116-813: The Foreign Mission School was an educational institution which operated between 1817 and 1826 in Cornwall, Connecticut . It was established by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions . The ABCFM was focused on sending missionaries to non-Christian cultures, mostly overseas. The school was intended to educate students of non-Christian cultures, including Native Americans, in Christianity and Western culture so that they might become missionaries and emissaries to their own peoples. It had students from Hawaii, India and East Asia, in addition to those of Native American tribes primarily from east of
232-569: A Choctaw youth enrolled in the school. In his report, Morse stated that there were twenty-nine students in the school in 1820, half of whom were Native American youths from the leading families of five or six different tribes. Native American students include: Both Cornwall residents and leaders of the Native American nations generally opposed these marriages. But, the Cherokee recognized that times were changing. In order to ensure that
348-517: A matrilineal kinship system . Status and property passed through the maternal line. Therefore children born to Native fathers and white mothers would have no place in the tribe and would not be considered members. This jeopardized tribal leadership, as the young men sent for education were being groomed to become leaders in the tribes and continue to have major roles, along with their children. After these two marriages, other interracial relationships developed, and at least two students were dismissed by
464-519: A 1929 article, Cornwall had been chosen as the site for the school because the town residents were believed committed to the missionary cause. They were thought ready to donate their efforts, money, and property to the cause. Henry Opukahaia , the school's first pupil, was an 18-year-old Native Hawaiian who had been working as a sailor on a US merchant ship but was abandoned in 1810 in New Haven, Connecticut by his ship. He traveled widely to promote
580-475: A base set, say they are traitors to their country and ought to be hanged like traitors. Although Jedidiah Morse did not change Samuel's political views, he continued as an influence. Critics believe that the elder Morse's Calvinist ideas are integral to Morse's Judgment of Jupiter, another significant work completed in England. Jupiter is shown in a cloud, accompanied by his eagle , with his hand spread above
696-472: A body of water or down steel railroad tracks or anything conductive. He went to great lengths to win a lawsuit for the right to be called "inventor of the telegraph" and promoted himself as being an inventor. But Alfred Vail also played an important role in the development of the Morse code , which was based on earlier codes for the electromagnetic telegraph. Morse received a patent for the telegraph in 1847, at
812-620: A commodious edifice for the School, a good mansion house, with a barn, and other out-buildings, and a garden for the Principal; a house, barn, &. with a few acres of good tillage land for the Steward and Commons; all situated sufficiently near to each other; and eighty acres of excellent wood land, about a mile and a half distant. In the constitution there is a provision, that youths of our own country, of acknowledged piety, may be admitted to
928-632: A letter to Morse that, in contrast to the Native American students, three of the students from the Pacific Islands had become ill and "fallen a sacrifice". He attributed their deaths to the different, colder climate. He mused that "it is probable, that Divine Providence intends this school to be chiefly useful to the Aborigines of this country." The students followed a demanding schedule: in addition to mandatory church attendance, prayer, and 7 hours of daily coursework, they did field work , as
1044-630: A man who was well schooled in electromagnetism . Witnessing various experiments with Jackson's electromagnet , Morse developed the concept of a single-wire telegraph . He set aside the painting he had been working on, The Gallery of the Louvre . The original Morse telegraph, submitted with his patent application , is part of the collections of the National Museum of American History at the Smithsonian Institution . In time,
1160-537: A partnership and patented the electrical telegraph in May 1837, and within a short time had provided the Great Western Railway with a 13-mile (21 km) stretch of telegraph. However, within a few years, Cooke and Wheatstone's multiple-wire signaling method would be overtaken by Morse's cheaper method. In an 1848 letter to a friend, Morse describes how vigorously he fought to be called the sole inventor of
1276-518: A portrait painter, Morse, in his middle age, contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs. He was a co-developer of Morse code in 1837 and helped to develop the commercial use of telegraphy. Samuel F. B. Morse was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts , the first child of the pastor Jedidiah Morse (1761–1826), who was also a geographer, and his wife Elizabeth Ann Finley Breese (1766–1828). His father
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#17327658553701392-408: A question could be raised on that subject? Morse encountered the problem of getting a telegraphic signal to carry over more than a few hundred yards of wire. His breakthrough came from the insights of Professor Leonard Gale , who taught chemistry at New York University (he was a personal friend of Joseph Henry ). With Gale's help, Morse introduced extra circuits or relays at frequent intervals and
