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117-523: Conception Bay South is a town in the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada. The town is commonly called CBS. The town is located on the Avalon Peninsula which forms part of the southern shore of Conception Bay which is in turn part of the island of Newfoundland . It is approximately 20 kilometres (12 miles) southwest of the provincial capital of St. John's . Conception Bay South

234-598: A barachois with remains of the Vasco d'Orey shipwreck. The Nature Conservancy of Canada has a reserve at Freshwater. There are also seasonal swimming holes, berry grounds and bird nesting views. There are side trails to this path from Shea Heights and the Cape Spear Road. Cape Spear Path (Blackhead - Maddox Cove ) A 9.3-kilometre (5.8 mi) path of moderate difficulty that takes 4–6 hours. The trail includes side trails. The path varies in terrain and features

351-425: A 3.7-kilometre (2.3 mi) path between the small community of Blackhead and Cape Spear , that is easy to moderate in difficulty. It takes 1–2 hours to complete. The path is very exposed to the weather so caution is advised . Cabot Tower can be seen across the sea and the path ends at Cape Spear National Historic Site with its historic lighthouse). Motion Path ( Petty Harbour - Shoal Bay Road) Walk through

468-494: A century prior. Fishing boats originated from Basque country, England, France, and Portugal. In 1585, during the initial stages of Anglo-Spanish War , Bernard Drake led a devastating raid on the Spanish and Portuguese fisheries. This provided an opportunity to secure the island and led to the appointment of Proprietary Governors to establish colonial settlements on the island from 1610 to 1728. John Guy became governor of

585-601: A charity. By 1996, the Trail had grown to 125 km and had reached and restored "The Spout", a natural geyser and major attraction at the centre of the Trail. The initial plan "was to build and maintain" a long distance coastal footpath from Topsail Beach to Trepassey and in 1997 the Association obtained funds from the Federal Government to develop this 220 km trail. In September 2001, 212 km of

702-747: A charter from English King Henry VII to "sail to all parts, countries and seas of the East, the West and of the North, under our banner and ensign and to set up our banner on any new-found-land" and on June 24, 1497, landed in Cape Bonavista . Historians disagree on whether Cabot landed in Nova Scotia in 1497 or in Newfoundland, or possibly Maine, if he landed at all, but the governments of Canada and

819-668: A constitutional name change of our province will reiterate that commitment". Following approval by the House of Commons and the Senate, Governor-General Adrienne Clarkson officially proclaimed the name change on December 6, 2001. Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province in Canada, situated in the northeastern region of North America . The Strait of Belle Isle separates the province into two geographical parts: Labrador, connected to mainland Canada, and Newfoundland, an island in

936-505: A group of hiking enthusiasts started the construction of a coastal trail" that would make use of existing traditional trails that linked local communities along the coast of the Avalon Peninsula . By the end of 1994, the volunteers had constructed the first 25 km of the trail, north and south of St. John's. The following year the East Coast Trail Association was incorporated and it was subsequently registered as

1053-435: A little lower on the coast than inland. The maritime climate produces more variable weather, ample precipitation in a variety of forms, greater humidity , lower visibility, more clouds, less sunshine, and higher winds than a continental climate. Human habitation in Newfoundland and Labrador can be traced back about 9,000 years. The Maritime Archaic peoples were sea-mammal hunters in the subarctic . They prospered along

1170-607: A major source of conflict between Britain, France and Spain, who all pressed for a share in the valuable fishery there. Britain's victories around the globe led William Pitt to insist nobody other than Britain should have access to Newfoundland. The Battle of Signal Hill was fought on September 15, 1762, and was the last battle of the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War . A British force under Lieutenant Colonel William Amherst recaptured St. John's , which

1287-547: A maritime border with Greenland . Labrador's land area (including associated small islands) is 294,330 km (113,640 sq mi). Together, Newfoundland and Labrador make up 4.06 per cent of Canada's area, with a total area of 405,720 km (156,650 sq mi). Labrador is the easternmost part of the Canadian Shield , a vast area of ancient metamorphic rock making up much of northeastern North America . Colliding tectonic plates have shaped much of

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1404-505: A national existence, having a national character, a nation's feelings, assuming that rank among our neighbours which the political situation and the extent of our island demand". East Coast Trail Maintained by the East Coast Trail Association and located primarily on public lands , the trail follows the east coast of Newfoundland , along the Atlantic Ocean . The path passes through many small coastal outports (villages) in

1521-469: A nature conservancy area, Cape Spear National Historic Site, a lighthouse, a museum, and whale watching. The lighthouse Cape Spear is Newfoundland and Labrador's oldest surviving lighthouse and "has been restored to its 1839 appearance and visitors are able to see what it would have been like for a lighthouse keeper and his family to live there in the mid-19th century". (See also the Blackhead Path

1638-476: A population of 27,168 living in 10,711 of its 11,364 total private dwellings, a change of 3.7% from its 2016 population of 26,199 . With a land area of 59.72 km (23.06 sq mi), it had a population density of 454.9/km (1,178.2/sq mi) in 2021. In 2016, Conception Bay South was 92.3% White, 6.6% Aboriginal, and 1.1% other visible minorities. Conception Bay provided ample fishing grounds for some time in its history. The world's largest tuna

1755-411: A range of climates and weather patterns, including frequent combinations of high winds, snow, rain, and fog, conditions that regularly made travel by road, air, or ferry challenging or impossible. Monthly average temperatures, rainfall levels, and snowfall levels for four locations are shown in the attached graphs. St. John's represents the east coast, Gander the interior of the island, Corner Brook

