150-600: Foxdenton is a semi rural locality in Chadderton in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham , Greater Manchester . It is located in the west of Chadderton. Middleton Junction lies to the west with Nimble Nook to the east. It is the location of the manorial Foxdenton Hall and its grounds, Foxdenton Park. There were several working farms remaining in Foxdenton until the late 2010s. The commencement of
300-514: A manorial township , with its own lords , who included the Asshetons , Chethams, Radclyffes and Traffords . Chadderton in the Middle Ages was chiefly distinguished by its two mansions, Foxdenton Hall and Chadderton Hall, and by the prestigious families who occupied them. Farming was the main industry of the area, with locals supplementing their incomes by hand-loom woollen weaving in
450-419: A mill town around these factories and a network of newly created roads, canals and railways. The Chadderton landscape was "dominated by mill chimneys, many with the mill name picked out in white brick". Neighbouring Oldham (which by the 1870s had emerged as the largest and most productive mill town in the world) encroached upon Chadderton's eastern boundary, urbanising the town and surrounds, and forming
600-524: A sixth form college for 16- to 19-year-olds. The Radclyffe School, which has specialist Technology College status, was modernised in 2008 by way of a £30 million new school complex opened by Sir Alex Ferguson on 8 July 2008. The Blessed John Henry Newman RC College opened in 2011 on the Broadway site previously occupied by The Radclyffe School. Chadderton had no medieval church of its own, and until 1541, for ecclesiastical purposes, lay within
750-714: A tumulus in Chadderton Fold date from the Early Middle Ages, probably from the early period of Anglo-Saxon England , when Angles settled in the area and Chadderton emerged as a manor of the hundred of Salford . Chadderton is not recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. Its first appearance in a written record is in a legal document from around 1220, which states that Robert, Rector of Prestwich, gave land to Richard, son of Gilbert, in exchange for an annual fee of one silver penny. Following
900-426: A "relatively prosperous town ... which makes it a popular residential area". Chadderton Mall is a shopping precinct located in the town centre, and is one of Chadderton's main concentrations of retailing. It was constructed in 1974, and opened in 1975. It included at the time an Asda superstore which originally anchored the precinct, or district centre as the shopping precinct was originally known as, but moved to
1050-516: A 100 to 95.4 female-to-male ratio. Of those over 16 years old, 27.2 per cent were single (never married) 44.5 per cent married, and 8.5 per cent divorced. Chadderton's 13,698 households included 28.8 per cent one-person, 38.7 per cent married couples living together, 8.9 per cent co-habiting couples, and 10.3 per cent single parents with their children. Of those aged 16–74, 35.6 per cent had no academic qualifications . At
1200-470: A café and toilet facility in the hall for the park users but this facility ended when It was, however, declared unsafe in 2011 and was closed by the council. In 2016 the community group Chadderton Together was granted a licensing arrangement allowing it to search for funding to refurbish this building as well as the pavilion behind it. Oldham Council also gave the project a £30,000 grant with the support of ward councillors." A business and housing development on
1350-648: A common type of housing stock throughout the town; narrow streets pass through these older housing areas. Chadderton is contiguous with other settlements on all sides, including a shared boundary with the city of Manchester to the southwest. Localities within Chadderton include Baretrees , Block Lane , Busk , Butler Green , Chadderton Fold , Chadderton Park , Coalshaw Green , Cowhill , Greengate , Firwood Park , Foxdenton , Healds Green , Middleton Junction , Mills Hill , Nimble Nook , Nordens , Stock Brook , Whitegate and White Moss . Chadderton Fold,
1500-544: A continuous urban cotton-spinning district with Royton , Lees and Shaw and Crompton —the Oldham parliamentary constituency—which at its peak was responsible for 13 per cent of the world's cotton production. These Victorian era developments shifted the commercial focus away from Chadderton Fold to the major arterial Middleton Road, by Chadderton's eastern boundary with Oldham. Sixty cotton mills were constructed in Chadderton between 1778 and 1926, and 6,000 people,
1650-562: A court case, in 1713 it was agreed that 20 acres (8 ha) of Northmoor be within Chadderton with the rest belonging to Oldham. Following the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 , Chadderton formed part of the Oldham Poor Law Union , an inter-parish unit established to provide social security. Chadderton's first local authority was a local board of health established in 1873; Chadderton Local Board of Health
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#17328023376271800-728: A densely populated, industrial landscape of factories and rows of terraced housing, typical of mill towns in Northern England . There is a mixture of high-density urban areas , suburbs and semi-rural locations in Chadderton, but overwhelmingly the land use in the town is urban. The soils of Chadderton are sand based, with subsoils of clay and gravel. Chadderton's built environment is distinguished by its former textile factories: "The huge flat-topped brick mills with their square towers and their tall circular chimneys dwarf all other buildings." Rows of early-20th century terraced housing built to house Chadderton's factory workers are
1950-626: A detached area or exclave of Chadderton. Lying under Copster Hill in Oldham and including the area now known as Garden Suburb , its area was absorbed into neighbouring Oldham in 1880. According to the Office for National Statistics , at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001 , Chadderton (urban-core and sub-area) had a total resident population of 33,001. The population density was 8,669 inhabitants per square mile (3,347/km ), with
2100-408: A greater attention to decoration and the main gate was often highlighted with stone decoration. The stair columns were exterior to the main floors. During this period the mules got wider and the width of the bays increased. Specialised mill architects appeared. Mills of this period were tall, narrow, and wide. They were commonly built with one or two wings to form an 'L' or 'U' shape. Brunswick Mill
2250-414: A halt; cotton spinning reduced dramatically in the 1960s and 1970s and by 1997 only two mills were operational. In spite of efforts to increase the efficiency and competitiveness of its production, the last cotton was spun in the town in 1998. Many of the redundant mills have now been demolished. Non-textile based industries continued on throughout the 20th century and into the 21st century, particularly in
2400-441: A major shareholder, and by 1840 lay at the centre of a major industrial complex powered by five steam engines, that included a twist mill, foundry and a rum distillery. Just before 1870, a mill was built by a joint-stock spinning company and this financial structure led to a new wave of mill construction. The phrase Oldham Limiteds describes these companies. Family-run firms continued to build, but grouped into associations such as
2550-627: A major turning point in the history of the factory system". It resembled the Paul-Wyatt water-powered mill at Northampton in many respects, but was built on a different scale, influenced by John Lombe 's Old Silk Mill in Derby and Matthew Boulton 's Soho Manufactory in Birmingham. Constructed as a five-storey masonry box; high, long and narrow, with ranges of windows along each side and large relatively unbroken internal spaces, it provided
2700-402: A mill was defined by the positioning of machines. In an 1870 mill the bay was typically 10 feet 6 inches (3.20 m), and the brick vaults 5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m) though there were variations. Engines were run at higher pressures and from 1875, powered horizontal shafts on each floor by means of ropes. This was a prominent change as a rope race had to be built running
2850-529: A nearby reservoir that powered the water wheel, but were later used as the mill's primary power source. The Corliss valve was adopted in the UK, where in 1868 more than 60 mill engines were fitted with them. The large steam-powered Bowreath Cotton Mills opened at Fort Gloster near Calcutta by British interests in the 1820s, using British women to impart machine-spinning skills to the local workforce. They closed down in 1837 but reopened with Dwarkanath Tagore as