1508-460: A school can have significant impact on local communities. In low-income countries , only 32% of primary, 43% of lower secondary and 52% of upper secondary schools have access to electricity . This affects access to the internet , which is just 37% in upper secondary schools in low-income countries, as compared to 59% in those in middle-income countries and 93% in those in high-income countries . Access to basic water , sanitation and hygiene
1624-436: A small electrical telegraph within three weeks. Wheatstone also was experimenting with telegraphy and (most importantly) understood that a single large battery would not carry a telegraphic signal over long distances. He theorized that numerous small batteries were far more successful and efficient in this task. (Wheatstone was building on the primary research of Joseph Henry , an American physicist.) Cooke and Wheatstone formed
1740-571: A student's needs while allowing students to continue working and tending to their other obligations. Online school education is divided into three subcategories: Online Elementary School, Online Middle School, Online High school. As a profession, teaching has levels of work-related stress (WRS) that are among the highest of any profession in some countries, such as the United Kingdom and the United States. The degree of this problem
1856-589: A symbol of American Protestant Christianity's Second Great Awakening and expansion of missionary efforts, especially in New England. It also connected the small farm town of Cornwall in Connecticut's Litchfield Hills to the early 19th century's clash of civilizations areas of interest to the US and Great Britain. It had students from Hawaii, India, and Southeast Asia, in addition to Native Americans. According to
1972-457: A time that works best. Conflicts with taking an online class may include not being face to face with the instructor when learning or being in an environment with other students. Online classes can also make understanding the content challenging, especially when unable to get in quick contact with the instructor. Online students have the advantage of using other online sources with assignments or exams for that specific class. Online classes also have
2088-868: A tree with a small / no campus and are free of cost. There are various boards of schools in India, namely Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), Madrasa Boards of various states, Matriculation Boards of various states, State Boards of various boards, Anglo Indian Board, among others. Today's typical syllabus includes language(s), mathematics, science – physics, chemistry, biology, geography, history, general knowledge, and information technology/computer science. Extracurricular activities include physical education/sports and cultural activities like music, choreography, painting, and theatre/drama. In much of continental Europe,
2204-720: A vocational school directly. Instead, they are supposed to proceed to one of Germany's general education schools such as Gesamtschule , Hauptschule , Realschule or Gymnasium . When they leave that school, which usually happens at age 15–19, they may proceed to a vocational school. The term school is rarely used for tertiary education , except for some upper or high schools (German: Hochschule), which describe colleges and universities. In Eastern Europe modern schools (after World War II ), of both primary and secondary educations, often are combined. In contrast, secondary education might be split into accomplished or not. The schools are classified as middle schools of general education. For
2320-471: Is Bishop Kelly of Richmond, Va.? He also sojourns with us until his duties to foreign masters are performed, and then is rewarded by promotion." ( Patrick Kelly was a native of Ireland, and the first bishop of Richmond, Virginia. When after a couple of years, differences regarding questions of jurisdiction arose between him and Ambrose Maréchal , Archbishop of Baltimore, Kelly was offered the recently vacant See of Waterford and Lismore in his homeland.) In
2436-426: Is a condition having per se nothing of moral character in it, any more than the being a parent, or employer, or ruler. In the United States, Morse held his telegraph patent for many years, but it was both ignored and contested. In 1853, The Telegraph Patent case – O'Reilly v. Morse came before the U.S. Supreme Court where, after very lengthy investigation, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that Morse had been
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#17327658553702552-498: Is a discipline which practices architect and others for the design of educational institutions, such as schools and universities , as well as other choices in the educational design of learning experiences. The design of building can significantly influence the learning experience of students. Additionally, because schools are important sources of traffic, employment and community activities, school buildings often act as anchor institutions in neighborhoods or communities. The decline of
2668-530: Is also far from universal. Among upper secondary schools, only 53% in low-income countries and 84% in middle-income countries have access to basic drinking water. Access to water and sanitation is universal in high-income countries. The safety of staff and students is increasingly becoming an issue for school communities, an issue most schools are addressing through improved security. Some have also taken measures such as installing metal detectors or video surveillance . Others have even taken measures such as having