1872-832: A sandy beach, twisted rock formation, campsite and views of Ferryland's lighthouse. Caplin Bay Path 5.6 km ( Calvert - Ferryland ) A 5.2-kilometre (3.2 mi) easy hike of 2–3 hours. A wooded walk with meadows and a section of elevated, old railroad track, and beaches and ocean views. There are side trails to Ferryland harbour and lighthouse. It passes close to the Colony of Avalon , National Historic archaeological site and interpretation centre, an old stone church, museum, tea room and dinner theatre. Sounding Hills Path ( Ferryland - Aquaforte CLOSED This 5.5-kilometre (3.4 mi) hike of easy to moderate difficulty normally takes 2–4 hours. A landowner near Ferryland closed access to

1989-628: A short distance from the trail offers fully-serviced campsites that can be reserved. There are also informal, non-designated campsite along the trail. The trail crosses 30 different communities, ranging from the City of St. John's, to towns and small outports which offer a range of accommodation such as bed and breakfasts and guest houses close to the trail. For these accommodations, see: Buses can be used to access Logy Bay , including road walk; Quidi Vidi ; Fort Amherst with road walk; Shea Heights for Deadman's Bay and Freshwater; Shoal Bay Road. There

2106-574: A strange land full of fish, and another from Portuguese maps that depict the Terra do Bacalhau , or land of codfish , west of the Azores . The earliest, though, is the Voyage of Saint Brendan , the fantastical account of an Irish monk who made a sea voyage in the early 6th century. While the story became a part of myth and legend, some historians believe it is based on fact. In 1496, John Cabot obtained

2223-584: Is Ikkarumikluak aamma Nunatsuak . Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is the French name used in the Constitution of Canada. However, French is not widely spoken in Newfoundland and Labrador and is not an official language at the provincial level. On April 29, 1999, the government of Brian Tobin passed a motion in the Newfoundland House of Assembly requesting the federal government amend

2340-608: Is a 16.3-kilometre (10.1 mi) long and hilly path that is difficult to strenuous. It takes 5–8 hours. The path passes the Spout, a geyser, historic lighthouses, waterfalls, sea cliffs and sea stacks. The trail can be accessed via Shoal Road (6.4-kilometre (4.0 mi)) from the highway, but is otherwise remote with no "bailout" points. Mickeleens Path ( Bay Bulls - Witless Bay ) A 7.3-kilometre (4.5 mi) walk of easy to moderate difficulty that takes 2–4 hours. The terrain varies from woods, meadows and cliffs. The seabird islands of

2457-476: Is a 32.75-kilometre (20.35 mi) road between Cape Race, Portugal Cove South, and Trepassey that passes Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve a wilderness area and a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The reserve is home to the Mistaken Point Formation , which contains one of the most diverse and well-preserved collections of Precambrian fossils in the world. Ediacaran fossils discovered at

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2574-481: Is a popular, partially boarded hike that features "The Cobbler" (a five finger-like rock formation), the remains of a Pinetree Line radar station and seasonal whale watching. Sugarloaf Path (Logy Bay - Quidi Vidi Village) A 8.9-kilometre (5.5 mi) hike that is at times difficult and takes 3–5 hours. It has varied terrain and features Sugarloaf Head and dramatic cliff face rock formations. It also provides view of St. John's and Quidi Vidi. A short section skirts

2691-451: Is a provincial park located approximately 20.0-kilometre (12.4 mi) south of Renews-Cappahayden. Chance Cove was once the site of a small settlement of approximately 50 people in the mid-19th century, but it "was abandoned between 1884 and 1891 following a series of disastrous years in the fishery". Chance Cove to Cape Race is another difficult undeveloped, unmarked route, especially the middle section. Cape Race to Trepassey . There

2808-538: Is advised . Wilderness Patch Brook campsite. Biscan Cove Path ( Cape St. Francis - Pouch Cove ) A 7.3-kilometre (4.5 mi) hike, of moderate difficulty, about 2–4 hours. The route can be challenging with steep hills. Stiles Cove Path (Pouch Cove - Flatrock ) A 15.1-kilometre (9.4 mi) hike of moderate difficulty. It takes 5–7 hours to complete. There are various access point. Swimming and picnic areas. Father Troy's Trail (Flatrock - Torbay ) An 8.7-kilometre (5.4 mi) easy hike, 2–4 hours, that follows

2925-650: Is also reflected in the name of Labrador, which derives from the surname of the Portuguese navigator João Fernandes Lavrador . Labrador's name in the Inuttitut / Inuktitut language (spoken in Nunatsiavut ) is Nunatsuak ( ᓄᓇᑦᓱᐊᒃ ), meaning "the big land" (a common English nickname for Labrador ). Newfoundland's Inuttitut/Inuktitut name is Ikkarumikluak ( ᐃᒃᑲᕈᒥᒃᓗᐊᒃ ), meaning "place of many shoals". Newfoundland and Labrador's Inuttitut / Inuktitut name

3042-589: Is also roughly triangular in shape: the western part of its border with Quebec is the drainage divide of the Labrador Peninsula . Lands drained by rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean are part of Labrador, and the rest belongs to Quebec. Most of Labrador's southern boundary with Quebec follows the 52nd parallel of latitude. Labrador's extreme northern tip, at 60°22′N, shares a short border with Nunavut on Killiniq Island . Labrador also has

3159-666: Is an RNC headquarters located in Manuels, and many on-call ambulance services. Search and Rescue is provided by the Canadian Forces 103 Rescue Squadron based at Gander International Airport in central Newfoundland as well as the Canadian Coast Guard from St.John's. The town is located approximately 30 km from St. John's International Airport which provides service to Canada , the United States ,

3276-503: Is beach access, picnicking, and seasonal bird and whale watching. La Manche Village Path (Tors Cove - La Manche Village) A 6.4-kilometre (4.0 mi), easy hike that takes 2–3 hours. It is a relatively flat path though the woods that passes through the La Manche Provincial Park , 50-metre (160 ft) across a suspension bridge at the site of the abandoned village site of La Manche, a small fishing community which

