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30-401: The Fogo Seamounts are of Early Cretaceous age and form a broad zone of basaltic volcanoes off the continental shelf of Atlantic Canada. This zone narrows in the northwest and widens to 200 km (120 mi) in the southeast, a pattern that differs from the adjacent Newfoundland and New England seamounts which form narrow linear arrangements typical of seamount chains. Therefore, it

60-667: A " women and children first " protocol for loading lifeboats. At 2:20 am, she broke apart and foundered with well over one thousand people still aboard. An estimated 705 survivors were rescued. In 1986, a buried guyot on the continental slope at the northwesternmost end of the Fogo Seamount Chain was intersected by an exploratory well dubbed Narwhal F-99. The well penetrated a thick sequence of Cenozoic and Cretaceous sediments before coming into contact with seamount basalt 4,478 m (14,692 ft) below sea level. Shallow-water carbonate sediments were found to overlie

90-693: A separate tectonic plate and Laurentia became North America . The Proto-Caribbean Sea continued to grow and the Paraná-Etendeka LIP began to break Africa into three pieces. The Falkland Plateau broke off from southern Africa at 132 Ma and Madagascar ceased to move independently c. 120 Ma. In the Panthalassic Ocean the Pacific Plate continued to grow; the Arctic Alaska-Chukotka terrane formed

120-447: A vessel is overtaking, approaching head-on, or crossing. To set forth these navigational rules, the terms starboard and port are essential, and to aid in in situ decision-making, the two sides of each vessel are marked, dusk to dawn, by navigation lights , the vessel's starboard side by green and its port side by red. Aircraft are lit in the same way. Port and starboard are also commonly used when dividing crews; for example with

150-628: Is possible that the Fogo Seamounts formed in a more complex manner than the Newfoundland and New England seamounts. Basalts of the Fogo Seamounts chemically range from slightly alkalic to slightly tholeiitic and show ocean island basalt characteristics. The range of compositions is comparable to basalts in Hawaii . More than 30 seamounts have been determined in the Fogo Seamount Chain from magnetic , bathymetric and seismic data. To

180-543: Is supported by the presence of carbonate platform rocks capping the flat-topped crests, which were laid down in shallow water when the crests were at the sea surface millions of years ago. As thermal subsidence caused the underlying oceanic crust to decrease in elevation, the guyots eventually subsided to their present depth. Seamounts with steep crests also exist in the Fogo Seamount Chain and are characteristic of those that never emerge above sea level to form volcanic islands . Several theories have been proposed to explain

210-600: Is that the Fogo Seamounts represented mantle upwelling that could have been initiated by a slab -tear from Tethyan subduction beneath the Iberian Peninsula . A third theory is that asymmetric mantle upwelling related to ocean opening between the Iberian Peninsula and the Grand Banks formed the Fogo Seamounts, which produced highly asymmetric stretching of continental crust . A fourth theory

240-929: Is that the seamounts formed as a result of rifting of the Iberian Peninsula from the Grand Banks prior to the separation of Labrador from Europe and Greenland , which resulted in dextral strike-slip faulting in the Jeanne d'Arc Basin and on the Cobequid – Chedabucto fault system beginning in the Early Cretaceous. The Fogo Seamounts are the location of the RMS Titanic wreck . After leaving Southampton on 10 April 1912, Titanic called at Cherbourg in France and Queenstown (now Cobh ) in Ireland, before heading west to New York . On 14 April, four days into

270-458: Is to the right of such an observer. This convention allows orders and information to be communicated unambiguously, without needing to know which way any particular crew member is facing. The term starboard derives from the Old English steorbord , meaning the side on which the ship is steered. Before ships had rudders on their centrelines, they were steered with a steering oar at

300-655: The Lower Cretaceous ( chronostratigraphic name) is the earlier or lower of the two major divisions of the Cretaceous . It is usually considered to stretch from 145  Ma to 100.5 Ma. Proposals for the exact age of the Barremian–Aptian boundary ranged from 126 to 117 Ma until recently (as of 2019), but based on drillholes in Svalbard the defining early Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (OAE1a)