2784-596: Is becoming increasingly recognized and support systems are being put into place. Stress sometimes affects students more severely than teachers, up to the point where the students are prescribed stress medication. This stress is claimed to be related to standardized testing, and the pressure on students to score above average. According to a 2008 mental health study by the Associated Press and mtvU, eight in 10 U.S. college students said they had sometimes or frequently experienced stress in their daily lives. This
2900-574: Is compulsory under the Universal Basic Education Program (UBEC). Tertiary institutions include public and private universities, polytechnics, and colleges of education. Universities can be funded by the federal government, state governments, religious institutions, or individuals and organisations. Many schools are owned or funded by states . Private schools operate independently from the government. Private schools usually rely on fees from families whose children attend
3016-600: Is employed", but later "a group to whom lectures were given, school". The concept of grouping students together in a centralized location for learning has existed since Classical antiquity . Formal schools have existed at least since ancient Greece (see Academy ), ancient Rome (see Education in Ancient Rome ) ancient India (see Gurukul ), and ancient China (see History of education in China ). The Byzantine Empire had an established schooling system beginning at
3132-465: Is only one type of secondary school. However, they may be funded either by the state or independently funded. Scotland's school performance is monitored by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education . Ofsted reports on performance in England and Estyn reports on performance in Wales. In the United Kingdom, most schools are publicly funded and known as state schools or maintained schools in which tuition
3248-536: Is provided for free. There are also private schools or private schools that charge fees. Some of the most selective and expensive private schools are known as public schools , a usage that can be confusing to speakers of North American English . In North American usage, a public school is publicly funded or run. In much of the Commonwealth of Nations , including Australia, New Zealand, India, Pakistan , Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Kenya, and Tanzania,
3364-464: The Regional terms section below) but generally include primary school for young children and secondary school for teenagers who have completed primary education . An institution where higher education is taught is commonly called a university college or university . In addition to these core schools, students in a given country may also attend schools before and after primary (elementary in
3480-723: The Jupiter at another Royal Academy exhibition, but Morse's time had run out. He left England on August 21, 1815, to return to the United States and begin his full-time career as a painter. The decade 1815–1825 marked significant growth in Morse's work, as he sought to capture the essence of America's culture and life. He painted the Federalist former President John Adams (1816). The Federalists and Anti-Federalists clashed over Dartmouth College . Morse painted portraits of Francis Brown —the college's president—and Judge Woodward (1817), who
3596-495: The Latin language . This led to the term grammar school , which in the United States informally refers to a primary school, but in the United Kingdom means a school that selects entrants based on ability or aptitude. The school curriculum has gradually broadened to include literacy in the vernacular language and technical, artistic, scientific, and practical subjects. Obligatory school attendance became common in parts of Europe during
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3712-665: The Morse code that he developed would become the primary language of telegraphy in the world. It is still the standard for rhythmic transmission of data. Meanwhile, William Cooke and Professor Charles Wheatstone had learned of the Wilhelm Weber and Carl Gauss electromagnetic telegraph in 1833. They had reached the stage of launching a commercial telegraph prior to Morse, despite starting later. In England, Cooke became fascinated by electrical telegraphy in 1836, four years after Morse. Aided by his greater financial resources, Cooke abandoned his primary subject of anatomy and built
3828-694: The Thorvaldsens Museum , where the sculptor's grave is in the inner courtyard. He was received by King Frederick VII , who decorated him with the Order of the Dannebrog for the telegraph. Morse expressed his wish to donate his Thorvaldsen portrait from 1831 in Rome to the king. The Thorvaldsen portrait today belongs to Margrethe II of Denmark . The Morse telegraphic apparatus was officially adopted as
3944-461: The educational institution and building designed to provide learning spaces and learning environments for the teaching of students under the direction of teachers . Most countries have systems of formal education , which is sometimes compulsory . In these systems, students progress through a series of schools that can be built and operated by both government and private organization. The names for these schools vary by country (discussed in
4060-498: The 1850s, Morse became well known as a defender of slavery , considering it to be sanctioned by God. In his treatise "An Argument on the Ethical Position of Slavery," he wrote: My creed on the subject of slavery is short. Slavery per se is not sin. It is a social condition ordained from the beginning of the world for the wisest purposes, benevolent and disciplinary, by Divine Wisdom. The mere holding of slaves, therefore,