3393-540: Is best known from a mortuary site in Newfoundland at Port au Choix . The Maritime Archaic peoples were gradually displaced by people of the Dorset culture (Late Paleo-Eskimo ) who also occupied Port au Choix. The number of their sites discovered on Newfoundland indicates they may have been the most numerous Aboriginal people to live there. They thrived from about 2000 BC to 800 AD. Many of their sites were on exposed headlands and outer islands. They were more oriented to

3510-460: Is considered undeveloped with minimal structures. The path has been cut and signed. There are long stretches of exposed trail so caution is advised . Exercise caution in all areas, especially on the steep north slope of Black Cliff. White Horse Path 18.2 km (Bauline - Cape St. Francis) A 17.5-kilometre (10.9 mi) strenuous hike, 8–10 hours. This is still an undeveloped path with steep ascents and descents and wetland crossings, so caution

3627-456: Is home to a state of the art clubhouse and turf field facility at Topsail. Conception Bay South Soccer has hosted the Under 13 Atlantic Championships twice (2012 and 2014), the Under 18 National Championships (2013) and the Under 16 National Championships (2014). In 2013 Olympic Bronze medalists Christine Sinclair, Diana Matheson, Karina LeBlanc and Rhian Wilkinson held clinics for young players at

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3744-410: Is minibus taxi service to and from Treppassey; Cape Spear (seasonal bus – frequent service). The Avalon Peninsula has over 2,500 kilometres of coastline, much of which rises abruptly from the sea and is indented with numerous bays and inlets. The landscape consists of boreal forest , heathlands , bogs, fens , marshes, many large rivers and numerous ponds. There are no snakes or other reptiles on

3861-416: Is named after the French explorer and soldier Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville . The Masterless Men trail takes its name from "a legendary outlaw society (fl late 18th, early 19th centuries ... [of] men escaping press gangs , Royal Navy deserters and runaway indentured servants from Newfoundland fishing plantations who fled inland to escape their harsh life. ... said to have inhabited the wild Butter Pot barrens of

3978-772: Is offered from K-12 through all of these schools. There is also the College of the North Atlantic (Seal Cove Campus). Sports are a big part of community life in Conception Bay South. Rugby and soccer are perhaps the most popular sports in the community. The town is home to the Bayman Rugby Club. The Conception Bay South Soccer Association boasts more than 1000 members playing at fields in Topsail, Chamberlains, Foxtrap and Kelligrews. The association

4095-594: Is particularly important for St. John's, where a heavy snowfall can be followed by rain, so no snow remains on the ground. Surface water temperatures on the Atlantic side reach a summer average of 12 °C (54 °F) inshore and 9 °C (48 °F) offshore to winter lows of −1 °C (30 °F) inshore and 2 °C (36 °F) offshore. Sea temperatures on the west coast are warmer than Atlantic side by 1–3 °C (approximately 2–5 °F). The sea keeps winter temperatures slightly higher and summer temperatures

4212-441: Is primarily made up of woodlands and headlands, and there are views of Renews Island. Not yet developed Cappahayden to Trepassey via Chance Cove , Cape Race Lighthouse , Portugal Cove South and Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve . Cappahayden to Chance Cove Provincial Park is undeveloped and includes gravel road, rough trail, moose path, bush-whacking, trackless bog, and deep river crossings. Chance Cove Provincial Park

4329-450: Is the second largest settlement in the province and is part of the St. John's metropolitan area , the 20th largest metropolitan area in Canada . Most of the residents are employed in the nearby cities of St. John's or Mount Pearl . The town lies on Cambrian bedrock, primarily shale containing limestone concretions and manganese ores. Conception Bay South was formed in 1973 through

4446-422: Is the easternmost province of Canada , in the country's Atlantic region . The province comprises the island of Newfoundland and the continental region of Labrador , having a total size of 405,212 km (156,453 sq mi). As of 2024 the population of Newfoundland and Labrador was estimated to be 545,247. The island of Newfoundland (and its smaller neighbouring islands) is home to around 94 per cent of

4563-541: Is the northern beginning of the East Coast Trail . Conception Bay South is home to nine schools under the Newfoundland and Labrador English School District. There are five elementary schools (Admirals Academy, Upper Gullies Elementary, St. Edward's, St. George's Elementary, and Topsail Elementary), two junior high schools (Frank Roberts Junior High, and Villanova Junior High) and two high schools (Queen Elizabeth Regional High, and Holy Spirit High). French Immersion

4680-614: The Newfoundland Act to change the province's name to "Newfoundland and Labrador". A resolution approving the name change was put forward in the House of Commons in October 2001, introduced by Tobin who had moved to federal politics. Tobin's successor as premier Roger Grimes stated: "The Government of Newfoundland and Labrador is firmly committed to ensuring official recognition of Labrador as an equal partner in this province, and

4797-493: The Atlantic Coast of North America from about 7000 BC to 1500 BC. Their settlements included longhouses and boat-topped temporary or seasonal houses. They engaged in long-distance trade, using as currency white chert , a rock quarried from northern Labrador to Maine . The southern branch of these people was established on the north peninsula of Newfoundland by 5,000 years ago. The Maritime Archaic period

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4914-554: The Atlantic Ocean . The province also includes over 7,000 tiny islands. The highest point of the province is Mount Caubvick with the highest point on Newfoundland being Cabox . Newfoundland has a roughly triangular shape. Each side is about 400 km (250 mi) long, and its area is 108,860 km (42,030 sq mi). Newfoundland and its neighbouring small islands (excluding French possessions) have an area of 111,390 km (43,010 sq mi). Newfoundland extends between latitudes 46°36′N and 51°38′N. Labrador

5031-683: The Caribbean and Europe . The town's harbour is located in the Long Pond area and hosts many cruise ships over the summer months. Parsons & Sons provides charter busing and school runs for the public throughout the town and also outside the province. There is a taxi service along with taxi companies from nearby St. John's, Mount Pearl and Paradise. There are also two marinas located in C.B.S., one in Foxtrap and one in Long Pond. 2021 Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador

5148-793: The Corte-Real brothers , Miguel and Gaspar , explored Newfoundland and Labrador, claiming them as part of the Portuguese Empire . In 1506, king Manuel I of Portugal created taxes for the cod fisheries in Newfoundland waters. João Álvares Fagundes and Pero de Barcelos established seasonal fishing outposts in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia around 1521, and older Portuguese settlements may have existed. Sir Humphrey Gilbert , provided with letters patent from Queen Elizabeth I , landed in St. John's in August 1583, and formally took possession of

5265-733: The Grand Banks , employing some 10,000 sailors; many continuing to come from the Basque Country , Normandy, or Brittany. They dried and salted cod on the coast and sold it to Spain and Portugal. Heavy investment by Sir George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore , in the 1620s in wharves, warehouses, and fishing stations failed to pay off. French raids hurt the business, and the weather was terrible, so he redirected his attention to his other colony in Maryland . After Calvert left, small-scale entrepreneurs such as Sir David Kirke made good use of

5382-677: The Great Depression and Newfoundland's participation in the First World War . On March 31, 1949, it became the 10th and most recent province to join the Canadian Confederation as "Newfoundland". On December 6, 2001, the Constitution of Canada was amended to change the province's name from "Newfoundland" to "Newfoundland and Labrador". The name "New founde lande" was uttered by King Henry VII about

5499-530: The Irish Loop , because the communities were mainly sealed by Irish immigrants. Deadmans Bay Path (Fort Amherst - Blackhead) A 10.6-kilometre (6.6 mi) moderate to difficult route that takes 5–8 hours. There are path features side trails that can increase distance and time. There are steep ascents and descents. The route passes the Fort Amherst lighthouse, the former settlement of Freshwater, and

5616-735: The Mary Brown's Centre . The team squared off against the Adirondack Thunder and the Worcester Railers for three games apiece, winning four games in total before sold-out crowds of 1,168 spectators. Conception Bay South is home to a 24-hour Fire Department staffed by 28 full-time and 25 volunteer members. The West Side Fire Hall is located in Kelligrews and the East Side Fire Hall is in Topsail. There

5733-504: The Witless Bay Ecological Reserve , such as Gull Island and Pee Pee Island , can be seen. The Reserve contains North America ´s largest Atlantic puffin colony. and the world's second-largest colony of Leach's storm-petrels . There are red sandstone cliffs, and views of coves, sea stacks, gulches. In season there are boat trips from Witless Bay and Bay Bulls to view icebergs, whales, and the seabird colonies on

5850-589: The 1690s, destroyed nearly every English settlement on the island. The entire population of the English colony was either killed, captured for ransom, or sentenced to expulsion to England, with the exception of those who withstood the attack at Carbonear Island and those in the then remote Bonavista . After France lost political control of the area after the Siege of Port Royal in 1710 , the Miꞌkmaq engaged in warfare with

5967-534: The Avalon Peninsula". The 25 paths of the East Coast Trail are broken down into three main sections: North of St. John's ; St. John's to La Manche and the southern end from La Manche to Cappahayden . All timings below are for a one-way hike. The northern end of the trail follows the south coast of Conception Bay as far as Cape St. Francis and then turns south. Although the paths on

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6084-401: The Avalon Peninsula. Good communication with St. John's was established by road in the 1830s and strengthened in the 1880s with the arrival of the railway. Residents of Conception Bay South grew crops and raised cattle for the St. John's market and St. John's residents established summer homes in Conception Bay South. In August 2003 the town was the location for the murder of Zachary Turner at

6201-508: The Avalon, and while black bears are native to Newfoundland and Labrador, and found throughout the province, they are rarely seen on the Avalon Peninsula. Wolves are technically extinct on the Island but there are reports of migrants from Labrador and wolf-coyote crosses. Coyotes have migrated to the Island of Newfoundland and to the Avalon. Moose , though not native to the Island, are one of

6318-520: The Basilica, St John's and Anglican Cathedral, St John's . There is also the Grand Concourse 's extensive network of hiking trails within the city, and around its lakes, along its rivers, and through other open spaces. The middle section follows long, remote sections of coastline, the most easterly coast of North America, intersection a few towns such as Bay Bulls along Route 10, known as

6435-516: The Beothuk population, and they were extinct by 1829. The oldest confirmed accounts of European contact date from a thousand years ago as described in the Viking (Norse) Icelandic Sagas . Around the year 1001, the sagas refer to Leif Erikson landing in three places to the west, the first two being Helluland (possibly Baffin Island ) and Markland (possibly Labrador ). Leif's third landing

6552-682: The British throughout Dummer's War (1722–1725), King George's War (1744–1748), Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755) and the French and Indian War (1754–1763). The French colonization period lasted until the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession : France ceded to the British its claims to Newfoundland (including its claims to the shores of Hudson Bay ) and to

6669-781: The Calvert family's control. The majority Catholic population that developed, thanks to Irish immigration , in St. John's and the Avalon Peninsula , was subjected to same disabilities that applied elsewhere under the British Crown. On visiting St. John's in 1786, Prince William Henry (the future King William IV ) noted that "there are ten Roman Catholics to one Protestant", and he counselled against any measure of Catholic relief. Following news of rebellion in Ireland , in June 1798, Governor Vice-Admiral Waldegrave cautioned London that

6786-449: The Colonies formally stated that a new commission would be issued to Governor Cochrane to remove any and all Roman Catholic disabilities in Newfoundland. By then Catholic emancipation was bound up (as in Ireland) with the call for home rule . After the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, France and other nations re-entered the fish trade and an abundance of cod glutted international markets. Prices dropped, competition increased, and

6903-424: The ECT map again offers guidance. The route goes around the harbour, with a short-cut across a bridge across from the Railway Coastal Museum . Amongst the attraction's found in St John's are boat trips to view icebergs, and whales; The Rooms ; Quidi Vidi Lake ; Memorial University's Botanical Garden ; the Johnson Geo Centre , a geological interpretation centre located on Signal Hill; historic Downtown , including