330-571: The Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) was being challenged to consider the possible need for regulation of fishing effort on any seamounts within its jurisdiction of the Northwest Atlantic. The maximum economic depth of possible fishing was considered to be 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Therefore, NAFO closed two areas of the Fogo Seamounts to bottom fishing in an effort to address

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360-786: The Paraná–Etendeka LIP produced 1.5 million km of basalts and rhyolites , beginning 133 Ma and lasting for a million years. The opening of the Central Atlantic continued as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge spread north to separate the Iberian Peninsula from the banks of Newfoundland and to connect to the Canada Basin in the Arctic Ocean. With the opening of the Labrador Sea , Greenland became

390-547: The Royal Navy ordered that port be used instead. The United States Navy followed suit in 1846. Larboard continued to be used well into the 1850s by whalers . In chapter 12 of Life on the Mississippi (1883) Mark Twain writes larboard was used to refer to the left side of the ship ( Mississippi River steamboat ) in his days on the river – circa 1857–1861. Lewis Carroll rhymed larboard and starboard in "Fit

420-523: The stern of the ship on the right hand side of the ship, because more people are right-handed . The "steer-board" etymology is shared by the German Steuerbord, Dutch stuurboord and Swedish styrbord , which gave rise to the French tribord , Italian tribordo, Catalan estribord , Portuguese estibordo , Spanish estribor and Estonian tüürpoord . Since the steering oar

450-803: The Bering Strait. Continued rifting opened new basins in the Indian Ocean, separating India, Antarctica, and Australia. By 110 Ma the Mid-Atlantic Ridge reached south into the Proto-Caribbean and South Atlantic, effectively separating South America from Africa, and continued rifting in the northern end completed the longitudinal extent of the Atlantic. In Panthalassa the Ontong-Java Mega-LIP resulted in

480-959: The Early Cretaceous. Sinodelphys was more closely related to metatherians (marsupials) than eutherians (placentals) and had feet adapted for climbing trees. Steropodon is the oldest monotreme (egg-lying mammal) discovered. It lived in Gondwana (now Australia) at 105 Ma. Oil in the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field has been interpreted as being sourced from the Triassic Shublik Formation shale and carbonate, Lower Cretaceous highly radioactive zone shale, and Lower Jurassic Kingak Shale . [REDACTED] Geology portal [REDACTED] Palaeontology portal Port and starboard Port and starboard are nautical terms for watercraft , aircraft and spacecraft , referring respectively to

510-644: The Early Cretaceous; Archaefructaceae , one of the oldest fossil families (124.6 Ma) was found in the Yixian Formation , China. This time also saw the evolution of the first members of the Neornithes (modern birds). Sinodelphys , a 125 Ma-old boreosphenidan mammal found in the Yixian Formation, China, is one of the oldest mammal fossils found. The fossil location indicates early mammals began to diversify from Asia during

540-656: The Indian Ocean another LIP began to form at c. 120 Ma, the Kerguelen Plateau – Broken Ridge , together covering 2,300,000 km . Another LIP on the Liaodong Peninsula , China, c.  131–117 Ma, lasted for 10 million years. It was the result of the subduction of the Kula and Pacific plates, which was probably caused by a superplume . During the opening of the South Atlantic

570-676: The Second" of The Hunting of the Snark (1876). An Anglo-Saxon record of a voyage by Ohthere of Hålogaland used the word "bæcbord" ("back-board") for the left side of a ship. With the steering rudder on the starboard side the man on the rudder had his back to the bagbord (Nordic for portside) side of the ship. The words for "port side" in other European languages, such as German Backbord , Dutch and Afrikaans bakboord , Swedish babord , Spanish babor , Portuguese bombordo , Italian babordo , French bâbord and Estonian pakpoord , are derived from