3000-404: A new site on land just behind the original store in 1994, and it also contains a variety of smaller shops. The Stationery Office has a base in Chadderton, as does 3M . In 2008, 3M was the centre of a high-profile robbery of over 3,000 British passports . Other major businesses include Costco and Shop Direct Group . The centre (formerly Elk Mill Retail Park), is a retail park located at
3150-543: A period of even greater prosperity. The limited companies took control of spinning, while the room and power system was the norm for the weaving sheds. One point of view in the 1880s was that vertically integrating the weaving sheds into new mills would reduce costs and lead to greater profits. This route had been followed in New England, where it was successful, but not in Lancashire. The industry peaked in 1907. There
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#17328023376273300-479: A period. Electric tramways to and from Middleton opened in 1902. Tram services ran along Middleton Road and terminated in Chadderton. The final tram ran in 1935. The Oldham Loop Line closed as a heavy rail line in 2009 and reopened in June 2012 as part of a new Manchester Metrolink light rail line from Manchester Victoria to Rochdale , via Oldham. South Chadderton , Freehold and Hollinwood were part of
3450-682: A predominantly greenfield site in and around Foxdenton. Plans, which have now commenced, have been revealed for the creation of up to 450 homes and a business park in the area. A protest group, Foxdenton and District Protection Group, was set up to oppose the plans. The plans for the development, given the name 'Broadway Green', were approved by Oldham Council in February 2014. The ongoing development will be completed in an estimated time scale of six to fifteen years. First Greater Manchester operates bus service 415 to Lees via Oldham and to Middleton via Alkrington . Chadderton Chadderton
3600-460: A quarter of Chadderton's population, worked in these factories by the beginning of the 20th century. Industries ancillary to cotton spinning, such as engineering, coal mining , bleaching and dyeing became established during this period, meaning the rest of Chadderton's population were otherwise involved in the sector. Philip Stott was a Chadderton-born architect, civil engineer and surveyor of cotton mills. Stott's mills in Chadderton were some of
3750-459: A result of urban renewal and modern suburban housing developments. During the 1970s and 1980s, redevelopment in the form of new shopping, health and leisure facilities contributed to the growth and renewal of Chadderton. In 1990, the new Firwood Park , on the west side of Chadderton, was said to be the largest private housing estate in Europe. Chadderton continued to be a regional hub for
3900-613: A royal proclamation forbidding the practice of drilling was posted in Manchester. On 16 August 1819, Chadderton (like its neighbours) sent a contingent of its townsfolk to Manchester to join the mass political demonstration now known as the Peterloo Massacre (owing to the 15 deaths and 400–700 injuries which followed). Two of the 15 deceased were from the area: John Ashton of Cowhill and Thomas Buckley of Baretrees . New markets in Europe and South America increased
4050-527: A shaft (Little Mill, 1908), and then later on individual machines. Mills constructed in South Carolina increased in size. At Rutledge Ford the Saluda River was dammed and a power plant constructed. It was completed in 1904 before the construction of a state-of-the-art textile mill in 1906. That power plant provided for 4,800 horse power. The mill contained 30,000 spindles. By 1916 a new mill
4200-428: A shortage of building materials restricted the building of new mills, and activity was financial with the mills seeking recapitalisation. There is no clear concession on the reason for the final decline. Some say that the cotton men concentrated on making easy money ignoring the possibility of foreign competition best countered by larger mills by re-equipping the mills with more modern ring frames. Daniels and Jewkes argued
4350-449: A square brick structure between the boiler house and the chimney. The engines were double compound upright beam engines of the type patented by McNaught in 1845. Each room in the mill would have line shafts suitable for the type of frame, connected by belt drives or gearing. In 1860, there were 2650 cotton mills in the Lancashire region, employing 440,000 people. The workers, 90 per cent of whom were adults and 56 per cent females, were paid
4500-403: A total of £11.5 million per annum. The mills used 300,000 hp of power, of which 18,500 was generated by waterpower. The mills had 30,387,467 spindles and 350,000 power looms . The industry imported 1,390,938,752 lb of raw cotton a year. It exported 2,776,218,427 yards of cotton cloth and 197,343,655 pounds (89,513,576 kg) of twist and yarn. The total value of its exports
4650-488: A two-storey ancillary building. Large mills remained the exception during this period. In 1833 the largest mill was that of McConnel and Company in Ancoats , Manchester with 1,545 workers, but in 1841 there were still only 25 mills in Lancashire with 1,000 workers or more, and the number of workers in the average mill was 193. The Lancashire boiler was patented in 1844, and the economiser in 1845. This can be seen as
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4800-531: Is a building that houses spinning or weaving machinery for the production of yarn or cloth from cotton , an important product during the Industrial Revolution in the development of the factory system . Although some were driven by animal power , most early mills were built in rural areas at fast-flowing rivers and streams, and used water wheels for power. The development of viable steam engines by Boulton and Watt from 1781 led to
4950-511: Is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham , Greater Manchester , England, on the River Irk and Rochdale Canal . It is located in the foothills of the Pennines , 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Oldham , 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Rochdale and 6 miles (9.7 km) north-east of Manchester . Historically part of Lancashire , Chadderton's early history is marked by its status as
5100-549: Is believed to be a combination of the Brythonic word Cader or Cater (modern Welsh : Caer ), indicating a fortified place amongst the hills, or the cadeir , "chair, throne", and the Old English suffix -ton meaning a settlement. The University of Nottingham 's Institute for Name-Studies has offered a similar suggestion, that the name Chadderton means "farm or settlement at the hill called Cadeir". This name
5250-556: Is believed to date from the 7th century, when Angles colonised the region following the Battle of Chester . It has been suggested that the Anglian settlers found a few Brythonic Celts already inhabiting what is now called Chadderton, and borrowed their name for the hill, "Chadder", adding their own word for a settlement to the end. Archaic spellings include Chaderthon, Chaderton, Chaterton and Chatherton. The first known written record of
5400-526: Is co-ordinated by Transport for Greater Manchester (TfGM), a county-wide public body with direct operational responsibilities, such as supporting (and in some cases running) local bus services and managing integrated ticketing in Greater Manchester. Major A roads link Chadderton with other settlements, including the A663 road . Opened by Wilfrid William Ashley, 1st Baron Mount Temple in 1925,
5550-541: Is in the northeast part of the Greater Manchester Urban Area , the UK's third largest conurbation , on undulating land rising from 300 feet (91 m) above sea level in the west to 450 feet (137 m) in the east. Chadderton Heights, on the hillier northern edge of the town, is its highest point at 509 feet (155 m). The climate in the area, like most of northwest Europe, is maritime temperate , with significant precipitation throughout
5700-601: Is known, but which was sufficiently successful for Touchet later to seek the lease on the mill in Northampton. The Paul-Wyatt mills spun cotton for several decades but were not very profitable, becoming the ancestors of the cotton mills that followed. Richard Arkwright obtained a patent for his water frame spinning machinery in 1769. Although its technology was similar to that of Lewis Paul , John Wyatt , James Hargreaves and Thomas Highs , Arkwright's powers of organisation, business acumen and ambition established