7020-491: The East Coast Trail runs along remote headlands punctuated by long, narrow fjord-like bays with outport communities at their head. Some roadwalking is required within outports between the wildnerness coastlines. Flamber Head Path ( La Manche Village - Brigus South ) A 11.5-kilometre (7.1 mi), moderate to difficult route that takes 6–9 hours. There is waterfalls and wilderness camping and seabird and seasonal whale watching. A 1.4-kilometre (0.87 mi) access trail from

7137-540: The English constituted but a "small proportion" of the locally raised Regiment of Foot . In an echo of an earlier Irish conspiracy during the French occupation of St. John's in 1762, in April 1800, the authorities had reports that upwards of 400 men had taken an oath as United Irishmen , and that eighty soldiers were committed to killing their officers and seizing their Anglican governors at Sunday service. The abortive mutiny , for which for which eight men (denounced by Catholic Bishop James Louis O'Donel as "favourers of

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7254-424: The French had seized three months earlier in a surprise attack. From 1763 to 1767, James Cook made a detailed survey of the coasts of Newfoundland and southern Labrador while commander of HMS  Grenville . (The following year, 1768, Cook began his first circumnavigation of the world .) In 1796, a Franco-Spanish expedition again succeeded in raiding the coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador, destroying many of

7371-421: The French possessions in Acadia . Afterward, under the supervision of the last French governor, the French population of Plaisance moved to Île Royale (now Cape Breton Island ), part of Acadia which remained then under French control. In the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), France had acknowledged British ownership of the island. However, in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), control of Newfoundland once again became

7488-429: The Royal Gazette and Newfoundland Advertiser, who resided in New Brunswick and Newfoundland, freed his enslaved servant Dinah, upon his death in Newfoundland in 1847, notably after the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833 . Notably, the Kirke brothers who were merchants in the triangular trade, brought Olivier Le Jeune to New France, where he was sold in 1629. In 1655, France appointed a governor in Plaisance (Placentia),

7605-425: The Topsail facility. The soccer association has also hosted the 2016 Senior National Championships as well as the 2016 Newfoundland and Labrador Summer Games. The Conception Bay South Soccer Association's competitive teams are known as the "Conception Bay South Strikers." Swimming, tennis, ice hockey, baseball, softball and volleyball are also played by many residents. Curling has been adapted by many residents who in

7722-460: The United Kingdom recognise Bonavista as being Cabot's "official" landing place. In 1499 and 1500, Portuguese mariners João Fernandes Lavrador and Pero de Barcelos explored and mapped the coast, the former's name appearing as "Labrador" on topographical maps of the period. Based on the Treaty of Tordesillas , the Portuguese Crown claimed it had territorial rights in the area John Cabot visited in 1497 and 1498. Subsequently, in 1501 and 1502,

7839-417: The amalgamation of eight communities (Topsail, Chamberlains, Manuels, Long Pond, Foxtrap, Kelligrews, Upper Gullies and Seal Cove) all of which follow the coastline of Conception Bay. Lawrence Pond amalgamated with the town in 1985. The early residents, mainly English but some Irish , were attracted by good growing land, abundant supplies of firewood and the more temperate climate as compared to other parts of

7956-513: The bays of the Avalon Peninsula . It runs from Topsail Beach , north to Cape St. Francis , then south through St. John's , and continues south as far as Cappahayden . It is intended that the trail will eventually be extended to Trepassey in the south and across to Placentia in the west (from Ferryland ). The trail also passes several National historic sites , including Signal Hill, St. John's , Cape Spear (the easternmost point in North America, not including Greenland ), and Ferryland ,

8073-492: The coast of Labrador with Inuit groups that had large populations. The Miꞌkmaq of southern Newfoundland spent most of their time on the shores harvesting seafood; during the winter they would move inland to the woods to hunt. Over time, the Miꞌkmaq and Innu divided their lands into traditional "districts". Each district was independently governed and had a district chief and a council. The council members were band chiefs, elders and other worthy community leaders. In addition to

8190-404: The coast. These rights were reaffirmed by treaties in 1818, 1854 and 1871, and confirmed by arbitration in 1910. The founding proprietor of the Province of Avalon , George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore , intended that it should serve as a refuge for his persecuted Roman Catholic co-religionists. But like his other colony in the Province of Maryland on the American mainland, it soon passed out of

8307-563: The colony's profits evaporated. A string of harsh winters between 1815 and 1817 made living conditions even more difficult, while fires at St. John's in 1817 left thousands homeless. At the same time a new wave of immigration from Ireland increased the Catholic population. In these circumstances much of the English and Protestant proprietor class tended to shelter behind the appointed, and Anglican, "naval government". A broad home-rule coalition of Irish community leaders and ( Scottish and Welsh ) Methodists formed in 1828. Expressing, initially,

8424-580: The completion of the trail between Capperhayden and Treppassey, and side trails from Ferryland, namely the 90 kilometres D'Iberville Trail, crossing the Avalon Wilderness Reserve from Ferryland to Placentia , connecting Lord Baltimore 's Colony of Avalon to Castle Hill, Placentia and the 30 kilometres Masterless Men Path, an inland route stretching all the way to the Butterpot, linking Ferryland and Renews. The D'Iberville Trail

8541-571: The concerns of a new middle class over taxation, it was led by William Carson, a Scottish physician, and Patrick Morris, an Irish merchant. In 1825, the British government granted Newfoundland and Labrador official colonial status and appointed Sir Thomas Cochrane as its first civil governor. Partly carried by the wave of reform in Britain, a colonial legislature in St. John's, together with the promise of Catholic emancipation, followed in 1832. Carson made his goal for Newfoundland clear: "We shall rise into

