urban areas that were considered too large to be single parishes, the parishes were simply abolished, and they became unparished areas . The distinction between types of parish was no longer made; whether parishes continued by virtue of being retained rural parishes or were created as successor parishes, they were all simply termed parishes. The 1972 act allowed
858-477: A city council (though most cities are not parishes but principal areas, or in England specifically metropolitan boroughs or non-metropolitan districts ). The chairman of a town council will have the title "town mayor" and that of a parish council which is a city will usually have the title of mayor . When a city or town has been abolished as a borough, and it is considered desirable to maintain continuity of
1001-462: A city council. According to the Department for Communities and Local Government , in England in 2011 there were 9,946 parishes. Since 1997 around 100 new civil parishes have been created, in some cases by splitting existing civil parishes, but mostly by creating new ones from unparished areas. Parish or town councils have very few statutory duties (things they are required to do by law) but have
1144-559: A city was Hereford , whose city council was merged in 1998 to form a unitary Herefordshire . The area of the city of Hereford remained unparished until 2000 when a parish council was created for the city. As another example, the charter trustees for the City of Bath make up the majority of the councillors on Bath and North East Somerset Council. Civil parishes cover 35% of England's population, with one in Greater London and few in
1287-440: A civil parish is usually an elected parish council (which can decide to call itself a town, village, community or neighbourhood council, or a city council if the parish has city status). Alternatively, in parishes with small populations (typically fewer than 150 electors) governance may be by a parish meeting which all electors may attend; alternatively, parishes with small populations may be grouped with one or more neighbours under
1430-481: A civil parish which has no parish council, the parish meeting may levy a council tax precept for expenditure relating to specific functions, powers and rights which have been conferred on it by legislation. In places where there is no civil parish ( unparished areas ), the administration of the activities normally undertaken by the parish becomes the responsibility of the district or borough council. The district council may make an additional council tax charge, known as
1573-586: A common parish council. Wales was also divided into civil parishes until 1974, when they were replaced by communities , which are similar to English parishes in the way they operate. Civil parishes in Scotland were abolished for local government purposes by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929 ; the Scottish equivalent of English civil parishes are the community council areas established by
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#17327653815441716-459: A great deal of activity from as early as the 15th century, and has been continuously settled since the 1500s. Here are also the oldest houses in Four Marks (see below). As mentioned, Four Marks referred to the meeting point of four parishes. It was, therefore, not a place, but a four-way boundary point known as a quadripoint near the current Boundaries surgery (SU6715635272). It was marked by
1859-657: A hollow metallic obeliskoid marker numbered 272); and has maintained a quadripartite status since 1893. The other of the pair occurs in the international boundary sector known as the Highlands, on the ridge separating the Gulf of Saint Lawrence watershed from the Gulf of Maine watershed, where three minor civil divisions of the state of Maine —namely Dennistown , Forsyth, and Sandy Bay Townships, all in Somerset County —meet Le Granit Regional County Municipality of
2002-459: A large white stone in 1759, which was reported destroyed by workmen during road construction in the 1960s. An old photograph notes its site tucked into a roadside hedge. Apart from the accident of boundaries, 'Four Marks' for almost all its history and most of its modern times was an empty, but busy, place. People passed through, or near by, without great notice using the Roman Road, then later
2145-428: A less exciting handful of fertile local families who worked the land on scattered existing farms: leaseholders, agricultural labourers, carters and a shepherd. The attractive Crimean story is a myth. Four Marks has a large recreation ground including football, cricket, tennis courts, local bowls club and BMX ramps. The village centre has been recently refurbished, and includes a restful area surrounded by flowerbeds under
2288-464: A neutral zone (at 11°00′52″N 0°56′16″E / 11.01446°N 0.9377037°E / 11.01446; 0.9377037 ) called Kourou or Koalou that lies tangent to their boundary junction with Togo, producing the sort of tricountry quadripoint that adjoined the defunct Moresnet neutral zone illustrated above. The creation of the Canadian territory of Nunavut resulted in the creation of
2431-529: A new code. In either case the code must comply with the Nolan Principles of Public Life . A parish can be granted city status by the Crown . As of 2020 , eight parishes in England have city status, each having a long-established Anglican cathedral: Chichester , Ely , Hereford , Lichfield , Ripon , Salisbury , Truro and Wells . The council of an ungrouped parish may pass a resolution giving
2574-431: A new smaller manor, there was a means of making a chapel which, if generating or endowed with enough funds, would generally justify foundation of a parish, with its own parish priest (and in latter centuries vestry ). This consistency was a result of canon law which prized the status quo in issues between local churches and so made boundary changes and sub-division difficult. The consistency of these boundaries until
2717-714: A parish (a "detached part") was in a different county . In other cases, counties surrounded a whole parish meaning it was in an unconnected, "alien" county. These anomalies resulted in a highly localised difference in applicable representatives on the national level , justices of the peace , sheriffs, bailiffs with inconvenience to the inhabitants. If a parish was split then churchwardens, highway wardens and constables would also spend more time or money travelling large distances. Some parishes straddled two or more counties, such as Todmorden in Lancashire and Yorkshire. Quadripoint Download coordinates as: A quadripoint
2860-416: A parish council, and instead will only have a parish meeting : an example of direct democracy . Alternatively several small parishes can be grouped together and share a common parish council, or even a common parish meeting. A parish council may decide to call itself a town council, village council, community council, neighbourhood council, or if the parish has city status, the parish council may call itself
3003-503: A population of between 100 and 300 could request their county council to establish a parish council. Provision was also made for a grouped parish council to be established covering two or more rural parishes. In such groups, each parish retained its own parish meeting which could vote to leave the group, but otherwise the grouped parish council acted across the combined area of the parishes included. Urban civil parishes were not given their own parish councils, but were directly administered by
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#17327653815443146-653: A quadripoint between the provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba and the territories of Nunavut and Northwest Territories (NWT). Nunavut was officially separated from the Northwest Territories in 1999, though the boundaries had been defined in 1993 by the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement . Both documents define Nunavut's boundary as including the "intersection of 60°00'N latitude with 102°00'W longitude, being
