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29-545: The 14th Dynasty is commonly grouped together with the 13th, 15th, 16th , and 17th , as the Second Intermediate Period . Less commonly, the 14th Dynasty is combined with the 11th , 12th , and 13th Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom of Egypt period, though the 14th Dynasty overlaps at least partially with either of (or both of) the 13th Dynasty and the 15th Dynasty . There are enough gaps in

58-609: A 14th Dynasty ruler, married a Nubian princess, queen Tati, to strengthen relations with the Kushite kingdom. The order of rulers for this dynasty is established by the Turin Royal Canon and is widely accepted – except for the first five rulers, which are given below after Ryholt. The names of these rulers are not given on the Turin Canon (except for perhaps one), and Ryholt proposes that they were mentioned as wsf in

87-476: A campaign against the Hittites was an unsupportable drain on Egypt's treasury and military. In his 21st regnal year, Ramesses signed the earliest recorded peace treaty with Urhi-Teshub 's successor, Hattusili III , and with that act Egypt-Hittite relations improved significantly. Ramesses II even married two Hittite princesses, the first after his second Sed Festival . This dynasty declined as infighting for

116-483: A large royal palace dating to the Second Intermediate Period. One of its courtyards housed a statue of a king or high-ranking official, over twice life-size, and possessing non-Egyptian attributes. For these reasons, Ryholt and most Egyptologists share the view that Avaris – rather than Xois – was the 14th Dynasty's seat of power. The precise borders of the 14th Dynasty state are not known, due to

145-429: A period of peace in his reign. Famine , which had plagued Upper Egypt during the late 13th Dynasty and the 14th Dynasty , also blighted the 16th Dynasty, most evidently during and after the reign of Neferhotep III . Various chronological orderings and lists of kings have been proposed by scholars for this dynasty. These lists fall broadly in two categories: those assuming that the 16th Dynasty comprised vassals of

174-468: Is here given as per Jürgen von Beckerath 's Dynasty XV/XVI in his Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen . Wolfgang Helck, who also believes that the 16th Dynasty was an Hyksos vassal state, proposed a slightly different list of kings. Many of the rulers listed here in the 16th Dynasty under the hypothesis that they were vassals of the Hyksos are put in the 14th Dynasty in the hypothesis that the 16th Dynasty

203-485: The Libyans and the Hittites. The city of Kadesh was first captured by Seti I, who decided to concede it to Muwatalli of Hatti in an informal peace treaty between Egypt and Hatti. Ramesses II later attempted unsuccessfully to alter this situation in his fifth regnal year by launching an attack on Kadesh in his Second Syrian campaign in 1274 BC ; he was caught in history's first recorded military ambush, but thanks to

232-736: The Ramessid dynasty , is classified as the second Dynasty of the Ancient Egyptian New Kingdom period, lasting from 1292 BC to 1189 BC. The 19th Dynasty and the 20th Dynasty furthermore together constitute an era known as the Ramesside period . This Dynasty was founded by Vizier Ramesses I , whom Pharaoh Horemheb chose as his successor to the throne. The warrior kings of the early 18th Dynasty had encountered only little resistance from neighbouring kingdoms, allowing them to expand their realm of influence easily, but

261-557: The Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt . The list of rulers is given here as per Kim Ryholt and is supposedly in chronological order: Additional kings are classified as belonging to this dynasty per Kim Ryholt but their chronological position is uncertain. They may correspond to the last five lost kings on the Turin canon: Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt The Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XIX), also known as

290-551: The Turin canon , interpreted a list of Thebes-based kings to constitute Manetho 's Sixteenth Dynasty, although this is one of Ryholt's "most debatable and far-reaching" conclusions. For this reason other scholars do not follow Ryholt and see only insufficient evidence for the interpretation of the Sixteenth Dynasty as Theban. The continuing war against 15th Dynasty dominated the short-lived 16th Dynasty. The armies of