8658-759: The district councils, the Miꞌkmaq tribes also developed a Grand Council or Santé Mawiómi , which according to oral tradition was formed before 1600. By the time European contact with Newfoundland began in the early 16th century, the Beothuk were the only indigenous group living permanently on the island. Unlike other groups in the Northeastern area of the Americas, the Beothuk never established sustained trading relations with European settlers. Their interactions were sporadic, and they largely attempted to avoid contact. The establishment of English fishing operations on

8775-620: The dogs, larger weapons and other technologies that gave the expanding Inuit an advantage. The inhabitants eventually organized themselves into small bands of a few families, grouped into larger tribes and chieftainships . The Innu are the inhabitants of an area they refer to as Nitassinan , i.e. most of what is now referred to as northeastern Quebec and Labrador. Their subsistence activities were historically centered on hunting and trapping caribou , deer and small game. Coastal clans also practiced agriculture, fished and managed maple sugar bush. The Innu engaged in tribal warfare along

8892-458: The edge of the St. John's city dump where trees full of windblown plastic debris are known as the "Plastic Forest". City of St. John's : Quidi Vidi to Fort Amherst The official ECT map shows a route through St John's via Cuckold's Cove, Cabot Tower , Signal Hill and The North Head Trail to The Battery . In addition The Grand Concourse Trailway system offers a choice of possible routes to Downtown St John's. From St John's to Fort Amherst,

9009-589: The enslaved persons of African descent on plantations in the West Indies . Products typically associated with Newfoundland such as molasses and rum ( Screech ), were produced by the enslaved persons of African descent on plantations in the West Indies, and shipped to Newfoundland and England on merchant ships. Some merchants in Newfoundland enslaved persons of African descent such as St. John's merchant, Thomas Oxford. John Ryan , merchant and publisher of

9126-405: The facilities. Kirke became the first governor of Newfoundland in 1638. A triangular trade with New England, the West Indies, and Europe gave Newfoundland an important economic role. By the 1670s, there were 1,700 permanent residents and another 4,500 in the summer months. This trade relied upon the labour of enslaved people of African descent. Salted cod from Newfoundland was used to feed

9243-409: The first settlement at Cuper's Cove . Other settlements included Bristol's Hope , Renews , New Cambriol , South Falkland and Avalon (which became a province in 1623). The first governor given jurisdiction over all of Newfoundland was Sir David Kirke in 1638. Explorers quickly realized the waters around Newfoundland had the best fishing in the North Atlantic. By 1620, 300 fishing boats worked

9360-476: The former Basque fishing settlement, thus starting a formal French colonization period in Newfoundland as well as a period of periodic war and unrest between England and France in the region. The Miꞌkmaq, as allies of the French, were amenable to limited French settlement in their midst and fought alongside them against the English. English attacks on Placentia provoked retaliation by New France explorer Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville who during King William's War in

9477-648: The former Mudder Wet Path with canyon and estuary views and a waterfall, followed by a rugged climb through headlands to the Berry Head natural sea arch and there is a wilderness campsite on the path. Bear Cove Path 11.9-kilometre (7.4 mi) Kingman's Cove and Renews ) A 11.6-kilometre (7.2 mi) hike of moderate difficulty. It takes about 4–6 hours. There are two historic sites, a settlement, lighthouse, and seasonal berry grounds. Island Meadow Path ( Renews - Cappahayden ) A 10.1-kilometre (6.3 mi) hike of moderate difficulty that takes 4–6 hours, that

9594-551: The geology of Newfoundland. Gros Morne National Park has a reputation as an outstanding example of tectonics at work, and as such has been designated a World Heritage Site . The Long Range Mountains on Newfoundland's west coast are the northeasternmost extension of the Appalachian Mountains . The north-south extent of the province (46°36′N to 60°22′N), prevalent westerly winds, cold ocean currents and local factors such as mountains and coastline combine to create

9711-466: The hands of his mother Shirley Jane Turner. The events became the basis for the 2008 documentary Dear Zachary: A Letter to a Son About His Father . In 2013, there was a shooting near Villanova Plaza, a collection of stores in Conception Bay South. A man with body armor murdered two persons with an AK-47 semiautomatic rifle and committed suicide not long after. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Conception Bay South had

9828-419: The highway. Brigus Head Path (Brigus South - Admirals Cove) This 6.5-kilometre (4.0 mi) route is of moderate difficulty and takes 2–4 hours. It features Hares Ears rock formation at Hares Ears Point. Cape Broyle Head Path 19.4 km ( Cape Broyle – Calvert ) A 18.3-kilometre (11.4 mi) long route that is difficult to strenuous and takes 6–8 hours. A hilly hike has stream crossings. It features

9945-702: The infidel French") were hanged, may have been less a United Irish plot, than an act of desperation in the face of brutal living conditions and officer tyranny. Many of the Irish reserve soldiers were forced to remain on duty, unable to return to the fisheries that supported their families. Yet the Newfoundland Irish would have been aware of the agitation in the homeland for civil equality and political rights. There were reports of communication with United men in Ireland from before '98 rebellion; of Thomas Paine 's pamphlets circulating in St. John's; and, despite

10062-408: The island's offshore. Beaches Path 7.1 km (Witless Bay - Mobile) An easy 7.0-kilometre (4.3 mi) hike, taking 2–3 hours. It is a shoreline walk with mild elevation changes and there are a picnic area, and Mobile Beach. Witless Bay Ecological Reserve lies offshore. Tinkers Point Path 5.0 km (Mobile - Tors Cove ) A 5.1-kilometre (3.2 mi) easy hike that takes 2–3 hours. There

10179-531: The island. Sometime before 1563, Basque fishermen, who had been fishing cod shoals off Newfoundland's coasts since the beginning of the sixteenth century, founded Plaisance (today Placentia ), a seasonal haven which French fishermen later used. In the Newfoundland will of the Basque seaman Domingo de Luca, dated 1563 and now in an archive in Spain, he asks "that my body be buried in this port of Plazençia in