5850-559: Is represented in the House of Commons by Jim McMahon , a member of the Labour Party . At 53°32′46″N 2°8′33″W / 53.54611°N 2.14250°W / 53.54611; -2.14250 (53.5462°, −2.1426°), and 165 miles (266 km) north-northwest of central London , Chadderton lies at the foothills of the Pennines , 2.7 miles (4.3 km) east-southeast of Middleton , and 1.1 miles (1.8 km) west of Oldham . It
6000-573: The Cotton Industry Act 1959 and was then used by the John Myers mail order company. One mill was later demolished leaving the other to be used as a Shopping Outlet Centre and Craft Village. The reduction of capacity led to a legacy of redundant mills, which were readily reused for other industrial purposes. Ring spinning technology had successfully replaced the spinning mule, with mills having been converted mules to rings. However, in
6150-610: The Factory Acts were written to regulate them. The cotton mill, originally a Lancashire phenomenon, was copied in New England and New York, and later in the southern states of America. In the 20th century, North West England lost its supremacy to the United States. In the postwar years, Japan, other Asian countries and ultimately China became dominant in cotton manufacturing. In the mid-16th century Manchester
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6300-501: The Fine Spinners' and Doublers' Association . Joseph Stott of Oldham perfected a method of fireproof floor construction using steel beams supporting brick vaults that in turn supported concrete floors that would support heavier equipment. Ring frames replaced mule frames; they were heavier and larger and were placed transversely, the floors became larger (up to 130 feet (40 m) wide) and higher to provide light. The bay size in
6450-640: The Great Depression . Cotton mills and their owners dominated the economy and politics of the Piedmont well into the 20th century. The modern Indian mechanised textile industry was born in 1854, when a steam-powered mill was opened in Bombay by Cowasjee N. Davar. More followed: there were 10 by 1865 and 47 by 1875. By 1880 there were 58 mills in India employing 40,000 workers, with over 80% of them in
6600-559: The House of Lords , following objections from neighbouring councils. A twinning arrangement was made in 1966 by Chadderton Urban District Council with Geesthacht , West Germany . Under the Local Government Act 1972 , the Chadderton Urban District was abolished, and Chadderton has, since 1 April 1974, formed an unparished area of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham , a local government district of
6750-530: The Lord of the Manor of Tottington in the 13th century. The de Chaddertons' involvement in regional and national affairs gave prestige to what was otherwise an obscure and rural township. William Chaderton was Bishop of Chester from 1579 to 1595 and held distinguished academic posts such as Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity . Laurence Chaderton was the first Master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge and among
6900-669: The Norman conquest , Chadderton was made a constituent manor of the wider Royal Estate of Tottington , an extensive fee held by the Norman overlord, Roger de Montbegon . Taxation and governance continued on this basis throughout the Middle Ages, with the Barons Montbegon of Hornby Castle holding the estate, until it passed to the Barons Lacy of Clitheroe Castle , and then onto local families. In about 1235,
7050-830: The Second World War , 3,050 Avro Lancaster bombers were built at the Chadderton factory—over 40 per cent of the Royal Air Force 's fleet. Post World War Two the Avro Vulcan was designed and built, as well as the Avro Shackleton and Avro Lincoln . After the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977 , Avro became part of the nationalised British Aerospace (now BAE Systems ) and produced commercial aircraft for Boeing and Airbus . It closed in 2012. Chadderton has been described as
7200-605: The Trafford Centre via Moston, Cheetham Hill and Salford Quays . Citibus was a Chadderton-based commercial bus operator serving Greater Manchester, launched in 1986. It competed with the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive until 1995, when it was bought-out by GM Buses North , in what is now First Manchester. An old style grammar school at Healds Green in Chadderton was built and founded in 1789. As
7350-675: The domestic system . Chadderton's urbanisation and expansion coincided largely with developments in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution and the Victorian era . A late-19th century factory-building boom transformed Chadderton from a rural township into a major mill town and the second most populous urban district in the United Kingdom. More than 50 cotton mills had been built in Chadderton by 1914. Although Chadderton's industries declined in
7500-481: The hundred of Salford for civil jurisdiction, but for manorial government, Chadderton was a constituent manor of the Fee of Tottington , whose overlords were the de Lacys , Barons of Clitheroe Castle . The de Chaddertons, Lords of the Manor of Chadderton, were accustomed to pay tax to the overlords until the division of Tottington. In 1507, two constables were appointed to uphold law and order in Chadderton. Following
7650-547: The secondary sector of the economy into the 21st century through BAE Systems and Zetex Semiconductors , though BAE Chadderton closed in March 2012. Other major employers include the Stationery Office and Trinity Mirror . Lying within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire since the early 12th century , the boundaries of Chadderton have varied from time to time. Chadderton anciently formed part of
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#17328023376277800-521: The weaving process was more gradual partly because of the success of John Kay 's 1733 invention of the flying shuttle , which increased the productivity of domestic hand loom weavers. Kay took out a patent for the application of water power to a Dutch loom in 1745 and opened a weaving factory in Keighley in 1750, but nothing is known of its success. A further attempt to mechanise the weaving process took place at Garrett Hall in Manchester in 1750 but
7950-466: The 1970s, the depleted industry was challenged by a new technology open-end or break spinning. In 1978 Carrington Viyella opened a factory to do open-end spinning in Atherton . This was the first new textile production facility in Lancashire since 1929. Immediately Pear Mill, Stockport and Alder Mill, Leigh were closed. These were both Edwardian mills designed by Stott and Sons. The mill built in 1978
8100-549: The 2001 UK census, 81.1 per cent of Chadderton's residents reported themselves as being Christian, 3.2 per cent Muslim, 0.5 per cent Hindu, 0.1 per cent Buddhist, and 0.1 per cent Sikh. The census recorded 8.7 per cent as having no religion, 0.1 per cent had an alternative religion and 6.3 per cent did not state their religion. Chadderton's population has been described as broadly working class with pockets of lower middle class communities, particularly in
8250-572: The Beverly Cotton Manufactory and a mill in Derbyshire in which he had worked. From 1825 the steam engine was able to power larger machines constructed from iron using improved machine tools. Mills from 1825 to 1865 were generally constructed with wooden beamed floors and lath and plaster ceilings. William Fairbairn experimented with cast iron beams and concrete floors. Mills were of red brick or sometimes local stone with
8400-588: The Broadway Green housing development will, however, see the area become more suburban in character. The farmhouse at Foxdenton Farm is a grade II listed building. Early 19th century gazetteers described Foxdenton as a village in the township of Chadderton. Foxdenton Hall is a Grade II* listed country house which stands in Foxdenton Park. It is a two storey Georgian house with an English garden wall bond exterior and its own private gardens. It
8550-629: The Chadderton Local Board of Health in 1873, whose purpose was to ensure social security and maintain hygiene and sanitation in the locality following the crisis. Despite a brief economic depression, the urban growth of Chadderton accelerated after the famine. The profitability of factory based cotton spinning meant that much of Chadderton's plentiful cheap open land, used for farming since antiquity, vanished under distinctive rectangular multi-storey brick-built factories—35 by 1891. Chadderton's former villages and hamlets agglomerated as