319-536: The 13th Dynasty Memphite kings to recover the Delta. According to Ryholt, the 14th Dynasty lasted from 1805 BC until its demise under the Hyksos 15th Dynasty ca. 1650 BC, lasting a total of 155 years. This hypothesis is not shared by some Egyptologists, such as Manfred Bietak , Daphna Ben Tor, and James and Susan Allen , who argue that the 14th Dynasty could not have emerged before the mid 13th Dynasty, ca. 1720 BC, after

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348-642: The 13th Dynasty – and as far south as Dongola , beyond the Nile's Third Cataract . To the north, seals have been found in the southern Levant, principally along the Mediterranean coast, even as far north as Tel Kabri (in modern-day northern Israel , near the border with Lebanon ). This indicates the existence of important trade conducted between the 13th Dynasty, the Canaanite city-states, and Nubia. Ryholt further proposes that king Sheshi , whom he sees as

377-518: The 15th Dynasty, winning town after town from their southern enemies, continually encroached on the 16th Dynasty territory, eventually threatening and then conquering Thebes itself. In his study of the Second Intermediate Period, the Egyptologist Kim Ryholt has suggested that Dedumose I sued for a truce in the latter years of the dynasty, but one of his predecessors, Nebiryraw I , may have been more successful and seems to have enjoyed

406-415: The Hyksos, as advocated by Jürgen von Beckerath and Wolfgang Helck ; and those assuming that the 16th Dynasty was an independent Theban kingdom, as recently proposed by Kim Ryholt . The traditional list of rulers of the 16th Dynasty regroups kings believed to be vassals of the Hyksos, some of which have semitic names such as Semqen and Anat-her . The list of kings differs from scholar to scholar and it

435-518: The Turin Canon could be dated to the 14th or 15th Dynasty. Their identities and chronological position remain unclear: Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt The Sixteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty XVI ) was a dynasty of pharaohs that ruled the Theban region in Upper Egypt for 70 years. This dynasty, together with the 15th and 17th dynasties, are often combined under

464-526: The arrival of the Ne'arin (a force allied with Egypt), Ramesses was able to rally his troops and turn the tide of battle against the Hittites. Ramesses II later profited from the Hittites' internal difficulties, during his eighth and ninth regnal years, when he campaigned against their Syrian possessions, capturing Kadesh and portions of Southern Syria, and advancing as far north as Tunip , where no Egyptian soldier had been seen for 120 years. He ultimately accepted that

493-458: The emerging Hyksos power around 1650 BC. The Manethonian tradition credits the 14th Dynasty with as many as 76 kings ruling from Xois rather than Avaris. However, Egyptologist Kim Ryholt notes that the Turin Canon mentions only approximately 56 kings, and does not have enough space to have recorded more than 70. Ryholt also points to excavations at Avaris that revealed the existence of

522-517: The general scarcity of its monuments. In his study of the Second Intermediate Period, Kim Ryholt concludes that the territory directly controlled by the 14th Dynasty roughly consisted of the Nile Delta, with borders located near Athribis in the western Delta and Bubastis in the east. Seals attributable to the 14th Dynasty have been found in Middle and Upper Egypt – then entirely the territory of

551-503: The group title, Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650–1550 BC), a period that saw the division of Upper and Lower Egypt between the pharaohs at Thebes and the Hyksos kings of the 15th Dynasty based at Avaris . Of the two chief versions of Manetho 's Aegyptiaca , the Sixteenth Dynasty is described by the more reliable Africanus (supported by Syncellus ) as "shepherd [ hyksos ] kings", but by Eusebius as Theban . Ryholt (1997), followed by Bourriau (2003), in reconstructing

580-430: The international situation had changed radically towards the end of the dynasty. The Hittites had gradually extended their influence into Syria and Canaan to become a major power in international politics, a power that both Seti I and his son Ramesses II would confront in the future. The New Kingdom of Egypt reached the zenith of its power under Seti I and Ramesses II ("The Great"), who campaigned vigorously against