3289-783: A quadripoint between two German and two Austrian municipalities, Pfronten and Bad Hindelang in Bavaria , Germany, and Schattwald and Jungholz in Tyrol , Austria, the Austrian municipality of Jungholz being connected to the rest of the territory of Austria just by the single point, according to the 1844 border treaty between the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Austrian Empire . The Bangladesh-India border formerly included nearly 200 enclaves . Almost all of these were extinguished by
3432-584: A quadripoint existed in Africa, where the borders of Namibia , Botswana , Zambia , and Zimbabwe come together at the confluence of the Cuando (also called Chobe) and Zambezi rivers. In the absence of legal clarity, it is now widely believed that instead, two separate tripoints exist about 100 to 150 metres (330–490 ft) apart (but see below regarding due diligence preceding bridge construction). The causes of this unusual border configuration lie in
3575-490: A quadripoint in La Lopé National Park (at roughly 0°45′00″S 11°33′04″E / 0.750°S 11.551°E / -0.750; 11.551 ( Gabonese provincial quadripoint ) ). Moreover, at least one instance of four departments (the secondary subdivision), namely Haut-Ntem, Ivindo, Okano, and Woleu, also meet at a quadripoint. The border between Hungary and Slovakia most probably leads
3718-717: A quadripoint on the river Breznica. The municipalities of Krapina , Mihovljan , Bedekovčina and Sveti Križ Začretje in Krapina-Zagorje County meet at a quadripoint just north of the village of Komor Začretski. The municipalities of Čakovec , Sveti Juraj na Bregu , Selnica and Mursko Središće in Međimurje County share a quadripoint north of the village of Žiškovec . At a delimitation point determined partly following World War I and partly following World War II, and indirectly monumented by international pillars 415 and 420 on respective riverbanks, there
3861-560: A quadripoint. A quadripoint is created by Saratov Oblast , Samara Oblast , and Orenburg Oblast from the Russian side of the border and West Kazakhstan Region from the Kazakhstani side. At 0°47′17″S 37°16′12″E / 0.788°S 37.27°E / -0.788; 37.27 on A2 Road at Sagana Bridge, next to Tana River Hydro-Power Station, and referred as Ha Thamaki (Kikuyu for Place where you can get fish), there
4004-595: A quadripoint. Similarly, the Four Shire Stone that sits a mile and a half east of Moreton-in-Marsh used to mark the location where the counties of Warwickshire , Oxfordshire , Gloucestershire , and Worcestershire all met before borders were redrawn in 1931. The Four Corners Monument is the only point in the United States where four states meet: Colorado , Utah , New Mexico , and Arizona meet at right angles . The United States first acquired
4147-1079: A range of discretionary powers which they may exercise voluntarily. These powers have been defined by various pieces of legislation. The role they play can vary significantly depending on the size, resources and ability of the council, but their activities can include any of the following: Parish councils have powers to provide and manage various local facilities; these can include allotments , cemeteries, parks, playgrounds, playing fields and village greens , village halls or community centres , bus shelters, street lighting, roadside verges, car parks, footpaths, litter bins and war memorials. Larger parish councils may also be involved in running markets , public toilets and public clocks, museums and leisure centres . Parish councils may spend money on various things they deem to be beneficial to their communities, such as providing grants to local community groups or local projects, or fund things such as public events, crime prevention measures, community transport schemes, traffic calming or tourism promotion. Parish councils have
4290-409: A role in the planning system; they have a statutory right to be consulted on any planning applications in their areas. They may also produce a neighbourhood plan to influence local development. The Localism Act 2011 allowed eligible parish councils to be granted a " general power of competence " which allows them within certain limits the freedom to do anything an individual can do provided it
4433-598: A set number of guardians for each parish, hence a final purpose of urban civil parishes. With the abolition of the Poor Law system in 1930, urban parishes became a geographical division only with no administrative power; that was exercised at the urban district or borough council level. In 1965 civil parishes in London were formally abolished when Greater London was created, as the legislative framework for Greater London did not make provision for any local government body below
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4576-943: A small village or town ward to a large tract of mostly uninhabited moorland in the Cheviots, Pennines or Dartmoor. The two largest as at December 2023 are Stanhope (County Durham) at 98.6 square miles (255 km ), and Dartmoor Forest (Devon) at 79.07 square miles (204.8 km ). The two smallest are parcels of shared rural land: Lands Common to Axminster and Kilmington (Devon) at 0.012 square miles (0.031 km ; 3.1 ha; 7.7 acres), and Lands Common to Brancepeth and Brandon and Byshottles (County Durham) at 0.0165 square miles (0.043 km ; 4.3 ha; 10.6 acres). The next two smallest are parishes in built up areas: Chester Castle (Cheshire) at 0.0168 square miles (0.044 km ; 4.4 ha; 10.8 acres) (no recorded population) and Hamilton Lea (Leicestershire) at 0.07 square miles (0.18 km ; 18 ha; 45 acres) (1,021 residents at
4719-521: A spur to the creation of new parishes in some larger towns which were previously unparished, in order to retain a local tier of government; examples include Shrewsbury (2009), Salisbury (2009), Crewe (2013) and Weymouth (2019). In 2003 seven new parish councils were set up for Burton upon Trent , and in 2001 the Milton Keynes urban area became entirely parished, with ten new parishes being created. Parishes can also be abolished where there
4862-415: A steady growth from between the wars and into the 1950s, businesses catered for a 'mobile, fine evening and weekend pleasure pursuing population' heading for the country. Premises 'sprouted like mushrooms' providing fuel and mechanical assistance for motorists and cyclists and, with the townies who came by railway, for sustenance with general stores, road houses, wholesome refreshment rooms, small shops, cafés,
5005-512: A tiny selection of ordinary veterans uniquely in Four Marks is dubious. No supporting evidence has been found in government papers or in histories of the Crimean War. In the ten years to 1871, the population in Four Marks increased unremarkably to 139. If the small increase had been the result of the war, it would have happened before 1861 and not ten years later. A close examination of the occupants in 1861 shows no war-weary from Sevastopol, but
5148-464: A transmitter based in Four Marks. The service is relayed from the Southampton area. BBC South is the local BBC service, and ITV Meridian is the local ITV service. The BBC Local Radio service for the area is BBC Solent . All services are broadcast from the Southampton area. Civil parish In England, a civil parish is a type of administrative parish used for local government . It
5291-627: A tricountry quadripoint. At a secondary summit of Pilsko Peak called Góra Pięciu Kopców, where there is situated a prominent turnpoint on the border of Poland and Slovakia that is evidently demarcated by a primary border marker numbered III/109, there lies a binational quadripoint at which the rural gmina or municipality of Jeleśnia in Żywiec County of the Silesian Voivodeship of Poland apparently meets three municipalities of Námestovo District of Žilina Region of Slovakia called, respectively, Mutne, Oravské Veselé, and Námestovo (although it
5434-518: A water tank or a well to be dug), no electricity (generator, solid fuel stoves and fireplaces, kerosene or gas lamps) and no sewerage (outside earth closet toilet). In the ten years to 1901, the settlement around Four Marks doubled: inhabitants to 279 and dwellings to 67, and by 1911, a further increase to 334 people and 87 homes. Three maps of the sales survive for Winchester College, The Land Company and for Carter's Herbert Park. Together, they contain 242 plots comprising an estimated 251 acres, about half