600-448: The crossing, she hit an iceberg at 11:40 p.m. ship's time. The collision caused the hull plates to buckle inwards along her starboard (right) side and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea; she could only survive four flooding. Meanwhile, passengers and some crew members were evacuated in lifeboats, many of which were launched only partially loaded. A disproportionate number of men were left aboard because of

630-536: The formation of new tectonic plates and in the Indian Ocean the Kerguelen LIP began to push India northward. During this time many new types of dinosaur appeared or came into prominence, including ceratopsians , spinosaurids , carcharodontosaurids and coelurosaurs , while survivors from the Late Jurassic continued to persist. Angiosperms (flowering plants) appeared for the first time during

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660-691: The guyot and were abruptly overlain by hemipelagic shales . A series of coastal transgressions above the basalt suggest that final submergence of the guyot probably took place during the Berriasian of the Early Cretaceous. The Fogo Seamounts were officially named in 1993 after the Portuguese word for fire , a reference to their volcanic history. Similarly named features include the Cape Verde island of Fogo and Pico do Fogo on Fogo Island, both of which are also volcanic in origin. In 2007–2008,

690-511: The impact of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems. The Fogo Seamounts were still designated as a vulnerable marine ecosystem in 2012 along with the Newfoundland, New England and Corner Rise seamounts. Seven of the Fogo Seamounts are named after ships that offered aid or participated in the recovery efforts following the sinking of the RMS Titanic : Early Cretaceous The Early Cretaceous ( geochronological name) or

720-404: The left and right sides of the vessel, when aboard and facing the bow (front). Vessels with bilateral symmetry have left and right halves which are mirror images of each other. One asymmetric feature is where access to a boat, ship, or aircraft is at the side; it is usually only on the port side (hence the name). Port side and starboard side respectively refer to the left and right sides of

750-598: The north and east, the Fogo Seamounts are partially buried under sediment due to their close proximity to the continental slope . In contrast, seamounts to the south are visible as discrete bathymetric features north of the J-Anomaly Ridge . They rise to depths of 2,000–4,000 m (6,600–13,100 ft) below sea level , with some showing flat-topped crests that measure 2 to 10 km (1.2 to 6.2 mi) across. These flat-topped seamounts represent guyots , having formed by coastal erosion of emergent volcanoes. This

780-522: The origin of the Fogo Seamounts. One theory is that the seamounts formed as a result of the Canary hotspot passing beneath the Grand Banks. This is supported by three available age points on the seamounts, which may be interpreted to show that the seamounts become younger towards the southeast. However, their distribution may be more random as evidenced by the flat tops of the seamounts, which show no systematic pattern from northwest to southeast. Another theory

810-589: The same root. The navigational treaty convention, the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea —for instance, as appears in the UK's Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions) Regulations 1996 (and comparable US documents from the US Coast Guard ) —sets forth requirements for maritime vessels to avoid collisions, whether by sail or powered, and whether

840-414: The vessel, when aboard and facing the bow. The port and starboard sides of the vessel always refer to the same portion of the vessel's structure, and do not depend on the position of someone aboard the vessel. The port side is the side to the left of an observer aboard the vessel and facing the bow , towards the direction the vessel is heading when underway in the forward direction. The starboard side

870-581: Was carbon isotope dated to 123.1±0.3 Ma, limiting the possible range for the boundary to c. 122–121 Ma. There is a possible link between this anoxic event and a series of Early Cretaceous large igneous provinces (LIP). The Ontong Java - Manihiki - Hikurangi large igneous province, emplaced in the South Pacific at c. 120 Ma, is by far the largest LIP in Earth's history. The Ontong Java Plateau today covers an area of 1,860,000 km . In

900-403: Was on the right side of the boat, it would tie up at the wharf on the other side. Hence the left side was called port . The Oxford English Dictionary cites port in this usage since 1543. Formerly, larboard was often used instead of port . This is from Middle English ladebord and the term lade is related to the modern load . Larboard sounds similar to starboard and in 1844

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