8700-501: The Evangelist . Services were initially held in the stables of Chadderton Hall, and then in a temporary wooden structure opened in 1848. The Church of St Matthew was opened for the parish in 1857 by the then Bishop of Manchester , James Prince Lee . A steeple was added in 1881. Following the construction of this church, four followed. There are now several Anglican parishes, and within them daughter and mission churches, serving
8850-479: The Metropolitan Borough of Oldham. It is a licensed venue for marriage ceremonies, and holds records of births, marriages and deaths which have taken place in what is now the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham from 1837 to the present. Foxdenton Hall is a two-storey Georgian mansion and former manor house , with an English garden wall bond exterior and its own private gardens. The original Hall
9000-485: The Middle Ages comprised a small community of retainers , most of whom were occupied in farming, either growing and milling of grain and cereal or raising cattle, sheep, pigs and domestic fowl. Workers supplemented their incomes by hand-loom spinning and weaving of wool at home . The community was ravaged by an outbreak of the Black Death in 1646. Until the mid-18th century, the region in and around Chadderton
9150-726: The North Chadderton area, Rosso operate service 412 to Middeton via Mills Hill and Boarshaw and to Oldham via Royton while First Bus operate service 149 from Park Estate to North Manchester General Hospital via Oldham, Hollinwood and Blackley. In the Greengate area of the town Stagecoach Manchester provides the following bus services. 112/113 – to Middleton via Middleton Junction and to Manchester city centre via Moston and Collyhurst . 114 – to Middleton via Alkrington and Manchester City Centre via Moston and Collyhurst. 294 offers two early morning one way services to
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#17328023376279300-661: The St George's building on Broadway, was originally part of Christ Church parish. Also within this deanery is the Parish Church of St Mark, built in the early 1960s. It is a blue brick building with a graduated slate pitched roof, and a rectangular brick steeple with a high gabled roof. It was granted Grade II listed building status in 1998. In addition to the Church of England , a variety of other Reformed denominations have been practised in Chadderton. Nonconformism
9450-484: The US, and it was in turn surpassed by China in 1977. Though there was a slight revival after 1945, mills closed. The most efficient mills had abandoned their steam engines, and were working the frames with individual electric motors. Broadstone Mills Stockport , was built as a double mill with 265,000 mule spindles, but by 1959 it was running 37,500 mule spindles and 70,000 ring spindles. It closed in 1959 taking advantage of
9600-460: The United States employs 140 workers in 2013 to produce an output that would have required more than 2,000 workers in 1980. Cotton mills were not confined to Lancashire but were built in northeast Cheshire , Derbyshire , Nottingham , the West Riding of Yorkshire , Bristol , Durham and the west of Scotland. The availability of streams or rivers to provide power determined the location of
9750-408: The ancient paths to these churches is preserved in the modern layout of some of the town's roads. Chadderton's first established church was St Margaret of Antioch which was consecrated in 1769 at Hollinwood, however late 19th century boundary changes means it now lies within neighbouring Oldham. The New Parishes Act 1844 allowed for the creation of a parish for Chadderton, dedicated to St Matthew
9900-494: The appeal of political Radicalism in the region. The Manchester Patriotic Union, a group agitating for parliamentary reform, began to organise a mass public demonstration in Manchester to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. Organised preparations took place, and a spy reported that in neighbouring Thornham , "seven hundred men drilled ... as well as any army regiment would". A few days later, on 3 August,
10050-564: The arterial A663, named Broadway, bisects Chadderton from north to south and was "a major factor in the unification and modernisation of the town". The A669 road , routed through Chadderton, connects Oldham with Middleton. At its eastern end is Chadderton's town centre. The M62 motorway runs to the north of the area and is accessed via Broadway at junction 21 and junction 20 via the A627(M) motorway , which terminates close to Chadderton's north-eastern boundary with Royton. The M60 motorway skirts
10200-492: The ban on exporting technology from the UK, one of its proprietors, Francis Cabot Lowell , had travelled to Manchester to study the mill system and memorised some of its details. In the same year, Paul Moody built the first successful power loom in the US. Moody used a system of overhead pulleys and leather belting, rather than bevel gearing, to power his machines. The group devised the Waltham System of working, which
10350-480: The basic architectural prototype that was followed by cotton mills and English industrial architecture through to the end of the 19th century. Arkwright recruited large, highly disciplined workforces for his mills, managed credit and supplies and cultivated mass consumer markets for his products. By 1782 his annual profits exceeded £40,000, and by 1784 he had opened 10 more mills. He licensed his technology to other entrepreneurs and in 1782 boasted that his machinery
10500-421: The boilers and condense the steam. The chimneys were round and taller. Three types of engines were used: triple expansion horizontal cross compound engines, Inverted marine type compounds which were more compact, and Manhattans with vertical and horizontal cylinders such as the 3500 hp engine at New Pear Mill. Rope drives were used exclusively. Electricity was gradually introduced firstly on group drives driving
10650-890: The brook. Mills were built around Rochdale and Littleborough . North of Bury , ten mills occupied a mile long stretch of a stream in the Shuttleworth Valley. Other mills were built north of the River Ribble and a cluster of five mills in Caton near the port at Lancaster , one of which belonged to Samuel Greg who built Quarry Bank Mill at Styal in Cheshire. Not all water-powered mills were in rural areas, after 1780 mills were built in Blackburn and Burnley . In Scotland, four cotton mills were built in Rothsay on
10800-410: The business of the trading floors of the cotton exchange in Manchester , a vast commercial city developed. Mills generated employment demand, drawing workers from largely rural areas and expanding urban populations. They provided incomes for girls and women. Child labour was used in the mills, and the factory system led to organised labour . Poor conditions became the subject of exposés . In England,
10950-516: The cities of Bombay and Ahmedabad . From the 1870's India's own markets for finished yarn and cloth ceased to be dominated by imports from Lancashire , and during the 1870's and 1880 s the Bombay cotton industry began to replace exports of yarn from Britain to China . The cotton industry was subject to cycles of boom and slump, which caused waves of mill building. There was an optimism that dictated that slumps had to be endured and then there would be
11100-474: The condition of the building, Foxdenton Hall was restored in 1965. Chadderton War Memorial is located outside Chadderton Town Hall, and was originally erected "in honour of the men of Chadderton who made the supreme sacrifice and in grateful remembrance of all who served their county" during the First World War , but later, the Second World War . It is a granite obelisk fronted by three steps. At
11250-787: The conversion to Metrolink. Proposals to extend the Metrolink system through Chadderton were announced in January 2016; the proposed link would add a spur between Westwood tram stop and Middleton with the line continuing to the Bury line near Bowker Vale . The majority of the bus services in Chadderton are operated by First Greater Manchester , who run services 24, 58, 59, 181 and 182, which provide frequent services from Chadderton town centre to Middleton , Oldham and Shaw , with other services running to Manchester, Royton and Rochdale. Manchester Community Transport run services 159 and 419 linking