5577-598: Is a current list of books known to have been written in the village: The village has a volunteer-produced monthly magazine, the Four Marks News which has been active since 1973. The local newspapers are the Alton Herald and the Hampshire Chronicle . Both are published weekly. The Herald regularly features articles about Four Marks. The Breeze is the local Radio station on 101.6FM with
5720-511: Is a point on Earth where four distinct political territories meet. The territories can be of different types, such as national and provincial. In North America, several such places are commonly known as Four Corners . Several examples exist throughout the world that use other names. The word quadripoint does not appear in the Oxford English Dictionary or Merriam-Webster Online , though it has been used since 1964 by
5863-552: Is a quadripoint of four counties: Machakos County , Embu County , Kirinyaga County and Murang'a County . At 54°21′52″N 22°47′32″E / 54.36435°N 22.79228°E / 54.36435; 22.79228 , there is a trinational quadripoint: to the northwest is Russia (specifically the Russian exclave Kaliningrad Oblast ); to the northeast Lithuania ; and to the southwest and southeast two voivodeships (provinces) of Poland : Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship and Podlaskie Voivodeship . The quadripoint exists thanks to
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6006-439: Is a territorial designation which is the lowest tier of local government. Civil parishes can trace their origin to the ancient system of parishes , which for centuries were the principal unit of secular and religious administration in most of England and Wales. Civil and religious parishes were formally split into two types in the 19th century and are now entirely separate. Civil parishes in their modern form came into being through
6149-507: Is at present the only part of England where civil parishes cannot be created. If enough electors in the area of a proposed new parish (ranging from 50% in an area with less than 500 electors to 10% in one with more than 2,500) sign a petition demanding its creation, then the local district council or unitary authority must consider the proposal. Since the beginning of the 21st century, numerous parish councils have been created, including some relatively large urban ones. The main driver has been
6292-539: Is evidence that this is in response to "justified, clear and sustained local support" from the area's inhabitants. Examples are Birtley , which was abolished in 2006, and Southsea , abolished in 2010. Every civil parish has a parish meeting, which all the electors of the parish are entitled to attend. Generally a meeting is held once a year. A civil parish may have a parish council which exercises various local responsibilities prescribed by statute. Parishes with fewer than 200 electors are usually deemed too small to have
6435-516: Is located on an island in the Dalälven river at 60°11′42″N 16°42′17″E / 60.19500°N 16.70472°E / 60.19500; 16.70472 . In 2007, the municipality of Heby was transferred from Västmanland to Uppsala County , creating the quadripoint. This was before that a county-level tripoint. Four districts of Kyiv : Darnytskyi District , Dniprovskyi District , Holosiivskyi District and Pecherskyi District meet at
6578-405: Is not prohibited by other legislation, as opposed to being limited to the powers explicitly granted to them by law. To be eligible for this, a parish council must meet certain conditions such as having a clerk with suitable qualifications. Parish councils receive funding by levying a " precept " on the council tax paid by the residents of the parish (or parishes) served by the parish council. In
6721-628: Is on the thalweg (center of downstream navigation channel) of the Danube a trinational quadripoint, where the Hungarian counties of Baranya and Bács-Kiskun meet the Croatian county of Osječko-Baranjska and the Serbian (Vojvodina) District of West Bačka (although Croatia continues to claim its former Yugoslav cadastral territory east of the Danube, leaving the quadripoint technically unsettled). On
6864-661: Is unclear if the last-mentioned is an outlier of the eponymous district seat or just an unorganized territory of the Námestovo District itself). On the Coppename River, there is a quadripoint of the districts of Coronie, Para, Saramacca, and Sipaliwini. There is a quadripoint between Uppsala , Västmanland , Dalarna , and Gävleborg counties at the junction of Dalälven and Norrsundet in Färnebofjärden . The point forms approximate right angles, and
7007-504: The 'Standards Board regime' with local monitoring by district, unitary or equivalent authorities. Under new regulations which came into effect in 2012 all parish councils in England are required to adopt a code of conduct with which parish councillors must comply, and to promote and maintain high standards. A new criminal offence of failing to comply with statutory requirements was introduced. More than one 'model code' has been published, and councils are free to modify an existing code or adopt
7150-951: The Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty with Britain in 1890, thereby gaining control of a narrow salient called the Caprivi Strip . Following the South West Africa campaign in World War I , the Union of South Africa captured and administered South West Africa , including the Caprivi Strip. In the 1960s, with the decolonisation of Africa , the remaining British colonies in Southern Africa declared their independence, including Zambia in 1964 , Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe ) in 1965 , and Botswana in 1966 . By
7293-761: The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 , which have fewer powers than their English and Welsh counterparts. There are no equivalent units in Northern Ireland . The parish system in Europe was established between the 8th and 12th centuries, and an early form was long established in England by the time of the Norman Conquest . These areas were originally based on the territory of manors , which, in some cases, derived their bounds from Roman or Iron Age estates; some large manors were sub-divided into several parishes. Initially, churches and their priests were
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#17327653815447436-1010: The Local Government Act 1894 ( 56 & 57 Vict. c. 73) to become the smallest geographical area for local government in rural areas. The act abolished the civil (non-ecclesiastical) duties of vestries . Parishes which straddled county boundaries or sanitary districts had to be split so that the part in each urban or rural sanitary district became a separate parish (see List of county exclaves in England and Wales 1844–1974 ). The sanitary districts were then reconstituted as urban districts and rural districts , with parishes that fell within urban districts classed as urban parishes, and parishes that fell within rural districts were classed as rural parishes. The 1894 act established elected civil parish councils as to all rural parishes with more than 300 electors, and established annual parish meetings in all rural parishes. Civil parishes were grouped to form either rural or urban districts which are thereafter classified as either type. The parish meetings for parishes with
7579-411: The Local Government Act 1894 ( 56 & 57 Vict. c. 73), which established elected parish councils to take on the secular functions of the parish vestry . A civil parish can range in size from a sparsely populated rural area with fewer than a hundred inhabitants, to a large town with a population in excess of 100,000 . This scope is similar to that of municipalities in continental Europe, such as
7722-639: The Montana counties of Flathead and Glacier where the 49th parallel crosses the Continental Divide also unites an international peace park comprising national parks of both countries ( Waterton Lakes in Canada and Glacier in the United States). It has been a politically important and precisely stipulated international boundary point since 1818; has been monumented since 1876 (now by
