Alfred Sauvy (31 October 1898 – 30 October 1990) was a demographer , anthropologist and historian of the French economy. Sauvy coined the term Third World ("Tiers Monde") in reference to countries that were unaligned with either the Western bloc or the Eastern bloc during the Cold War.
16-459: The Fourth World is an extension of the three-world model , used variably to refer to The term is not commonly used. "Fourth World" has also been used to refer to other parts of the world in relation to the three-world model. Fourth World follows the First World , Second World , and Third World classification of nation-state status; however, unlike the former categories, Fourth World
32-423: A 'false problem' and argued against attempts at global population control. He suggested examining countries on a case-by-case basis to determine whether they lack the raw materials and natural resources that can support a larger population. Otherwise, he thought that we run the risk of underpopulating a country that could support a much larger population Sauvy coined the term 'Third World' in an article published in
48-518: Is not spatially bounded, and is usually used to refer to size and shape which does not map onto citizenship in a specific nation-state. It can denote nations without a sovereign state , emphasizing the perceived non-recognition and exclusion of ethnically- and religiously-defined peoples from the politico-economic world system, such as the First Nations groups throughout North, Central and South America. Spanish sociologist Manuel Castells of
64-551: The Center for World Indigenous Studies have used the term in defining the relationships between ancient, tribal , and non-industrial nations and modern industrialised nation-states. With the 2007 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples , communications and organizing amongst Fourth World peoples have accelerated in the form of international treaties between aboriginal nations for the purposes of trade, travel, and security. In
80-774: The Collège de France . He became director of INED (National Institute of Demographic Studies) and simultaneously represented France at the commission of Statistics and Population of the United Nations . He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1973) and the American Philosophical Society (1974). He wrote for Le Monde until his death in October 1990. Writing in 1949, Sauvy described potential overpopulation as
96-564: The Nazi occupation, Sauvy contributed to the Bulletins rouge-brique , a government-sanctioned periodical. After the war, Charles de Gaulle offered to appoint him to the position of General Secretary for Family and Population, but Sauvy preferred to devote himself to demographics. From 1940 to 1959, he taught at the Institut d’études politiques (IEP) and was Professor of Social Demography at
112-744: The Soviet Union ) vying for ultimate global supremacy, a struggle known as the Cold War . They created two camps, known as blocs. These blocs formed the basis of the concepts of the First and Second Worlds. The Third World consisted of those countries that were not closely aligned with either bloc. Early in the Cold War era, NATO and the Warsaw Pact were created by the United States and
128-677: The University of Southern California Annenberg School for Communication has made extensive use of the term fourth world . The term was coined in 1969 by Father Joseph Wresinski when he renamed the charity he had founded in 1957 with families from the Noisy-le-Grand (France) shanty town to ATD Quart Monde . The term was recycled in the 1970s by Mbuto Milando, first secretary of the Tanzanian High Commission , in conversation with George Manuel , Chief of
144-543: The French demographer Alfred Sauvy coined the term Third World in reference to the three estates in pre-revolutionary France. The first two estates being the nobility and clergy and everybody else comprising the third estate. He compared the capitalist world (i.e., First World) to the nobility and the communist world (i.e., Second World) to the clergy. The First World countries were characterized by economic prosperity, technological advancement, and political stability, whereas
160-646: The Indian left movement, M. P. Parameswaran 's ideas on the fourth world caused widespread debates, which eventually led to his expulsion from the Communist Party of India (Marxist) in 2004. Three-world model The terms First World , Second World , and Third World were originally used to divide the world's nations into three categories. The complete overthrow of the pre–World War II status quo left two superpowers (the United States and
176-608: The National Indian Brotherhood (now the Assembly of First Nations ). Milando stated that "When Native peoples come into their own, on the basis of their own cultures and traditions, that will be the Fourth World." Since publication of Manuel's The Fourth World: An Indian Reality (1974), the term Fourth World became synonymous with stateless, poor, and marginal nations. Since 1979, think tanks such as
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#1732768343525192-576: The Second World countries were characterized by state-controlled economies and centralized political structures. Just as the third estate comprised everybody else, Sauvy called the Third World all the countries that were not in this Cold War division, i.e., the unaligned and uninvolved states in the "East–West Conflict." The Third World countries are often described as developing nations with diverse economic, social, and political conditions. With
208-713: The Soviet Union, respectively. They were also referred to as the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc . The circumstances of these two blocs were so different that they were essentially two worlds, however, they were not numbered first and second. The onset of the Cold War is marked by Winston Churchill 's famous "Iron Curtain" speech. In this speech, Churchill describes the division of the West and East to be so solid that it could be called an iron curtain. In 1952,
224-761: The Three-world model. Alfred Sauvy Sauvy was born in Villeneuve-de-la-Raho ( Pyrénées-Orientales ) in 1898 to a family of Catalan wine-growers, and educated at the École Polytechnique . After graduating, he worked at Statistique Générale de France until 1937. He took part in the X-Crise Group . From 1938, he was economic advisor to Minister of Finance Paul Reynaud until the Second World War broke out in 1939. He founded Institut Français de la Conjoncture in 1938. Under
240-478: The coining of the term Third World directly, the first two groups came to be known as the "First World" and "Second World," respectively. Here the three-world system emerged. However, Shuswap Chief George Manuel presented a critique of the three-worlds model, considering it to be outdated. In his 1974 book The Fourth World: An Indian Reality , he describes the emergence of the Fourth World while coining
256-633: The term. The fourth world refers to "nations," e.g., cultural entities and ethnic groups, of indigenous people who do not compose states in the traditional sense. Rather, they live within or across state boundaries (see First Nations ). One example is the Native Americans of North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. With the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 , the Eastern Bloc ceased to exist; with it, so did all applicability of
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