4176-536: The 18th century. In Denmark-Norway , this was introduced as early as in 1739–1741, the primary end being to increase the literacy of the almue , i.e., the "regular people". Many of the earlier public schools in the United States and elsewhere were one-room schools where a single teacher taught seven grades of boys and girls in the same classroom. Beginning in the 1920s, one-room schools were consolidated into multiple classroom facilities with transportation increasingly provided by kid hacks and school buses . Islam
4292-530: The 5th century CE, monastic schools were also established throughout Western Europe, teaching religious and secular subjects. In Europe, universities emerged during the 12th century; here, scholasticism was an important tool, and the academicians were called schoolmen . During the Middle Ages and much of the Early Modern period, the main purpose of schools (as opposed to universities) was to teach
4408-516: The Age of the Early Republic , a historical narrative about the school that included modern perspectives about the cultural issues. The Steward's House, the only relatively unaltered remnant of the school's historic Cornwall campus, is now a private residence. In 2016 it was designated a National Historic Landmark in recognition of the school's significance. School A school is both
4524-715: The Empire emphasized efficiency in its war manuals. The Byzantine education system continued until the empire's collapse in 1453 AD. In Western Europe, a considerable number of cathedral schools were founded during the Early Middle Ages in order to teach future clergy and administrators, with the oldest still existing, and continuously operated, cathedral schools being The King's School, Canterbury (established 597 CE), King's School, Rochester (established 604 CE), St Peter's School, York (established 627 CE) and Thetford Grammar School (established 631 CE). Beginning in
4640-651: The Hacienda Concordia in the town of Guayama . During one of her visits, she met Edward Lind, a Danish merchant who worked in his brother-in-law's Hacienda La Henriqueta in the town of Arroyo . They later married. Lind purchased the Hacienda from his sister when she became a widow. Morse, who often spent his winters at the Hacienda with his daughter and son-in-law, set a two-mile telegraph line connecting his son-in-law's Hacienda to their house in Arroyo. The line
4756-515: The Louvre. He completed the work upon his return to the United States. In 1832, after his return to the United States, Morse was appointed professor of painting and sculpture at the University of the City of New York, now New York University . This was the first such professorship in the United States. On a subsequent visit to Paris in 1839, Morse met Louis Daguerre . He became interested in
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4872-562: The Magnetic Telegraph Company was formed in order to build telegraph lines from New York City toward Philadelphia , Boston , Buffalo , and the Mississippi . Telegraphic lines rapidly spread throughout the United States in the next few years, with 12,000 miles of wire laid by 1850. Morse at one time adopted Wheatstone and Carl August von Steinheil 's idea of broadcasting an electrical telegraph signal through
4988-565: The Mississippi River. The school was called a seminary , "for the purpose of educating youths of Heathen nations, with a view to their being useful in their respective countries", according to Jedidiah Morse . The school was established in the last few months of 1816, and opened in May 1817. The first principal was Edwin Welles Dwight (1789–1841). After the first year, Dwight was replaced by Reverend Herman Daggett , who ran
5104-477: The Mississippi River. Some 24 different native languages were spoken at the school. In its first year, the school had twelve students; seven Hawaiians, one Hindu , one Bengali , a Native American, and two Anglo-Americans . By the second year, there were twenty-four; four Cherokee , two Choctaw , one Abenaki , six Hawaiians, two Chinese , two Malays , one Bengali, one Hindu , and two Marquesans , as well as three Anglo-Americans. Principal Daggett observed in
5220-497: The Mughal rule, Madrasahs were introduced in India to educate the children of Muslim parents. British records show that indigenous education was widespread in the 18th century, with a school for every temple, mosque, or village in most regions. The subjects taught included Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Theology, Law, Astronomy, Metaphysics, Ethics, Medical Science, and Religion. Under British rule, Christian missionaries from England,
5336-526: The Pilgrims , through the depiction of simple clothing as well as the people's austere facial features. His image captured the psychology of the Federalists; Calvinists from England brought to North America ideas of religion and government, thus linking the two countries. This work attracted the attention of the notable artist, Washington Allston . Allston wanted Morse to accompany him to England to meet
5452-580: The Quran. Attending a Qur'anic school is how children become recognized members of the Islamic faith. Children often attend state schools and a Qur'anic school. In Mozambique, specifically, there are two kinds of Qur'anic schools. They are the tariqa based and the Wahhabi-based schools. What makes these schools different is who controls them. Tariqa schools are controlled at the local level. In contrast,