7865-549: The New Stone Age there seems to be significant evidence of activity and settlement spread about the parish, which includes several Neolithic polished axeheads found near Headmore Farm, and others found near Swelling Hill pond and Brislands Lane. Several arrowheads and other flint tools have been found scattered within the parish too, suggesting not insignificant amounts of settlement. In the later Bronze Age three barrows were constructed as graves for important members of
8008-749: The Scramble for Africa . By the 1880s, the British Empire and the British South Africa Company occupied much of Southern Africa , including the Cape Colony , Rhodesia and Bechuanaland . The German Empire also began occupying African territories in the 1880s, namely German South West Africa and German East Africa . Seeking a more efficient route between these two colonies via the Zambezi River, Germany signed
8151-550: The Watercress Line , services from which connect with the nearest national rail station 4.4 miles (7.1 km) to the northeast, at Alton . Although being a heritage railway it does not run commuter services. Steam locomotives, restored and operated by the Watercress Line, run regular services between Alton and Alresford (Hampshire) , stopping at Medstead and Four Marks and Ropley railway stations. The line
8294-472: The break with Rome , parishes managed ecclesiastical matters, while the manor was the principal unit of local administration and justice. Later, the church replaced the manor court as the rural administrative centre, and levied a local tax on produce known as a tithe . In the medieval period, responsibilities such as relief of the poor passed increasingly from the lord of the manor to the parish's rector , who in practice would delegate tasks among his vestry or
8437-692: The communes of France . However, unlike their continental European counterparts, parish councils are not principal authorities , and in most cases have a relatively minor role in local government. As of September 2023 , there are 10,464 parishes in England, and in 2020 they covered approximately 40% of the English population. For historical reasons, civil parishes predominantly cover rural areas and smaller urban areas, with most larger urban areas being wholly or partly unparished ; but since 1997 it has been possible for civil parishes to be created within unparished areas if demanded by local residents . In 2007
8580-635: The listing of some historic buildings, several have gone unlisted. Below is a list of properties built prior to the 1830s: The birth of the new village came in the years between 1894 and World War I. At least five major developers, one unidentified, descended on Four Marks intent on social improvement or plain commercial gain. Winchester College Estate conducted at least two major sales: 350 acres in Medstead and Soldridge offered in April 1894 and, in May 1912, around
8723-470: The (often well-endowed) monasteries. After the dissolution of the monasteries , the power to levy a rate to fund relief of the poor was conferred on the parish authorities by the Poor Relief Act 1601 . Both before and after this optional social change, local (vestry-administered) charities are well-documented. The parish authorities were known as vestries and consisted of all the ratepayers of
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#17327653815448866-461: The 19th century and became international upon the dissolution of Sweden and Norway in 1905. Amid the Empty Quarter of Arabia —as trilaterally agreed and monumented in 2006 precisely at the intersection of the 19th parallel and 52nd meridian (datum uncertain)—Oman (governorate of Dhofar) and Saudi Arabia ( province of Najran ) meet Yemen (and its governorates of Al Mahrah and Hadramawt) in
9009-564: The 19th century is useful to historians, and is also of cultural significance in terms of shaping local identities; reinforced by the use of grouped parish boundaries, often, by successive local authority areas; and in a very rough, operations-geared way by most postcode districts. There was (and is) wide disparity in parish size. Writtle , Essex traditionally measures 13,568 acres (21 sq mi) – two parishes neighbouring are Shellow Bowells at 469 acres (0.7 sq mi), and Chignall Smealy at 476 acres (0.7 sq mi) Until
9152-591: The 2011 census, Newland with Woodhouse Moor and Beaumont Chase reported inhabitants, and there were no new deserted parishes recorded. Nearly all instances of detached parts of civil parishes (areas not contiguous with the main part of the parish) and of those straddling counties have been ended. 14 examples remain in England as at 2022, including Barnby Moor and Wallingwells , both in Nottinghamshire. Direct predecessors of civil parishes are most often known as "ancient parishes", although many date only from
9295-511: The 2021 census). The 2001 census recorded several parishes with no inhabitants. These were Chester Castle (in the middle of Chester city centre), Newland with Woodhouse Moor , Beaumont Chase , Martinsthorpe , Meering , Stanground North (subsequently abolished), Sturston , Tottington , and Tyneham (subsequently merged). The lands of the last three were taken over by the Armed Forces during World War II and remain deserted. In
9438-596: The Bara Saradubi enclave of Hatibandha thana and the Jote Nijjama enclave of Patgram thana (of Lalmonirhat), respectively; both were eliminated by the agreement. The international stature of these enclaves had been intermittent since Mughal times and was a result of the Radcliffe Award of 1947. The international boundary touches (or crosses) itself, without imparting political subdivision, within
9581-415: The Caprivi Strip (in today's Namibia). Moreover, it was reported in 2014 that Namibia actually granted Botswana and Zambia an easement to build their bridge across what all three parties concurred was Namibian territory. The Kazungula Bridge opened for traffic in May 2021. A true four-country point did formerly exist in Africa for a period of eight months during 1960 and 1961, in southern Lake Chad , at
9724-618: The Darnytsia railway bridge over Dnieper River . Due to changes to the borders and numbers of administrative counties in the last century, no true county quadripoint remains in the United Kingdom, though there have been some historical shire/county quadripoints. The village of Four Marks in Hampshire is so named, because historically four adjoining tithings (or parishes) of Medstead, Ropley, Faringdon, and Chawton met there in
9867-671: The King's Highway through Chawton Park Wood, and, beginning in the 18th century the Alton to Winchester turnpike (now the A31). The high point of the roads at about 215 metres was a chalk ridge, capped with clay and flints, lying between Telegraph Lane and the centre of Medstead. Rainwater flows to the north to the River Thames and, to the south, to the Solent. Under 50 inhabitants clustered away from
10010-653: The Land Boundary Agreement between the two states, effective after 31 July 2015, which exchanged all first-order enclaves. The international boundary touched itself at one or possibly two locations shared by India ( West Bengal state, Cooch Behar district ) and Bangladesh ( Rangpur Division , Lalmonirhat District ). A confirmed instance occurred in Mathabhanga subdivision and a less definite one in Mekhliganj subdivision (of Cooch Behar), involving
10153-456: The London to Winchester road had almost trebled to close to 250 people with over 30 new homes. Many new inhabitants, noted in later censuses, came from 'London': Battersea, Bloomsbury, Bow, Bowes Park, Camberwell, Chiswick, Ealing, Holborn, Hornsey, Islington, Kilburn, Kingston-upon-Thames, Leyton, Old Bailey, Paddington, St Pancras, Stamford Hill, Tooting, Tottenham, Tower Hamlets, Walworth, Westminster and Windsor. The modern village of Four Marks
10296-919: The Office of the Geographer of the United States Department of State , and appears in the Encyclopædia Britannica , as well as in the World Factbook articles on Botswana , Namibia , Zambia , and Zimbabwe , dating as far back as 1990. An early instance of four political divisions meeting at a point is the Four Shire Stone in Moreton-in-Marsh , England (attested in the Domesday Book, 1086, and mentioned since 969 if not 772 ); until 1931, it