10296-399: The land explored by Sebastian and John Cabot . In Portuguese , it is Terra Nova (while the province's full name is Terra Nova e Labrador ), which literally means "new land" and is also the French name for the province's island region ( Terre-Neuve ). The name "Terra Nova" is in wide use on the island (e.g. Terra Nova National Park ). The influence of early Portuguese exploration

10413-435: The most obvious inhabitants of the East Coast Trail. The tracks of the largest land animal on the Trail are nearly everywhere. Hikers are liable to encounter moose anytime, especially during twilight and early dawn. Hikers will often observe small trees and shrubs missing their growing tips where moose have munched the new growth as they walked along the Trail. Foxes, otters, beavers, Weasels , Snowshoe Hares (called rabbit by

10530-624: The most recent cultural manifestation of peoples who first migrated from Labrador to Newfoundland around 1 AD. The Inuit , found mostly in Labrador, are the descendants of what anthropologists call the Thule people , who emerged from western Alaska around 1000 AD and spread eastwards across the High Arctic tundra reaching Labrador around 1300–1500. Researchers believe the Dorset culture lacked

10647-646: The northern end are close to St. John's and its suburbs, they traverse wilderness clifftop plateaus and involve many steep climbs, some requiring the use of fixed ropes. Long Shore Path ( Topsail Beach - Portugal Cove ) A 17.2-kilometre (10.7 mi) moderate to difficult path that takes 6 to 8 hours. This path has been opened and is scheduled for completion by August 2020. It passes through St. Thomas, St. Philips, and Beachy Cove. Regular ferry service to Bell Island from Portugal Cove. Piccos Ridge Path (Portugal Cove - Bauline ) A 14.5-kilometre (9.0 mi) strenuous hike on high, open ground, of 7–8 hours. This path

10764-686: The old cart road between the two communities and is "one of the few old roads on the Avalon to have retained its pre-automotive character". It features a stony beach, Tappers Cove wharf and mural and the Beamer, a rock formation. There is a less difficult inland alternatives at Church Cove. Silver Mine Head Path 3.8-kilometre (2.4 mi) (Torbay - Outer Cove) A 2.4-kilometre (1.5 mi) easy hike, of 1–2 hours. Features Middle Cove beach park and views to Torbay point and Flatrock. Cobblers Path ( Outer Cove to Logy Bay ) A 8.2-kilometre (5.1 mi) hike of moderate difficulty, that takes 3–4 hours. It

10881-462: The outer coastline of the island, and their later expansion into bays and inlets, cut off access for the Beothuk to their traditional sources of food. In the 18th century, as the Beothuk were driven further inland by these encroachments, violence between Beothuk and settlers escalated, with each retaliating against the other in their competition for resources. By the early 19th century, violence, starvation, and exposure to tuberculosis had decimated

10998-523: The past have played in St. John's. There are currently 5 soccer fields, a rugby field, 25m swimming pool, 2 hockey stadiums, 6 ball fields as well as many gyms, and courts. The outdoor tennis court by Villanova Jr. High has been converted into a skatepark, with the removal of the nets and addition of 4 permanent (but movable) pieces of skatepark equipment. There is also a large minor hockey association in Conception Bay South with over 900 Children involved aged from 5 until age 18. The children involved travel all

11115-603: The place where those who die here are usually buried". This will is the oldest-known civil document written in Canada. Twenty years later, in 1583, Newfoundland became England's first possession in North America and one of the earliest permanent English colonies in the New World when Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed it for Elizabeth I . European fishing boats had visited Newfoundland continuously since Cabot's second voyage in 1498 and seasonal fishing camps had existed for

11232-414: The population is descended from English and Irish settlers, with the majority immigrating from the early 17th century to the late 19th century. St. John's , the capital and largest city of Newfoundland and Labrador, is Canada's 22nd-largest census metropolitan area and home to about 40% of the province's population. St. John's is the seat of the House of Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador as well as

11349-673: The province's highest court, the Newfoundland and Labrador Court of Appeal . Until 1949, the Dominion of Newfoundland was a separate dominion in the British Empire. In 1933, the House of Assembly of the self-governing dominion voted to dissolve itself and to hand over administration of Newfoundland and Labrador to the British-appointed Commission of Government . This followed the suffering caused by

11466-607: The province's population, with more than half residing in the Avalon Peninsula . Labrador has a land border with both the province of Quebec , as well as a short border with the territory of Nunavut on Killiniq Island . The French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon lies about 20 km (12 mi) west of the Burin Peninsula . According to the 2016 census, 97.0% of residents reported English as their native language, making Newfoundland and Labrador Canada's most linguistically homogeneous province. Much of

11583-414: The sea than earlier peoples, and had developed sleds and boats similar to kayaks . They burned seal blubber in soapstone lamps. Many of these sites, such as Port au Choix , recently excavated by Memorial archaeologist, Priscilla Renouf, are quite large and show evidence of a long-term commitment to place. Renouf has excavated huge amounts of harp seal bones at Port au Choix, indicating that this place

11700-521: The settlements. By the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), French fishermen gained the right to land and cure fish on the "French Shore" on the western coast. (They had a permanent base on the nearby St. Pierre and Miquelon islands; the French gave up their French Shore rights in 1904.) In 1783, the British signed the Treaty of Paris with the United States that gave American fishermen similar rights along

11817-562: The site constitute the oldest known remnants of multicellular life on Earth. Portugal Cove South is 19-kilometre (12 mi) from Cape Race. The East Coast Trail Association maintains six designated, primitive campsites (providing level sites or platforms and outhouses) located at the midpoint of six of the longer paths: White Horse Path, Motion Path, Spout Path, Flamber Head Path, Cape Broyle Head Path and Spurwink Island Path. The campsites are first-come, first-serve basis and often fill up on weekends. The La Manche Provincial Park , located