11400-573: The cotton could be processed into fabric where it grew, saving transportation costs. The mills were usually combination mills (spinning and weaving), that were water powered and used a slow burn design technique. They used a belt and pulley drive system, and heavier ring frames rather than mules. At this point they only spun and wove coarse counts. The mills were mainly in open country and mill towns were formed to support them. New England mills found it increasingly difficult to compete, and as in Lancashire, went into gradual decline until bankrupted during
11550-518: The cotton mill as a successful business model and revolutionary example of the factory system . Arkwright's first mill – powered by horses in Nottingham in 1768 – was similar to Paul and Wyatt's first Birmingham mill although by 1772 it had expanded to four storeys and employed 300 workers. In 1771, while the Nottingham mill was at an experimental stage, Arkwright and his partners started work on Cromford Mill in Derbyshire, which "was to prove
11700-617: The country". The Radclyffes moved out of Foxdenton Hall in the late 18th century, favouring properties they had purchased in Dorset , although they still maintained ownership. Foxdenton Hall and the adjoining Foxdenton Park were leased to Chadderton Council by the Radclyffes in 1922, when they opened to the public. In 1960 the council took over ownership of the Hall, by which time it was in a state of disrepair. Following protest about funding and
11850-453: The crosswall divided the blowing room from the rest, as it was here that there was greatest risk of fire. Mills became wider, Houldsworth Mill, Reddish (1865) was 35 m wide and accommodated 1200 spindle mules. It was of four storeys and had sixteen bays on each side of a central engine house; a double mill . The central block provided offices and warehousing. A mill had a range of ancillary buildings. Stair columns often extending above
12000-602: The decade following its patent in 1738: the short-lived, animal-powered Upper Priory Cotton Mill in Birmingham in 1741; Marvel's Mill in Northampton operated from 1742 until 1764 and was the first to be powered by a water wheel ; Pinsley Mill in Leominster probably opened in 1744 and operated until it burned down in 1754; and a second mill in Birmingham set up by Samuel Touchet in 1744, about which little
12150-558: The demand for Britain's cheap cotton goods. Supplies of raw cotton were exported from plantations in the United States to Manchester. From the markets in Manchester, mill owners from Chadderton and neighbouring towns bought their cotton to be processed into yarn and cloth. Supplies were cut during the Lancashire Cotton Famine of 1861–65 as a result of the American Civil War , leading to the formation of
12300-502: The designs of the Oldham architects . The only new mills were very large to benefit from the economies of scale. Older mills were re-equipped with rings, and machines were powered by individual electric motors. Mills of this period were large, their decoration was lavish reflecting Edwardian taste and prosperity. Most mills were built for mules. Kent Mill Chadderton (1908) was a five-storey, 11 bay mill, 84.6m x 43.9m. It had 90,000 spindles. Ring frames were smaller and heavier than mules so
12450-469: The early mills some of which were in isolated areas. In Lancashire they were built on the rivers and streams descending from the Pennines and Rossendale moorland . In some places quite small streams powered a string of small mills such as in the Cheesden Valley between Ramsbottom and Heywood . where 14 mills and their associated leats and ponds were concentrated along a four-mile stretch of
12600-506: The economy of Manchester, whose importance had previously been as a centre of pre-industrial spinning and weaving based on the domestic system. Manchester had no cotton mills until the opening of Arkwright's Shudehill Mill in 1783 and in 1789 Peter Drinkwater opened the Piccadilly Mill – the town's first mill to be directly powered by steam – and by 1800 Manchester had 42 mills, having eclipsed all rival textile centres to become
12750-654: The end of the 18th century there were about 900 cotton mills in Britain, of which approximately 300 were large Arkwright-type factories employing 300 to 400 workers, the rest, smaller mills using jennies or mules , were hand- or horse-driven and employed as few as 10 workers. Before 1780, only water power was available to drive large mills, but they were dependent on a constant flow of water and built in rural locations, causing problems of labour supply, transportation of materials and access to urban merchants for large mill-owners. Steam engines had been used to pump water since
12900-687: The facility in 1787, finishing the factory's equipment in 1788. Experience from this factory led Moses Brown of Providence to request the assistance of a person skilled in water-powered spinning. Samuel Slater , an immigrant and trained textile worker from England, accepted Brown's proposal, and assisted with the design and construction of Slater Mill , built in 1790 on the Blackstone River in Pawtucket, Rhode Island . Slater evaded restrictions on emigration put in place to allow England to maintain its monopoly on cotton mills. Slater Mill resembled
13050-637: The first translators of the King James Version of the Bible . Tottington was dissolved in the mid-15th century and there came a succession of distinguished families, each headed by an esquire with links to the monarchs of England . The Radclyffe, Assheton, and Horton families provided six High Sheriffs of Lancashire and a Governor of the Isle of Man . Apart from the dignitaries who lived in Chadderton's manor houses , Chadderton's population during
13200-441: The form of aircraft and chemical manufacture at plants in south Chadderton and Foxdenton respectively. During the second half of the 20th century, Chadderton experienced accelerated deindustrialisation along with economic decline. Large areas of Victorian and Edwardian era terraced housing were identified as unsuited for modern needs, and were subsequently demolished. However, the town's population continued to grow as
13350-475: The form of public buildings; a town hall, public baths and library. The few surviving cotton mills are now occupied by warehousing and distribution companies, or used as space for light industry. British aircraft manufacturer Avro built a factory in south Chadderton in 1938–39, later known as BAE Chadderton . It was one of the largest employers in the area, producing a variety of aircraft models including Ansons , Manchesters and Bristol Blenheims . During
13500-589: The former centrepoint of Chadderton, lies on the banks of the River Irk , 1.3 miles (2 km) north-northwest of Chadderton's modern commercial centre. Hollinwood , in pre-industrial times, was a moor or common of Chadderton, but was largely incorporated into neighbouring Oldham following a court case in 1713. In the mid-18th century a village emerged at Hollinwood along the common border of Oldham and Chadderton, and there were further exchanges of land at Hollinwood between Oldham Borough and Chadderton township in 1880. "Chadderton (Detached)" was, as its name implies,
13650-569: The front on a short plinth stands a bronze figure of an ordinary soldier, holding a rifle in his right hand. It was designed by Taylor and Simister and sculpted by Albert Toft . Chadderton War Memorial was commissioned by the Chadderton War Memorial Committee and unveiled on 8 October 1921 by Councillor Ernest Kempsey. Chadderton Hall Park is a public park by the River Irk in the north of Chadderton, spanning an area of over 15 acres (6 ha), in what were once
13800-520: The fundamental cause of the depression was a change in demand for cotton goods. J. M. Keynes suggested that there was over capacity, and the industry should be reorganised into larger units that would scrap the excess capacity. The Lancashire Cotton Corporation was a company set up by the Bank of England in 1929, to rescue the Lancashire spinning industry by means of consolidation. In merged 105 companies, ending up in 1950 with 53 operating mills. These were
13950-434: The gardens of the manorial Chadderton Hall. At the end of the 19th century they were leased to Joseph Ball, who transformed the hall and grounds into a pleasure garden, complete with a boating lake and a menagerie . The hall was demolished in 1939. The park is now owned by Oldham Council, the local authority , and was opened to the public in 1956. It was awarded Green Flag status in 2006. Public transport in Chadderton