10439-616: The Tombouctou Cercle of Tombouctou Region, Mali, and the Bir Mogrein Department of Tiris Zemmour Region, Mauritania. The Argentine provinces of La Pampa , Río Negro , Mendoza , and Neuquén may meet at 37°34′44.3″S 68°14′32.6″W / 37.578972°S 68.242389°W / -37.578972; -68.242389 . Río Negro has disputed this since a 1966 resurvey cast the exact boundary convergence into some doubt. The summit of Sorgschrofen forms
10582-860: The United States forcibly occupied and annexed in 1810 after belatedly claiming it as part of the Louisiana Territory purchased from France in 1803) was subdivided and allocated partly to the State of Mississippi and partly to the Territory (and later State) of Alabama. There resulted, at the intersection of demarcated boundaries, an international quadripoint of four territories, which in the United States were named (clockwise) Baldwin and Mobile counties of Alabama and Jackson and Greene counties of Mississippi, though Mobile and Jackson Counties were actually still Spanish. Between 1839 and 1920, there
10725-490: The West Saxons to the bishopric at Winchester, starting a chain of ecclesiastical management through to the current day. The commitment was confirmed in writing by a successor, King Ine, in A.D. 701 in a disputed charter. The charter listed many local gates and watering places, mostly identifiable today, showing that the area contained important Saxon husbandry. In the following centuries Four Marks seems to be quite empty as
10868-471: The Windmill Inn, and even The Blinking Owl, a good class restaurant with a dance floor. Those smaller shops, which might otherwise have spread around the side streets with the bungalows, instead congregated prominently on Winchester Road taking best advantage of the needs of both visitors and locals. Many of the shops were made of rickety ex-Canadian Army huts. In its current and ongoing phase from 1961,
11011-758: The absence of four-country points, three-country quadripoints are perhaps most significant. These combine two divisions of one country with (one each of) two other countries. But there also exist merely binational quadripoints—of several varieties. Some of these combine two subdivisions of two countries, others three subdivisions of one country with (one of) another; while still others occur at points where international boundaries appear to touch or cross themselves—with or without subdivision—or where an international boundary appears to bifurcate around disputed territories. Also below, by country, are some subnational quadripoints composed of subdivisions. Two districts of Adrar Province, Algeria—namely Bordj Badji Mokhtar and Reggane—meet
11154-738: The administration of the poor laws was the main civil function of parishes, the Poor Law Amendment Act 1866 , which received royal assent on 10 August 1866, declared all areas that levied a separate rate or had their own overseer of the poor to be parishes. This included the Church of England parishes (until then simply known as "parishes"), extra-parochial areas , townships and chapelries . To have collected rates this means these beforehand had their own vestries, boards or equivalent bodies. Parishes using this definition subsequently became known as "civil parishes" to distinguish them from
11297-462: The area now called Four Corners from Mexico after the Mexican–American War in 1848. In 1863 Congress created Arizona Territory from the western part of New Mexico Territory . The boundary was defined as a line running due south from the southwest corner of Colorado Territory , which had been created in 1861. By defining one boundary as starting at the corner of another, Congress ensured
11440-413: The border of Sweden and Norway, there is a binational quadripoint where two counties of Norway, Trøndelag and Nordland , meet two counties of Sweden, Västerbotten and Jämtland , at international boundary marker number 204 ( 65°7′8″N 14°19′33″E / 65.11889°N 14.32583°E / 65.11889; 14.32583 ). Though the marker dates from 1760, the point became a quadripoint in
11583-708: The border of the Dominican Republic and Haiti , there is a binational quadripoint where two departments of Haiti, Centre and Ouest , meet two provinces of the Dominican Republic, Elias Pina and Independencia , at the ridgeline of a feature that is called the Sierra de Neiba in the Dominican Republic and the Chaine du Trou de l'Eau in Haiti, and which a 19th-century communal boundary followed before
11726-399: The charter, the charter may be transferred to a parish council for its area. Where there is no such parish council, the district council may appoint charter trustees to whom the charter and the arms of the former borough will belong. The charter trustees (who consist of the councillor or councillors for the area of the former borough) maintain traditions such as mayoralty . An example of such
11869-407: The commingled municipalities of Baarle-Nassau (North Brabant, Netherlands) and Baarle-Hertog (Antwerp, Belgium). The peculiar situation, which occurs at Baarle but once (at the touchpoint of Belgian enclaves H1 and H2), has existed at least cadastrally since about 1198, but its current international distinction dates only from 1830. Since 2009, Benin and Burkina Faso have jointly administered
12012-719: The confluence of the Upía and Guavio rivers, where the borders of the Boyacá , Casanare , Meta , and Cundinamarca departments come together. The municipalities of Vrbanja , Drenovci , Bošnjaci and Nijemci in Vukovar-Srijem County meet at a quadripoint just south of the A3 motorway, near Spačva. The municipalities of Magadenovac , Marijanci , Valpovo and Koška in Osijek-Baranja County meet at
12155-537: The council are carried out by a paid officer, typically known as a parish clerk. Councils may employ additional people (including bodies corporate, provided where necessary, by tender) to carry out specific tasks dictated by the council. Some councils have chosen to pay their elected members an allowance, as permitted under part 5 of the Local Authorities (Members' Allowances) (England) Regulations 2003. The number of councillors varies roughly in proportion to
12298-464: The council of the urban district or borough in which they were contained. Many urban parishes were coterminous (geographically identical) with the urban district or municipal borough in which they lay. Towns which included multiple urban parishes often consolidated the urban parishes into one. The urban parishes continued to be used as an electoral area for electing guardians to the poor law unions . The unions took in areas in multiple parishes and had
12441-466: The council will an election be held. However, sometimes there are fewer candidates than seats. When this happens, the vacant seats have to be filled by co-option by the council. If a vacancy arises for a seat mid-term, an election is only held if a certain number (usually ten) of parish residents request an election. Otherwise the council will co-opt someone to be the replacement councillor. The Localism Act 2011 introduced new arrangements which replaced
12584-459: The creation of town and parish councils is encouraged in unparished areas . The Local Government and Rating Act 1997 created a procedure which gave residents in unparished areas the right to demand that a new parish and parish council be created. This right was extended to London boroughs by the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 – with this, the City of London
12727-463: The desire to have a more local tier of government when new larger authorities have been created, which are felt to be remote from local concerns and identity. A number of parishes have been created in places which used to have their own borough or district council; examples include Daventry (2003), Folkestone (2004), Kidderminster (2015) and Sutton Coldfield (2016). The trend towards the creation of geographically large unitary authorities has been