5568-460: The Ridge and Boudinot descendants would be members of the Cherokee nation, the Cherokee changed their rules of tribal membership to accommodate these marriages. Otherwise, in their matrilineal society, the children of these white mothers would not be considered Cherokee and would have no place in the tribe. The leaders had been grooming Ridge and Boudinot for leadership roles in the tribe. In addition to
5684-843: The Society of Brothers in Unity . He supported himself by painting. In 1810, he graduated from Yale with Phi Beta Kappa honors. Morse married Lucretia Pickering Walker on September 29, 1818, in Concord, New Hampshire . She died on February 7, 1825, of a heart attack shortly after the birth of their third child. (Susan b. 1819, Charles b. 1823, James b. 1825). He married his second wife, Sarah Elizabeth Griswold on August 10, 1848, in Utica, New York and had four children (Samuel b. 1849, Cornelia b. 1851, William b. 1853, Edward b. 1857). Morse expressed some of his Calvinist beliefs in his painting, Landing of
5800-703: The Supreme Court chamber in the basement of the U.S. Capitol building in Washington, D.C., to the B&;O's Mount Clare Station in Baltimore. Annie Ellsworth chose these words from the Bible ( Numbers 23:23); her father, U.S. Patent Commissioner Henry Leavitt Ellsworth , had championed Morse's invention and secured early funding for it. His telegraph could transmit thirty characters per minute. In May 1845,
5916-504: The U.S.) and secondary (middle school in the U.S.) education. Kindergarten or preschool provide some schooling to very young children (typically ages 3–5). University, vocational school , college or seminary may be available after secondary school. A school may be dedicated to one particular field, such as a school of economics or dance. Alternative schools may provide nontraditional curriculum and methods. Non-government schools, also known as private schools , may be required when
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#17327658553706032-770: The US, Morse finally gained financial backing by Maine congressman Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith . This funding may be the first instance of government support to a private researcher, especially funding for applied (as opposed to basic or theoretical) research. Morse made his last trip to Washington, D.C., in December 1842, stringing "wires between two committee rooms in the Capitol, and sent messages back and forth" to demonstrate his telegraph system. Congress appropriated $ 30,000 (equivalent to $ 981,000 in 2023) in 1843 for construction of an experimental 38-mile (61 km) telegraph line between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore along
6148-505: The United States extensively throughout the 1820s, attracting audiences willing to pay the 25-cent admission fee. The artist chose to paint the House of Representatives , in a similar way, with careful attention to architecture and dramatic lighting. He also wished to select a uniquely American topic that would bring glory to the young nation. His subject did just that, showing American democracy in action. He traveled to Washington D.C. to draw
6264-495: The United States in order to gain control of the country. In his Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States , Morse wrote: Surely American Protestants, freemen, have discernment enough to discover beneath them the cloven foot of this subtle foreign heresy. They will see that Popery is now, what it has ever been, a system of the darkest political intrigue and despotism, cloaking itself to avoid attack under
6380-590: The United States, and other countries established missionary and boarding schools in India. Later as these schools gained popularity, more were started, and some gained prestige. These schools marked the beginning of modern schooling in India. The syllabus and calendar they followed became the benchmark for schools in modern India. Today most schools follow the missionary school model for tutoring, subject/syllabus, and governance, with minor changes. Schools in India range from large campuses with thousands of students and hefty fees to schools where children are taught under
6496-909: The United States, school performance through high school is monitored by each state's department of education . Charter schools are publicly funded elementary or secondary schools that have been freed from some of the rules, regulations, and statutes that apply to other public schools. The terms grammar school and grade school are sometimes used to refer to a primary school due to British colonial legacies. In addition, there are tax-funded magnet schools which offer different programs and instruction not available in traditional schools. In West Africa, "school" can also refer to "bush" schools, Quranic schools, or apprenticeships. These schools include formal and informal learning. Bush schools are training camps that pass down cultural skills, traditions, and knowledge to their students. Bush schools are semi-similar to traditional western schools because they are separated from
6612-941: The Wahhabi are controlled by the Islamic Council. Within the Qur'anic school system, there are levels of education. They range from a basic level of understanding, called chuo and kioni in local languages, to the most advanced, which is called ilimu. In Nigeria, the term school broadly covers daycares , nursery schools , primary schools , secondary schools and tertiary institutions . Primary and secondary schools are either privately funded by religious institutions and corporate organisations or government-funded. Government-funded schools are commonly referred to as public schools. Students spend six years in primary school, three years in junior secondary school, and three years in senior secondary school. The first nine years of formal schooling