14100-452: The growth of larger, steam-powered mills. They were built in a concentrated way in urban mill towns , such as Manchester . Together with neighbouring Salford , it had more than 50 mills by 1802. The mechanisation of the spinning process in the early factories was instrumental in the growth of the machine tool industry, enabling the construction of larger cotton mills. Limited companies were developed to construct mills, and together with
14250-565: The heart of the cotton manufacturing trade. Water continued to be used to drive rural mills but mills, driven by steam, were built in towns alongside streams or canals to provide water for the engine. Murrays' Mills alongside the Rochdale Canal , in Ancoats were powered by 40 hp Boulton and Watt beam engines . Some were built as room and power mills, which let space to entrepreneurs. The mills, often 'L' or U-shaped, were narrow and multi-storeyed. The engine house, warehousing and
14400-408: The height of the mill. The engine needed more space and the engine house, boiler house and economiser were external to the main mill. Mills continued to get bigger, and were sometimes paired; two mills being driven by one engine. Another change was the trend of having carding on one floor. To achieve this, the ground floor was extended outwards behind the mill often a full mill width. In a single mill,
14550-491: The invention of the atmospheric engine by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 and, starting with the engine installed at Arkwright's Haarlem Mill in Wirksworth , Derbyshire in 1780, were used to supplement the supply of water to the water wheels of cotton mills. In 1781 James Watt registered a patent for the first rotative steam engine designed to "give motion to the wheels of mills or other machines". Concerns remained over
14700-691: The largest to be built in the United Kingdom, multiplying the town's industrial capacity and in turn increasing its population and productivity. The boomtown of Chadderton reached its industrial zenith in the 1910s, with over 50 cotton mills within the town limits. A social consequence of this industrial growth was a densely populated metropolitan landscape, home to an extensive and enlarged working class community living in an urban sprawl of low quality terraced houses . However, Chadderton developed an abundance of civic institutions including public street lighting, Carnegie library , public swimming baths and council with its own town hall. The development of
14850-576: The later larger mills. It was bought up by Courtaulds in August 1964. The later mills were on the fringe of the spinning area in Wigan and Stockport, Availability of labour was cited as a reason. The last mills were completed in 1927, these were Holden Mill (Astley Bridge Mill) and Elk Mill. In 1929, for the first time there were more spindles in the USA than in the UK. In 1972, India had greater spindleage than
15000-470: The metropolitan county of Greater Manchester . Chadderton has three of the twenty wards of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham: Chadderton North, Chadderton Central and Chadderton South., with some small peripheral areas lying in the neighbouring wards of Royton North, Coldhurst, Hollinwood, Werneth and Failsworth East. In terms of parliamentary representation, Chadderton after the Reform Act 1832
15150-413: The mid-20th century, the town continued to grow as a result of suburbanisation and urban renewal . The legacy of the town's industrial past remains visible in its landscape of red-brick cotton mills, now used as warehouses or distribution centres. Some of these are listed buildings because of their architectural, historical and cultural significance. The name Chadderton derives from Caderton , which
15300-430: The mill and housed a water tank for the sprinkler system. The floors were higher allowing for taller windows. Accrington brick was used from 1890, decorated with yellow sandstone with moulded brick and terracotta features. Etched and stained glass was used in the offices. Mills were designed by specialist architects and architectural quality became a major consideration. The power needed and provided to drive these mills
15450-399: The mills were narrower with fewer storeys. Pear Mill Bredbury (1912) was planned to be a 210,000 spindle double mill. Only the first mill was completed, it had 137,000 spindles. They had more stair columns than earlier mills, it had dust flues often built into the rope race. There were two or three windows per bay. Decoration was often in terracotta and the mill name displayed in white brick on
15600-485: The mills. The first cotton mills were established in the 1740s to house roller spinning machinery invented by Lewis Paul and John Wyatt . The machines were the first to spin cotton mechanically "without the intervention of human fingers". They were driven by a single non-human power source which allowed the use of larger machinery and made it possible to concentrate production into organised factories . Four mills were set up to house Paul and Wyatt's machinery in
15750-470: The name Chadderton is in a legal document relating to land tenure, in about 1220. The study of place names in Chadderton suggests that the ancient Britons once inhabited the area. Remains of Roman roads have been discovered running through the town, and the local road name Streetbridge suggests that the Romans once marched along it on a path which may have led to Blackstone Edge . Relics found at
15900-483: The neighbouring Municipal Borough of Middleton and City of Manchester. Chadderton was the second most populous urban district in the United Kingdom by the 1930s, and the district council took initial steps to obtain municipal borough status, but this was not achieved. In 1926 and 1931, two Oldham Extension Bills for the County Borough of Oldham to amalgamate with Chadderton Urban District were rejected by
16050-405: The northeast of the town, near the border with Royton . Up until the 18th century, the inhabitants of Chadderton raised domestic farm animals, supplementing their incomes by the spinning and weaving wool in the domestic system . Primitive coal mining was established by the 17th century, and the factory system adopted in the late-18th century. During the Victorian era , Chadderton's economy
16200-576: The office were inside the mill, although stair towers were external. Windows were square and smaller than in later mills. The walls were of unadorned rough brick. Construction was sometimes to fireproof designs. The mills are distinguished from warehouses in that warehouses had taking-in doors on each storey with an external hoist beam. Only the larger mills have survived. Mills of this period were from 25 to 68 m long and 11.5 m to 14 m wide. They could be eight stories high and had basements and attics. Floor height varied from 3.3 to 2.75 m on
16350-570: The parish of Prestwich-cum-Oldham in the Diocese of Lichfield . The diocese was then divided, and Chadderton became part of the Diocese of Chester . This in turn was divided in 1847, when the present Diocese of Manchester was created. For ritual baptisms, marriages and burials, the people of Chadderton, a Christian community, had to travel to churches that lay outside of the township's boundaries, including Oldham St Mary's , Middleton St Leonard's , and Prestwich St Mary's . The route of some of
16500-483: The population of Chadderton grew during the 19th century, more schools were opened, each linked with a local church. Mills Hill School began as a voluntary aided school belonging to the local Baptist church. Further schoolrooms from this period were found at Cowhill Methodist Church and Washbrook Methodist Church, opened in 1855 and 1893 respectively. Chadderton Grammar School was the first new style co-educational grammar school opened by Lancashire County Council . It
16650-515: The region contributed to Chadderton adopting cotton spinning in the factory system , which became the dominant source of employment in the locality. The construction of multi-storey steam powered mills followed, which initiated a process of urbanisation and cultural transformation in the region; the population increasingly moved away from farming and domestic weaving in favour of the mechanised production of cotton goods. During this early period of change, Chadderton's parliamentary representation
16800-591: The same year there were 7,975,000 open end spinning rotors installed, with 44% of these being within Asia or Oceania and 29% within Eastern Europe . The average age of installed rotors is much lower than that of spindles and as rotors are between 7 and 10 times more productive they are responsible for 20% of the cotton spun worldwide. Modern cotton mills are increasingly automated. One large mill in Virginia in