12870-439: The ecclesiastical parishes. The Church of England parishes, which cover more than 99% of England, have become officially (and to avoid ambiguity) termed ecclesiastical parishes . The limits of many of these have diverged; most greatly through changes in population and church attendance (these factors can cause churches to be opened or closed). Since 1921, each has been the responsibility of its own parochial church council . In
13013-408: The edges of checkerboard-patterned Indian reservations and other federally reserved territories. But of all the quadripoints that exist, the most noted are a few dozen that are situated on international borders, and about a dozen others involve primary national subdivisions (such as provinces or states). Among the international quadripoints (examples below), a few general types can be distinguished. In
13156-534: The established English Church, which for a few years after Henry VIII alternated between the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England , before settling on the latter on the accession of Elizabeth I in 1558. By the 18th century, religious membership was becoming more fractured in some places, due in part to the progress of Methodism . The legitimacy of the parish vestry came into question, and
13299-537: The eventual creation of four states meeting at a point, regardless of the inevitable errors of boundary surveying. The monument is centered at 36°59′56.31532″N 109°02′42.62019″W / 36.9989764778°N 109.0451722750°W / 36.9989764778; -109.0451722750 . Many county quadripoints exist in the United States, particularly in states like Iowa and Texas where large numbers of counties were drawn along rectilinear survey lines. A pair of conflicting territorial claims can give rise to
13442-429: The ferry, maintaining that it was serving military purposes. Ian Brownlie , who studied the case, wrote in 1979 that the possibility of a quadripoint could not be definitively ruled out at that time. In August 2007, the governments of Zambia and Botswana announced a deal to construct a bridge at the site to replace the ferry. The existence of a short boundary of about 150 metres (490 ft) between Zambia and Botswana
13585-517: The field across the road from her home at Pooks Hill in Alton Lane. She was visited here, at least once, by Amy Johnson , the first woman to fly solo to Australia. Johnson and other aviator visitors all landed in the same field. Four Marks is the home of a small brewery with its own bar, Triple fff Brewery , whose beer can be found in pubs in the region. A surprising number of authors and others with literary associations wrote in Four Marks. Here
13728-645: The gift and continued patronage (benefaction) of the lord of the manor , but not all were willing and able to provide, so residents would be expected to attend the church of the nearest manor with a church. Later, the churches and priests became to a greater extent the responsibility of the Catholic Church thus this was formalised; the grouping of manors into one parish was recorded, as was a manor-parish existing in its own right. Boundaries changed little, and for centuries after 1180 'froze', despite changes to manors' extents. However, by subinfeudation , making
13871-455: The government at the time of the Local Government Act 1972 discouraged their creation for large towns or their suburbs, but there is generally nothing to stop their establishment. For example, Birmingham has two parishes ( New Frankley and Sutton Coldfield ), Oxford has four, and the Milton Keynes urban area has 24. Parishes could not however be established in London until the law was changed in 2007. A civil parish can range in area from
14014-456: The growing population of the then-hamlet of Four Marks required its own school. This was compounded by the fact that the main village school on Church Street in Ropley was far away from Four Marks. The school was largely a gift of two benefactors. Marianna Hagen of Ropley was the driving force; she bought the plot of land, part of Homestead Farm on Hawthorn Road in 1902 from John Joseph Tomlinson,
14157-408: The intersecting 20th-century international boundary was created. As well, some 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the east along the same ridgeline, the same two Dominican provinces produce a subnational quadripoint where they meet two other Dominican provinces, Baoruco and San Juan . Four provinces (the primary subdivision) of Gabon, namely Moyen-Ogooué, Ngounie, Ogooué-Ivindo, and Ogooué-Lolo, meet at
14300-667: The intersection of the Manitoba, Northwest Territories and Saskatchewan borders". However, the northernmost point of the Manitoba–Saskatchewan border as surveyed is slightly off from 60° north 102° west, therefore the laws were not perfectly clear about whether the Nunavut–NWT boundary, was to meet the others in a quadripoint or not. In 2014, the Survey General Branch (SGB) of Natural Resources Canada established
14443-476: The late 19th century, most of the "ancient" (a legal term equivalent to time immemorial ) irregularities inherited by the civil parish system were cleaned up, and the majority of exclaves were abolished. The census of 1911 noted that 8,322 (58%) of "parishes" in England and Wales were not geographically identical when comparing the civil to the ecclesiastical form. In 1894, civil parishes were reformed by
14586-602: The local community. These sit just South of Barn Lane. Some additional individual finds from this period have been found by hobby archaeologists near to the parish. A pre-Roman ridgeway from the Old Sarum area, the Lunway , crosses through Four Marks from the north following the drier southern side of the ridge. It is itself crossed near the old Windmill Inn (now the Co-op store) by a summerway from Alresford and its river, following
14729-473: The location of the present Cameroon – Chad – Nigeria tripoint. Upon the 1 October 1960 independence of Nigeria, that borderpoint became common to the latter three countries and the territory of Northern Cameroons , which was still governed under United Nations mandate by the United Kingdom, until it was finally integrated into Nigeria on 1 June 1961. This is the only known quadricountry borderpoint not involving condominial territories. Quadripoints can exist at
14872-479: The main road in Four Marks. The Land Company of London held two auctions at Lymington Park Estate in 1896, offering over 140 plots with a hotel and shops on a farm bought from Charles Frederick Hemming. Lymington Park Estate surrounded Lymington Farm, a substantial set of buildings on the corner of Brislands Lane, grandly renamed Lymington Park Road for the auction, and Lymington Bottom, called Medstead Main Road. At almost
15015-600: The meeting of political subdivisions of any type or level. The most common are in the United States and Canada, where the grid-based Public Land Survey System (PLSS) and Dominion Land Surveys (DLS), respectively, resulted in a large number of quadripoints at the corners of survey units such as DLS townships, PLSS townships, sections, and various other gridded subdivisions. The borders of U.S. counties and towns are often defined by survey townships. There are dozens of quadripoints between U.S. counties, hundreds between U.S. municipalities, and indeed thousands (of usually bilateral ones) on
15158-465: The mid 19th century. Using a longer historical lens the better terms are "pre-separation (civil and ecclesiastical) parish", "original medieval parishes" and "new parishes". The Victoria County History , a landmark collaborative work mostly written in the 20th century (although incomplete), summarises the history of each English "parish", roughly meaning late medieval parish. A minority of these had exclaves , which could be: In some cases an exclave of
15301-817: The monument at the northern terminus of the Manitoba-Saskatchewan boundary as the southern terminus of the NWT-Nunavut boundary, confirming the creation of a quadripoint between the two provinces and two territories. Both of the only known international quadripoints in the Americas occur on the Canada–United States border along remote mountain crests. One, which joins the Canadian provinces of Alberta ( Improvement District No. 4 ) and British Columbia ( Regional District of East Kootenay ) with