6728-614: The academy's president from 1826 to 1845 and again from 1861 to 1862. From 1830 to 1832, Morse traveled and studied in Europe to improve his painting skills, visiting Italy, Switzerland, and France. During his time in Paris, he developed a friendship with the writer James Fenimore Cooper . As a project, he painted miniature copies of 38 of the Louvre 's famous paintings on a single canvas (6 ft. x 9 ft), which he entitled The Gallery of
6844-461: The advantage of students not needing to leave their house for a morning class or worrying about their attendance for that class. Students can work at their own pace to learn and achieve within that curriculum. The convenience of learning at home has been an attraction point for enrolling online. Students can attend class anywhere a computer can go – at home, in a library, or while traveling internationally. Online school classes are designed to fit
6960-477: The architecture of the new Capitol and placed eighty individuals within the painting. He chose to portray a night scene, balancing the architecture of the Rotunda with the figures, and using lamplight to highlight the work. Pairs of people, those who stood alone, individuals bent over their desks working, were each painted simply but with faces of character. Morse chose nighttime to convey that Congress' dedication to
7076-632: The artist Benjamin West . Allston arranged—with Morse's father—a three-year stay for painting study in England. The two men set sail aboard the Libya on July 15, 1811. In England, Morse perfected his painting techniques under Allston's watchful eye; by the end of 1811, he gained admittance to the Royal Academy . At the academy, he was moved by the art of the Renaissance and paid close attention to
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#17327658553707192-445: The boys' bush school. They practice domestic affairs such as cooking, childcare, and being a good wife. Their training is focused on how to be a proper woman by societal standards. Qur'anic schools are the principal way of teaching the Quran and knowledge of the Islamic faith. These schools also fostered literacy and writing during the time of colonization. Today, the emphasis is on the different levels of reading, memorizing, and reciting
7308-603: The case of the School Net Namibia . Some online classes also provide experience in a class. When people take them, they have already been introduced to the subject and know what to expect. Classes provide high school/college credit, allowing students to take the classes at their own pace. Many online classes cost money to take, but some are offered free. Internet-based distance learning programs are offered widely through many universities. Instructors teach through online activities and assignments. Online classes are taught
7424-658: The children swipe identification cards as they board the school bus. These plans have included door numbering to aid public safety response for some schools. Other security concerns faced by schools include bomb threats, gangs, and vandalism. In recognition of these threats, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4 advocates for upgrading education facilities to provide a safe, non-violent learning environment. School health services are services from medical, teaching and other professionals applied in or out of school to improve
7540-481: The electromagnetic telegraph despite the previous inventions. I have been so constantly under the necessity of watching the movements of the most unprincipled set of pirates I have ever known, that all my time has been occupied in defense, in putting evidence into something like legal shape that I am the inventor of the Electro-Magnetic Telegraph! Would you have believed it ten years ago that
7656-502: The factory house through an elaborate scheme. The first public transmission, with the message, "A patient waiter is no loser", was witnessed by a mostly local crowd. Morse traveled to Washington, D.C. in 1838 seeking federal sponsorship for a telegraph line but was not successful. He went to Europe, seeking both sponsorship and patents, but in London discovered that Cooke and Wheatstone had already established priority. After his return to
7772-412: The first to combine the battery , electromagnetism , the electromagnet , and the correct battery configuration into a workable practical telegraph. However, in spite of this clear ruling, Morse still received no official recognition from the United States government. The Supreme Court did not accept all of Morse's claims. The O'Reilly v. Morse case has become widely known among patent lawyers because
7888-620: The first to make the Madrassa system a public domain under Caliph 's control. Under the Ottomans , the towns of Bursa and Edirne became the main centers of learning. The Ottoman system of Külliye , a building complex containing a mosque, a hospital, madrassa, and public kitchen and dining areas, revolutionized the education system, making learning accessible to a broader public through its free meals, health care, and sometimes free accommodation. The term " school" varies by country, as do
8004-531: The government does not supply adequate or specific educational needs. Other private schools can also be religious, such as Christian schools , gurukula (Hindu schools), madrasa (Arabic schools), hawzas (Shi'i Muslim schools), yeshivas (Jewish schools), and others; or schools that have a higher standard of education or seek to foster other personal achievements. Schools for adults include institutions of corporate training , military education and training and business schools . Critics of school often accuse