16950-467: The smoothness of the power supplied by a steam engine to cotton mills, where the regularity of the yarn produced was dependent on the regularity of the power supply, and it was not until 1785 at Papplewick , in Robinson's Mill near Nottingham that a steam engine was successfully used to drive a cotton mill directly. Boulton and Watt 's engines enabled mills to be built in urban contexts and transformed
17100-500: The south of Chadderton, near Hollinwood . The section of the M60 through Chadderton was opened in autumn 2000. Chadderton is served by two railway stations, just outside its western boundary: Mills Hill railway station , at its border with Middleton, and Moston railway station , at its border with New Moston, Manchester. The Middleton Junction and Oldham Branch Railway was routed through Chadderton. Middleton Junction railway station
17250-502: The stair tower or chimney. Stott and Sons employed Byzantine styling in Broadstone Mill, Reddish. Specialist architects built new mills and then created extensions. The last steam-powered mill, Elk Mill, was built by Arthur Turner Mules were built with 1300 spindles, but were gradually replaced by rings. The increasingly powerful engines required more boilers with economisers and superheaters. Mills needed reservoirs to supply
17400-402: The start of the A627(M) motorway . Chadderton Town Hall was the seat of Chadderton Urban District Council. It is Chadderton's second town hall , the first was the former Chadderton Lyceum building (demolished in 1975). The current town hall, Chadderton's first purpose built municipal building, was designed by Taylor and Simister of Oldham, and was opened in 1913 by Herbert Wolstencroft JP ,
17550-578: The sub-manor of Chadderton and Foxdenton passed from Richard de Trafford of Trafford Park to Geoffrey de Trafford, who adopted the surname of Chadderton, thus founding the Chadderton family. During the High Middle Ages, pieces of land in Chadderton were granted to religious orders and institutions, including Cockersand Abbey and the Knights Hospitaller . The manorial system was strong in Chadderton, and this lent distinction to
17700-611: The then chairman of Chadderton Urban District Council. The architectural style was intended to have "a broad and strong treatment of the English Renaissance ". It features "charming gardens and a beautifully renovated ballroom". English Heritage granted it Grade II listed status in July 2013. Since 2007, Chadderton Town Hall has housed the Oldham Register Office, the civil registration authority for
17850-471: The town centre with Oldham, Middleton, Hollinwood, Woodhouses, Failsworth, New Moston, Werneth and Ashton-under-Lyne . Service 415 links the Cowhill and Nimble Nook areas of Chadderton with Middleton and Oldham, while services 81 and 81a operate through South Chadderton providing services to Manchester via Moston and to Oldham, Holts and Derker. These services are operated by First Greater Manchester. In
18000-503: The town meant that the district council made initial steps to petition the Crown for honorific borough status for Chadderton in the 1930s. However, the Great Depression , and the First and Second World Wars each contributed to periods of economic decline. As imports of cheaper foreign yarns and textile goods increased during the mid-20th century, Chadderton's textile sector declined to
18150-648: The town. The parish of St Matthew united with the neighbouring parish of St Luke, and the United Benefice of St Matthew with St Luke now lies within the Oldham West Deanery of the Diocese of Manchester. The parish of Christ Church, founded in 1870, which also contains the church of St Saviour's and Crossley Christian Centre, is one of the largest numerically in the township and lies on the border with Werneth. The parish of Emmanuel, now meeting in
18300-438: The township, in a region which otherwise had weak local lordship. Throughout the Middle Ages, the manor of Chadderton constituted a township , centred on the hill by the banks of the River Irk , known as Chadderton Fold. The fold consisted of a cluster of cottages centred on Chadderton Hall manor house , and a water-powered corn mill . Chadderton Hall was owned and occupied by the de Chaddertons. Geoffrey de Chadderton became
18450-574: The upper stories. Boilers were of the wagon type; chimneys were square or rectangular, attached to the mill, and in some cases part of the stair column. The steam engines were typically low-pressure single-cylinder condensing beam engines. The average power in 1835 was 48 hp. Power was transmitted by a main vertical shaft with bevel gears to the horizontal shafts. The later mills had gas lighting using gas produced on site. The mules with 250–350 spindles were placed transversely to get as much light as possible. The development of mills to mechanise
18600-466: The weavers of Chadderton had been using spinning wheels in makeshift weavers' cottages to produce woollens . Primitive early 18th-century industrialisation developed slowly in Chadderton. However, as the demand for cotton goods increased and the technology of cotton-spinning machinery improved during the mid-18th century, the need for larger structures to house bigger, better, and more efficient equipment became apparent. A water-powered cotton mill
18750-407: The year, averaging 1047 mm annually. The average annual temperature is 9.7 °C. Chadderton's modern commercial centre lies close to the boundary with Oldham; the expansion of Oldham in the mid-19th century caused urbanisation along the eastern boundary of Chadderton, which spread outwards into the rest of the township. Continued growth in the late-19th and early-20th centuries gave rise to
18900-414: Was a 28-bay mill, 6 storeys of 16 m by 92 m. Each self-acting spinning mule had 500 spindles. Single-storey north light weaving sheds were sometimes added to the mills. The looms caused vibrations that damaged the structure of multi-storey buildings, and specialised weaving mills became common. They were single-storey sheds with an engine house and offices, and preparation and warehousing in
19050-554: Was a regulatory body responsible for standards of hygiene and sanitation in the township. Following the Local Government Act 1894 , the area of the local board became the Chadderton Urban District , a local government district within the administrative county of Lancashire. The urban district council, comprising 18 members, would later be based out of Chadderton Town Hall, a purpose built municipal building opened in 1913. In 1933, there were exchanges of land with
19200-459: Was a severe slump in 1908, which endured until 1918, but the years 1919 and 1920 were more profitable than the peak year of 1907 had been. Production peaked in 1912. The war of 1914–1918 put the Lancashire industry into reverse. The British government, starved of raw cotton, established mills in south Asia exporting the spinning technology – which was copied, and became a low-labour cost competitor. In Germany, Flanders and Brazil, mills were built to
19350-528: Was an important manufacturing centre for wool and Leigh and south towards Manchester, used flax and raw cotton imported along the Mersey and Irwell Navigation . During the Industrial Revolution cotton manufacture changed from a domestic to a mechanised industry, made possible by inventions and advances in technology. The weaving process was the first to be mechanised by the invention of John Kay 's flying shuttle in 1733. The manually-operated spinning jenny
19500-499: Was being used by "numbers of adventurers residing in the different counties of Derby, Leicester, Nottingham, Worcester, Stafford, York, Hertford and Lancashire" and by 1788 there were 143 Arkwright-type mills nationwide. The early mills were of light construction, narrow – about 9 feet (2.7 m) wide – and low in height, with ceiling heights of only 6–8 ft. The mills were powered by water wheels and lit by daylight. Mills were made by millwrights , builders and iron founders . By
19650-486: Was built at Chadderton's Stock Brook in 1776. The damp climate below the South Pennines provided ideal conditions for textile production to be carried out without the thread drying and breaking, and newly developed 19th-century mechanisation optimised cotton spinning for industrial-scale manufacture of yarn and fabric for the global market. As the Industrial Revolution advanced, socioeconomic conditions in
19800-519: Was built between 1710 and 1730 for Alexander Radclyffe on the base of a previous hall built in 1620 for William Ratclyffe. The hall and the adjoining Park were leased by the Radclyffe family in 1922 to Chadderton Council, who opened the site to the public. In 1960 the council took over ownership of the hall, by which time it was in a state of disrepair, and fully restored it in 1965. From "2003 a group named Friends of Foxdenton started fund raising and ran