15444-465: The new district councils (outside London) to review their parishes, and many areas left unparished in 1972 have since been made parishes, either in whole or part. For example, Hinckley , whilst entirely unparished in 1974, now has four civil parishes, which together cover part of its area, whilst the central part of the town remains unparished. Some parishes were sub-divided into smaller territories known as hamlets , tithings or townships . Nowadays
15587-412: The option of a basic house, usually single-storey 'colonial' style bungalows in a 'do-it-yourself' community. 'Colonial' was a trade name with the several standard designs, mostly one, two or three bedrooms with a living room and kitchen costing from £100 upwards. The higher prices also brought tile roofs instead of corrugated iron. Homestead's developments were sold without utilities: no clean water (use of
15730-488: The other conurbations. Civil parishes vary greatly in population: some have populations below 100 and have no settlement larger than a hamlet , while others cover towns with populations of tens of thousands. Weston-super-Mare , with a population of 71,758, is the most populous civil parish. In many cases small settlements, today popularly termed villages , localities or suburbs, are in a single parish which originally had one church. Large urban areas are mostly unparished, as
15873-685: The other. All these towns are in either the Košice Okolie district of the Košice region of Slovakia or the Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county of Hungary. From 1922 to 1981, Iraq and Saudi Arabia jointly administered a large neutral zone immediately west of Kuwait , forming a distinctive diamond shape which created a quadripoint at the Kuwait border. Four parishes of Jamaica , namely Clarendon , Manchester , Saint Ann , and Trelawny , meet at
16016-527: The owner of the now revered Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, that there were canals on Mars built by intelligent beings. The observatory was sold in 1919 when the theory was disproved to great embarrassment, and was pulled down about 1939. The circular ground works of the buildings can be found in the back garden of the original home now called 'Observatory'. Telegraph Farm in Telegraph Lane
16159-401: The parish the status of a town, at which point the council becomes a town council . Around 400 parish councils are called town councils. Under the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 , a civil parish may be given one of the following alternative styles: As a result, a parish council can be called a town council, a community council, a village council or occasionally
16302-404: The parish. As the number of ratepayers of some parishes grew, it became increasingly difficult to convene meetings as an open vestry. In some, mostly built-up, areas the select vestry took over responsibility from the entire body of ratepayers. This innovation improved efficiency, but allowed governance by a self-perpetuating elite. The administration of the parish system relied on the monopoly of
16445-562: The parish; the church rate ceased to be levied in many parishes and became voluntary from 1868. During the 17th century it was found that the 1601 Poor Law did not work well for very large parishes, which were particularly common in northern England. Such parishes were typically subdivided into multiple townships , which levied their rates separately. The Poor Relief Act 1662 therefore directed that for poor law purposes 'parish' meant any place which maintained its own poor, thereby converting many townships into separate 'poor law parishes'. As
16588-499: The perceived inefficiency and corruption inherent in the system became a source for concern in some places. For this reason, during the early 19th century the parish progressively lost its powers to ad hoc boards and other organisations, such as the boards of guardians given responsibility for poor relief through the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 . Sanitary districts covered England in 1875 and Ireland three years later. The replacement boards were each entitled to levy their own rate in
16731-449: The population of Four Marks more than tripled in the next 50 years, the number of dwellings quadrupling. There were 3,893 inhabitants in 2011. There has been an explosion in piecemeal and large estate development in the last ten years. Claims have been made based on a local history that Four Marks was initially settled by returning soldiers of the Crimean War, 1853–56. The idea that a grateful government would give out land it did not own for
16874-411: The population of the parish. Most rural parish councillors are elected to represent the entire parish, though in parishes with larger populations or those that cover larger areas, the parish can be divided into wards. Each of these wards then returns councillors to the parish council (the numbers depending on their population). Only if there are more candidates standing for election than there are seats on
17017-467: The province of Quebec . This quadripoint, which was legally delimited in 1873 and validated in 1895, is marked (like all the corners of the minor civil divisions of Maine) by a brightly painted 8-foot wooden pole. There is a subnational quadripoint in Colombia at approximate coordinates 4°44′07″N 73°03′04″W / 4.73528°N 73.05111°W / 4.73528; -73.05111 , at
17160-530: The quickest, driest, 'up-and-over' route to the River Wey. Several features and finds dating to the Iron Age have been found in the village over the decades; these show a densely settled and worked landscape. Evidence of settlement was uncovered by pre-construction works near to Brislands Lane. This has been reinforced by finds of pottery, loom weights and coins around Four Marks and neighbouring villages over
17303-414: The railway bridge and Five Ash Pond on Lymington Bottom Road. This was first recorded in 1307 as Lenynton meaning the farmstead by the lime trees. This settlement disappeared by the 15th century and survives only in the lane name Lymington Bottom Road. The oldest still inhabited part of the village is the hamlet of Hawthorn, first recorded in 1424 as Horethornes , which sits north of Hawthorn Road. It saw
17446-438: The right to create civil parishes was extended to London boroughs , although only one, Queen's Park , has so far been created. Eight parishes also have city status (a status granted by the monarch ). A civil parish may be equally known as and confirmed as a town, village, neighbourhood or community by resolution of its parish council, a right not conferred on other units of English local government. The governing body of
17589-587: The same time, William Carter, owner of Herbert Park, offered large opportunities in Alton and Kitwood Lanes. A local man, Frank Gotelee, who in 1901 had acquired much of the land in Medstead which had been accumulated in the 1850s and 60s by William Ivey, tried to sell freehold plots for development, although with less success. Carter's development was initially called the Homestead Movement. Its defining characteristics were cheap, rural or semirural land suitable for market gardening or self-sufficiency, and
17732-601: The school has been expanded, including a large block built to the southeast of the old school building in the 1970s. It is a Church of England school, and bears the highest possible rank of "Outstanding" by OFSTED. The first village hall was built around 1910, intended as a social and multi-purpose institute was formed which met in borrowed premises. A permanent building arrived in 1913 and this has since been incorporated into today's Village Hall in Lymington Bottom. The village has its own restored railway station on
17875-432: The soil was not attractive enough for farmsteads and water access was an issue as the village lies on a ridge. It was because of this fact that Four Marks became the site of the commons of various neighbouring parishes, especially Ropley, whose commons expanded over most of the current settlement of the village. The earliest medieval settlement in Four Marks was Lymington, likely a small farmstead, which stood halfway between