609-441: The knowledge of the 14th Dynasty that its absolute chronological position is debated, and can vary by as much as 75 years between authorities. Egyptologist Kim Ryholt proposes that the 14th Dynasty emerged during the late 12th Dynasty, ca. 1805 BC, during or shortly after Sobekneferu 's rule. He contends that the local Canaanite population residing in the eastern Delta declared their independence and staved off possible attempts from

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638-484: The list, which denotes a lacuna in the original document from which the list was copied during the Ramesside period . Rather, Ryholt identifies the first five kings thanks to a seriation of their seals. His conclusions are debated, however, in Ben Tor's study of the strata levels, in which seals attributed to the first five kings have been found. Ben Tor concludes that the reigns of Sheshi , 'Ammu , and Yakbim date to

667-400: The reign of Sobekhotep IV . In particular, they argue that the evidence from the strata levels where 14th Dynasty seals have been discovered conclusively establishes that the 14th Dynasty was only contemporary with the 13th Dynasty in the last half century of the latter's existence, i.e., after ca. 1700 BC. Additionally, Manfred Bietak has dated the inscriptions and monuments of Nehesy, possibly

696-501: The reign of Nebiriau I, the realm controlled by the 16th Dynasty extended at least as far north as Hu and south to Edfu. Not listed in the Turin canon (after Ryholt) is Wepwawetemsaf , who left a stele at Abydos and was likely a local kinglet of the Abydos Dynasty . Ryholt gives the list of kings of the 16th Dynasty as shown in the table below. Others, such as Helck, Vandersleyen, Bennett combine some of these rulers with

725-448: The second half of the Hyksos 15th Dynasty, and are not contemporary with the 13th Dynasty. According to Ben Tor, these kings were most likely minor vassal rulers of the Hyksos kings that ruled over the Nile Delta. The following rulers are not controversial, being established by the Turin Canon – and, for a few of them, by contemporary sources as well: Finally, several rulers attested by contemporary artefacts who are otherwise unknown from

754-554: The second ruler of the 14th Dynasty, to around 1700 BC as well. Following the very short reign of Nehesy, most scholars – including Manfred Bietak and Kim Ryholt – agree that the Delta region was struck by a prolonged famine and perhaps a plague lasting until the end of the 14th Dynasty. The same famine may have affected the 13th Dynasty, which also exhibits instability and numerous ephemeral kings in its last 50 years of existence, from ca. 1700 BC until 1650 BC. The weakened state of both kingdoms may explain, in part, why they fell rapidly to

783-470: The throne between the heirs of Merneptah increased. Amenmesse apparently usurped the throne from Merneptah's son and successor, Seti II , but he ruled Egypt for only four years. After his death, Seti regained power and destroyed most of Amenmesse's monuments. Seti was served at court by Chancellor Bay , who was originally just a 'royal scribe' but quickly became one of the most powerful men in Egypt, gaining

812-578: The unprecedented privilege of constructing his own tomb in the Valley of the Kings ( KV13 ). Both Bay and Seti's chief wife, Twosret , had a sinister reputation in Ancient Egyptian folklore. After Siptah 's death, Twosret ruled Egypt for two more years, but she proved unable to maintain her hold on power amid the conspiracies and powerplays being hatched at the royal court. She was likely ousted in

841-693: Was an independent Theban kingdom. The chronological ordering is largely uncertain. In his 1997 study of the Second Intermediate Period, the Danish Egyptologist Kim Ryholt argues that the 16th Dynasty was an independent Theban kingdom. From Ryholt's reconstruction of the Turin canon, 15 kings can be associated to the dynasty, several of whom are attested by contemporary sources. While most likely rulers based in Thebes itself, some may have been local rulers from other important Upper Egyptian towns, including Abydos , El Kab and Edfu . By

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