19950-576: Was built on the Howe Bridge mills site and was named Unit One. It was not an open end mill but a combed cotton ring mill. Modern spinning mills are mainly built around open end spinning techniques using rotors or ring spinning techniques using spindles. In 2009 there were 202,979,000 ring spinning spindles installed worldwide, with 82% of these being in Asia or Oceania and 44% being within China . In
20100-429: Was constructed, containing 70,200 spindles and 1,300 looms. The town was named Ware Shoals . Between 1904 and 1916, the population of Ware Shoals grew from 2 men employed to maintain the newly constructed power plant, to 2,000. By the 1960s the mill employed 5,000 people. It closed in 1985, due to a surge of textile imports that caused a steep decline in the company's output and earnings. Though business revived in 1919,
20250-628: Was developed by James Hargreaves in about 1764, and speeded up the spinning process. The roller spinning principle of Paul and Bourne became the basis of Richard Arkwright 's spinning frame and water frame , patented in 1769. The principles of the spinning jenny and water frame were combined by Samuel Crompton in his spinning mule of 1779, but water power was not applied to it until 1792. Many mills were built after Arkwright's patent expired in 1783 and, by 1788, there were about 210 mills in Great Britain. The development of cotton mills
20400-591: Was dominated by dispersed agricultural settlements. During this period the population was fewer than 1,000, broadly consisting of farmers who were involved with pasture , but who supplemented their incomes by working in cottage industries , particularly fustian and silk weaving. A fulling mill at Chadderton by the River Irk was recorded during the Elizabethan era , and during the Early Modern period
20550-606: Was duplicated at Lowell, Massachusetts and several other new cities throughout the state. Mill girls, some as young as ten, were paid less than men, but received a fixed wage for their 73-hour week. They lived in company-owned boarding houses, and attended churches supported by the companies. In the 1840s George Henry Corliss of Providence, Rhode Island improved the reliability of stationary steam engines . He replaced slide valves with valves that used cams. These Corliss valves were more efficient and more reliable than their predecessors. Initially, steam engines pumped water into
20700-507: Was erected in the mid-15th century as a home for the Radclyffes, who had acquired the title of joint Lords of the Manor with the Asshetons of Chadderton, through marriage. This Foxdenton Hall was demolished to make way for a second Hall, built in 1620. The ground floor of that second Hall now forms the basement of the present Hall, built in 1700. The building is described as "a dignified early Georgian house, particularly rare in this part of
20850-471: Was heavily dependent on manufacturing industries, especially the spinning of cotton, but also the weaving of silk and production of hats. By the 20th century the landscape was covered with over 50 cotton mills . Industries ancillary to these sectors, including coal mining, brick making, mechanical engineering, and bleaching and dyeing were present. Chadderton developed an extensive coal mining sector auxiliary to Chadderton's cotton industry and workforce. Coal
21000-552: Was increasing. Beam engines were installed until the 1870s when horizontal engines took over. Abbey Mill Oldham (1876) needed 700 hp, Nile Mill (1896) needed 2500 hp. By the 1890, boilers produced 160 psi, and the triple expansion horizontals became standard. Chimneys were octagonal. Following the American Civil War , cotton mills were built in the southern states of South Carolina , Alabama , and Mississippi . These mills grew larger as cheap labour and plentiful water power made operations profitable, which meant that
21150-519: Was limited to two Members of Parliament for Lancashire . Nationally, the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 had resulted in periods of famine and unemployment for textile workers. Nevertheless, despite years of distress and unrest, major disturbances of machine-breaking did not occur until 1826. By the beginning of 1819 the pressure generated by poor economic conditions, coupled with the lack of suffrage in Northern England , had enhanced
21300-478: Was linked to the development of the machinery they contained. By 1774, 30,000 people in Manchester were employed using the domestic system in cotton manufacture. Handloom weaving lingered into the mid-19th century but cotton spinning in mills relying on water power and subsequently steam power using fuel from the Lancashire Coalfield began to develop before 1800. Many more people were employed by
21450-408: Was not a commercial success and closed in 1790. A second mill using Cartwright's machinery, opened in Manchester in 1790 but was burned to the ground by hand loom weavers within two years. By 1803 there were only 2,400 power looms operating in Britain. In the United States, the early horse-powered Beverly Cotton Manufactory was designed by Thomas Somers , who started construction and testing of
21600-513: Was opened by David Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford , on 18 October 1930. In 1959, it became the Girls' Grammar, when a separate school for boys was opened. The Girls' Grammar briefly became Mid-Chadderton School, and later The Radclyffe School , and the boys' school part of North Chadderton School . Radclyffe and North Chadderton are today the town's two co-educational, non-denominational, comprehensive secondary schools . North Chadderton School has
21750-414: Was popular in Chadderton, and places of worship for Methodism , Baptist and Congregationalism were built during the 19th and 20th centuries. Washbrook Methodist Church and School at Butler Green was built in 1868, but was demolished around 1970 to be replaced by South Chadderton Methodist Church formed from the amalgamation of five Methodist congregations. Cotton mill A cotton mill
21900-591: Was represented as part of the Oldham parliamentary borough constituency, of which the first Members of Parliaments (MPs) were the radicals William Cobbett and John Fielden . Winston Churchill was the MP between 1900 and 1906. Constituency boundaries changed during the 20th century, and Chadderton has lain within the constituencies of Middleton and Prestwich (1918–1950) and Oldham West (1950–1997). Since 1997, Chadderton has lain within Oldham West and Royton . It
22050-461: Was transported out of the township via the Rochdale Canal . The amount of coal was overestimated however, and production began to decline even before that of the local spinning industry; Chadderton's last coal mine closed in 1920. Since the deindustrialisation of the region in the mid-20th century, these industries have been replaced by newer sectors and industries, although many of the civic developments that accompanied industrialisation remain in
22200-542: Was unsuccessful in enabling one worker to operate more than a single loom. The first feasible power loom was patented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785, although it was initially a primitive device it established the basic principle that would be used in powered weaving until the 20th century. In 1788 Cartwright opened Revolution Mill in Doncaster which was powered by a Boulton and Watt steam engine and had 108 power looms on three floors as well as spinning machinery, but it
22350-470: Was within the town limits. Opened on 31 March 1842, it closed in 1966. On 12 August 1914, Chadderton goods and coal depot was opened. The depot was at the end of a 1097 yards long branch which came off the Middleton Junction to Oldham line at Chadderton Junction. The line from Chadderton Junction to Oldham Werneth was closed on 7 January 1963, but Chadderton goods and coal depot remained open for
22500-596: Was £32,012,380. 1860 saw the end of this period of rapid growth. The Cotton Famine of 1861–1865 was a period when American long staple cotton became unavailable due to an American Civil War . After the war, the economics of the industry had changed, and a new larger mill was required. In 1814 the Boston Manufacturing Company of New England established a "fully integrated" mill on the Charles River at Waltham, Massachusetts . Despite
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