18018-426: The through road around small farms dotted along the old river bed called Lymington Bottom and, for instance, at Hawthorn, Kitfield and Kitwood. By the 18th century Four Marks was home to several farmsteads, many of which still stand today. Below is a list of properties built prior to the 1830s: By the 18th century Four Marks had grown in size and was home to several farmsteads, many of which still stand today. Despite
18161-553: The time occupied Namibia) informed Botswana that there was no common border between Botswana and Zambia, claiming that a quadripoint existed. As a result, South Africa claimed that the Kazungula Ferry , which links Botswana and Zambia at the quadripoint, was illegal. Botswana firmly rejected both claims. There was a confrontation and shots were fired at the ferry; some years later, the Rhodesian Army attacked and sank
18304-645: The time of Rhodesia's declaration of independence in 1965, there were four independent sovereign states whose territorial boundaries came very close to a quadripoint: the Republic of South Africa (occupying the Caprivi Strip) to the west, the newly independent Republic of Zambia to the north; the newly independent Rhodesia to the east; and the British Bechuanaland Protectorate to the south. In 1970, South Africa (which at
18447-399: The total acreage enclosed in the 1709 Ropley enclosure and on approximately the same land. The maps also cover almost every nook and cranny of the early Four Marks developments, with the exception of the early bungalows on the southern side of Blackberry Lane; about 23 according to the 1912 map of Winchester College. Within five years, the population of this small area to the south and east of
18590-449: The village clock. The local amenities include a chemist, a bakers with cafe, a fish and chip shop, a Chinese takeaway, an Indian restaurant, an off licence, a fine wine shop, both female and male hairdressers, Tesco and Co-op outlets, a filling station and limited free parking. The Co-op also houses the post office. There are two residential homes, a doctor's surgery, a veterinary surgery and a golf course. Prior to being made its own parish,
18733-438: The village of Four Marks is the only so named place in the United Kingdom. A separate development, which began slowly shortly after the turn of the century, was an entirely different example of social change. The invention of two new popular forms of transport, bicycles and motor vehicles, transformed Winchester Road along its length. This single-carriageway was eventually dotted with flowering cherry and ornamental apple trees. In
18876-609: The way the border between Poland and Russian SFSR was defined in 1945 by the Potsdam Agreement . The new border between Poland and the USSR bisected Germany's former province of East Prussia ; the northern part became Kaliningrad Oblast, and most of the southern part is now Warmia-Masuria. Four regions of Mauritania, namely Adrar, Brakna, Tagant, and Trarza, meet at a quadripoint formed by an intersection of non-cardinally oriented geodesic lines that define their borders. On
19019-662: The whole parish is relatively closely settled. First mentioned within the c. 1550 Perambulation of the Manor of Alresford (a Perambulation being a detailed description of the boundaries of land) as 'Fowremarkes' . The relevant excerpt details; "a certain empty piece of land called Fowremarkes near Bookemere and named thus because four tithings abut there mutually, that is to say, the tithings of Medsted Ropley Faryngdon & Chawton " . The 'Marks' element comes from Old English 'mark(e)' meaning boundary, or border, so, Four Marks directly translates as Four Borders . In
19162-408: The world in international quadrimunicipal points with no fewer than five, but this border is also unique for hosting the only known pair of linked quadrimunicipal points in the world—which are shared in common by the towns of Skároš, Slovakia, and Füzér, Hungary, in conjunction with Trstené Pri Hornáde, Slovakia, and Hollóháza, Hungary, in one case, and Slanská Huta, Slovakia, and Pusztafalu, Hungary, in
19305-461: The years. In the Roman period a road was built from Winchester , then known as Venta Belgarum, to London (Londinium likely crossed through Four Marks), although this theory is not without controversy. The area around Four Marks was very active in this time, with villas and farmsteads, although little is known of within Four Marks except for the occasional coin. The area was given by King Cenwalh of
19448-716: Was a quadripoint at the convergence of Belgium , Prussia / Germany , the Netherlands , and Moresnet at Vaalserberg . Moresnet was never truly a country but rather only a neutral territory or condominium of the Netherlands and Prussia (originally), and of Belgium and Germany (ultimately). Subsequent political changes have restored its quadripartition along municipal lines (Kelmis, Plombieres within Belgium) since 1976 (though it has also enjoyed fivefold partition along municipal lines at times). Some older sources claimed that
19591-649: Was agreed by all four states in the 2006–10 period, and is shown in the African Development Fund project map. This matches the data kept by the Office of the Geographer under the U.S. Department of State . However, the Anglo-German agreement of 1890 stipulates that the thalweg junction of the Chobe and Zambezi, which today falls within the demarcated limits of Zimbabwe, is the eastward limit of
19734-435: Was eventually replaced by a telegraph wire along the track of the railway from Alton to Alresford. Its name comes from the fact that the semaphore technology was also known as telegraph at the time. The Honourable Mrs Mildred Bruce was a British racing motorist and aviator, the first woman to fly around the world solo over land. Bruce used to land her wooden, single-seat aerobatic biplane, the only Miles Satyr ever built, in
19877-402: Was founded at the end of the nineteenth century on little developed old commons and wastes mostly left from the 1709 Ropley enclosure. Four Marks became a parish in 1932 under Alton Rural District Council when parts of six parishes were annexed: Chawton (1%), East Tisted (2%), Farringdon (17%), Medstead (4%), Newton Valence (13%) and Ropley (64%). According to Bartholomew's Gazetteer ,
20020-636: Was once part of an unfinished chain of semaphore telegraph stations intended to link the Admiralty in London to Plymouth to combat the threat of a French invasion in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars . It was built in 1826 between River Hill House in Binsted and Merryfield in West Tisted . The semaphore was never used in anger and the station was made redundant in 1847. The semaphore technology
20163-569: Was opened in 1865, joining Alton to Winchester. The railway company twice investigated tunnels to cut through the Four Marks ridge, but these plans were discarded because of cost. The solution was to cut a great gouge through the top of the hill at the bridge in Boyneswood Road. Medstead station was opened in 1868, with its name changing in 1937 to Medstead and Four Marks. The line provided an alternative route between London and Southampton. Besides transporting locally produced watercress, it
20306-499: Was particularly important for military traffic between the Army town of Aldershot and the military embarkation port at Southampton. The line was axed in 1973 and bought by a local preservation society two years later. Blackberry Lane was host to an important twin-dome observatory built in 1913 by James Worthington, precocious, wealthy, and the epitome of a new style of aggressive amateur astronomer. Worthington agreed with Percival Lovell,
20449-492: Was the meeting point of the English counties of Gloucestershire , Oxfordshire , Warwickshire , and Worcestershire . The earliest known quadripoint involving modern nation-states existed from 1817 to 1821 where the present Alabama–Mississippi state line crossed the 31st parallel border between Spain and the United States. During that period, the part of West Florida between the Pearl and Perdido rivers (which Spain still owned but
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