8120-464: The health and well-being of children and, in some cases, whole families. These services have been developed in different ways around the globe. However, the fundamentals are constant: the early detection, correction, prevention, or amelioration of disease, disability, and abuse from which school-aged children can suffer. Some schools offer remote access to their classes over the internet. Online schools also can provide support to traditional schools, as in
8236-403: The institution of school or in a virtual school outside a traditional school building, respectively. Schools are organized in several different organizational models , including departmental, small learning communities, academies, integrated, and schools-within-a-school. The word school derives from Greek σχολή ( scholē ), originally meaning "leisure" and also "that in which leisure
8352-580: The larger community. These schools are located in forests outside of the towns and villages, and the space used is solely for these schools. Once the students have arrived in the forest, they cannot leave until their training is complete. Visitors are prohibited from these areas. Instead of being separated by age, Bush schools are separated by gender. Women and girls cannot enter the boys' bush school territory and vice versa. Boys receive training in cultural crafts, fighting, hunting, and community laws among other subjects. Girls are trained in their own version of
8468-437: The latter occupying a more primary role in students' hierarchy of needs . [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from #CommitToEducation , 35, UNESCO . Samuel F. B. Morse Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, 1791 – April 2, 1872) was an American inventor and painter. After establishing his reputation as
8584-888: The latter's daguerreotype —the first practical means of photography. Morse wrote a letter to the New York Observer describing the invention, which was published widely in the American press and provided broad awareness of the new technology. Mathew Brady , one of the earliest photographers in American history, famous for his depictions of the Civil War , initially studied under Morse and later took photographs of him. Some of Morse's paintings and sculptures are on display at his Locust Grove estate in Poughkeepsie, New York . While returning by ship from Europe in 1832, Morse encountered Charles Thomas Jackson of Boston,
8700-547: The leak in the ship through which muddy waters from without threaten to sink us." He wrote numerous letters to the New York Observer (his brother Sidney was the editor at the time) urging people to fight the perceived Catholic menace. These were widely reprinted in other newspapers. Among other claims, he believed that the Austrian government and Catholic aid organizations were subsidizing Catholic immigration to
8816-484: The major catalyst against it were the marriages of two Cherokee students (high-ranking cousins in their tribe) to local European-American girls. Concern about potential marriages of other such interracial couples generated strong animosity to the school among local residents. Leaders of Native American tribes who sent their sons there had their own concerns. The Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast, and others, had
8932-666: The marriage issue, leaders of some of the Southeastern tribes became concerned that residence in the northern states was harming the health of their students. Support for the school rapidly dwindled, until it was closed in 1826 or 1827. The Foreign Mission School and the issues of interracial marriage (of white women by Cherokee men) was dramatized in an episode of the PBS American Experience television series in 2009. In 2014 Yale historian John Demos published The Heathen School: A Story of Hope and Betrayal in
9048-579: The mid-19th century. In 1836, he ran unsuccessfully for mayor of New York under the anti-immigrant Nativist Party 's banner, receiving only 1,496 votes. When Morse visited Rome, he allegedly refused to take his hat off in the presence of the Pope. Morse worked to unite Protestants against Catholic institutions (including schools), wanted to forbid Catholics from holding public office, and promoted changing immigration laws to limit immigration from Catholic countries. On this topic, he wrote, "We must first stop
9164-613: The names of the various levels of education within the country. In the United Kingdom, the term school refers primarily to pre- university institutions, and these can, for the most part, be divided into pre-schools or nursery schools , primary schools (sometimes further divided into infant school and junior school ), and secondary schools . Various types of secondary schools in England and Wales include grammar schools , comprehensives , secondary moderns , and city academies . While they may have different names in Scotland, there
9280-605: The old Beylerbeyi Palace (the present Beylerbeyi Palace was built in 1861–1865 on the same location) in Istanbul, which was issued by Sultan Abdülmecid , who personally tested the new invention. He was elected an Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1849. The original patent went to the Breese side of the family after the death of Samuel Morse. In 1856, Morse went to Copenhagen and visited