11934-484: The site of the 17th-century Colony of Avalon . It also passes through La Manche and Chance Cove Provincial Parks . There are seasonal views of icebergs, birds, whales, other marine and plant life, and eight historic lighthouses along the path. The individual sections of the trail range in hiking time from a few hours to a full day. There are some designated camping spots along the trail, though most walkers use local accommodation. The Trail officially began in 1994 "when

12051-619: The trail in 2017 over a dispute with the town of Ferryland over bridge maintenance. Although the bridge was fixed, the landowner has continued to deny access for hikers, forcing them to use a four km detour along the Route 10 highway. The southern section near the Spout River may still be accessed as far as Herring Cove. Spurwink Island Path 20.4 km ( Aquaforte - Port Kirwan ) This a 17.1-kilometre (10.6 mi) long challenging hike that takes 7–10 hours. The path includes, since 2020,

12168-403: The trail was officially opened from Fort Amherst in St. John's to Cappahayden in the south and the East Coast Trail Association had grown to 700 members. Subsequently, the route was extended north from St. John's. The last section between Topsail Beach and Portugal Cove was opened with upgraded trails and signage in 2020. The final goal is "540 km of coastal and inland trail", which will include

12285-463: The two communities to the start in Petty Harbour. A 13.5-kilometre (8.4 mi) that is moderate to difficult. It takes 7–9 hours. There are steep ascents and descents on this "wild and exposed coastal trail". A 6.3-kilometre (3.9 mi) access path along Shoal Bay Road from the highway. Spout Path (Shoal Bay Road - Bay Bulls ) This path marks the halfway pint of the East Coast Trail. It

12402-724: The two high school hockey teams each year called the Fred Squires shield. This best-of-three game series is dedicated to Fred Squires who was a former Conception Bay South stadium manager and later died in an automobile accident while employed with the Canadian Red Cross, NL division. In 2021, the Newfoundland Growlers of the ECHL played six games at CBS Arena, after a workplace misconduct investigation prevented them from playing at their regular home stadium,

12519-417: The various climates of the province. Newfoundland, in broad terms, has a cool summer subtype, with a humid continental climate attributable to its proximity to water — no part of the island is more than 100 km (62 mi) from the Atlantic Ocean . However, Northern Labrador is classified as a polar tundra climate, and southern Labrador has a subarctic climate . Newfoundland and Labrador contain

12636-579: The war with France, of hundreds of young County Waterford men still making a seasonal migration to the island for the fisheries, among them defeated rebels, said to have "added fuel to the fire" of local grievance. When news reached Newfoundland in May 1829 that the UK Parliament had finally conceded Catholic emancipation , the locals assumed that Catholics would now pass unhindered into the ranks of public office and enjoy equality with Protestants. There

12753-478: The way from Topsail to Avondale to play in the Conception Bay Regional minor hockey association. The association is divided up into six divisions according to age: there is Pre-Novice, Novice, Atom, Peewee, Bantam, and Midget. Each division is also divided into A, B and C teams based on skill level of the people who participate in the try-outs each year. There is also an annual competition between

12870-416: The west coast of the island and Wabush the interior of Labrador. Climate data for 56 places in the province is available from Environment Canada . The data for the graphs is the average over 30 years. Error bars on the temperature graph indicate the range of daytime highs and night time lows. Snowfall is the total amount that fell during the month, not the amount accumulated on the ground. This distinction

12987-682: The western and southern shore of Conception Bay between Marysvale to Paradise, and provides excellent views over the bay. Conception Bay South is the largest community in the Admirals' Coast and provides many amenities for tourists visiting the region. The town is one of the few to have a geological attraction, namely the trilobite fossil beds along the Manuels River Linear Park. The fossils found here are similar to those found in southern Spain, Portugal, and northern Africa, but different from those found in western Newfoundland. This

13104-614: Was a celebratory parade and mass in St. John's, and a gun salute from vessels in the harbour. But the attorney general and supreme court justices determined that as Newfoundland was a colony, and not a province of the United Kingdom , the Roman Catholic Relief Act did not apply. The discrimination was a matter of local ordinance. It was not until May 1832 that the British Secretary of State for

13221-609: Was a key in establishing the theory of plate tectonics, or continental drift. The town also has a marina at Foxtrap, site of a famous 19th century "battle." The town is home to the Royal Newfoundland Yacht Club at Long Pond, which received permission for use of the Prefix Royal, and the Blue Ensign . A popular seaside attraction is Topsail Beach, in the east end of town. The park at Topsail Beach

13338-484: Was a prime location for the hunting of these animals. The people of the Dorset culture (800 BC – 1500 AD) were highly adapted to a cold climate, and much of their food came from hunting sea mammals through holes in the ice. The massive decline in sea ice during the Medieval Warm Period would have had a devastating effect upon their way of life. The appearance of the Beothuk culture is believed to be

13455-423: Was abandoned and resettled following the destruction from hurricane waves in 1966. The storm destroyed the village and an earlier suspension bridge which had linked the community with Bauline East. and, offshore, the islands of the Witless Bay Ecological Reserve can be seen. A 1.4-kilometre (0.87 mi) access trail through the park from Highway 10 connects to the southern end of the path. The southern end of

13572-469: Was at a place he called Vinland (possibly Newfoundland). Archaeological evidence of a Norse settlement was found in L'Anse aux Meadows , Newfoundland , which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1978. There are several other unconfirmed accounts of European discovery and exploration, one tale of men from the Channel Islands being blown off course in the late 15th century into

13689-634: Was caught off the coast of Long Pond and is now on display in the Atlantic Fisheries Museum in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia. Lobster trapping is also a common sight. The Kelligrews Soiree launches the Town's tourist season in early July. There are several full days of activities and events for the entire family, including the world-famous Kelligrews Soiree folk festival and garden party. The Admirals' Coast scenic route follows Route 60 along

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