9396-503: The parties and he is pronouncing judgment. Marpessa , with an expression of compunction and shame, is throwing herself into the arms of her husband. Idas, who tenderly loved Marpessa, is eagerly rushing forward to receive her while Apollo stares with surprise. Critics have suggested that Jupiter represents God's omnipotence—watching every move that is made. Some call the portrait a moral teaching by Morse on infidelity . Although Marpessa fell victim, she realized that her eternal salvation
9512-423: The primary level. According to Traditions and Encounters , the founding of the primary education system began in 425 AD and "... military personnel usually had at least a primary education ...". The sometimes efficient and often large government of the Empire meant that educated citizens were a must. Although Byzantium lost much of the grandeur of Roman culture and extravagance in the process of surviving,
9628-462: The principles of democracy transcended day. The House of Representatives failed to draw a crowd when exhibited in New York City in 1823. By contrast, John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence had won popular acclaim a few years earlier. Viewers may have felt that the architecture of The House of Representatives overshadows the individuals, making it hard to appreciate the drama of what
9744-437: The research and development in the ironworks facilities, they chose a nearby factory house as the demonstration site. Without the repeater , Morse devised a system of electromagnetic relays. This was the key innovation, as it freed the technology from being limited by distance in sending messages. The range of the telegraph was limited to two miles (3.2 km), and the inventors had pulled two miles (3.2 km) of wires inside
9860-582: The right-of-way of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad . An impressive demonstration occurred on May 1, 1844, when news of the Whig Party 's nomination of Henry Clay for U.S. president was telegraphed from the party's convention in Baltimore to the Capitol Building in Washington. On May 24, 1844, the line was officially opened as Morse sent the now-famous words, " What hath God wrought ," from
9976-410: The sacred name of religion. They will be deeply impressed with the truth, that Popery is a political as well as a religious system; that in this respect it differs totally from all other sects, from all other forms of religion in the country. In the same book, published in 1835 under the name of "Brutus", in speaking of "the foreign Emissaries of Popery re-warded in their own country," said : "Where
10092-461: The same as in-person, with the same curriculum. The instructor offers the syllabus with their fixed requirements like any other class. Students can virtually turn their assignments in to their instructors according to deadlines. This being through via email or on the course webpage. This allows students to work at their own pace yet meet the correct deadlines. Students taking an online class have more flexibility in their schedules to take their classes at
10208-681: The school for funding; however, sometimes such schools also receive government support (for example, through School vouchers ). Many private schools are affiliated with a particular religion; these are known as parochial schools . Schools are organized spaces purposed for teaching and learning. The classrooms where teachers teach and students learn are of central importance. Classrooms may be specialized for certain subjects, such as laboratory classrooms for science education and workshops for industrial arts education. Typical schools have many other rooms and areas, which may include: Educational architecture, school architecture or school building design
10324-595: The school for the next six years. Dwight was a distant cousin of the Yale president in 1817, Timothy Dwight IV . Daggett was nephew of Naphtali Daggett , who had been president of Yale College . A total of approximately one hundred young men from Native American and other non-English indigenous peoples were trained at the school. The school's goal was for them to become missionaries , preachers , translators , teachers , and health workers in their native communities. According to Morse, there belong to it (the school)
10440-475: The school raised much of its own food. The classical program of study included astronomy , calculus , theology , geography , chemistry , navigation and surveying , French , Greek , and Latin , in addition to practical courses such as blacksmithing and coopering . In time, public doubt began to build in Cornwall and the mission community about the purpose of the school, and support began to wane. But
10556-495: The school system of failing to adequately prepare students for their future lives, of encouraging certain temperaments while inhibiting others, of prescribing students exactly what to do, how, when, where and with whom, which would suppress creativity , and of using extrinsic measures such as grades and homework , which would inhibit children's natural curiosity and desire to learn. In homeschooling and distance education , teaching and learning take place independent from
10672-539: The school, at their own expense, and at the discretion of the Agents. Under the instruction of the able and highly respected Principal, the Rev. Mr. Daggett, and his very capable and faithful assistant, Mr. Prentice, the improvement of the pupils, in general, has been increasing and satisfactory, and in not a few instances, uncommonly good. Besides being taught in various branches of learning, and made practically acquainted with
10788-492: The school, but died in Cornwall in 1818 at 26 before he could return home. He recruited four more Hawaiians, including one known as George Prince , who reportedly had fought in the War of 1812 . The school printed a pamphlet with their stories to raise money. Samuel F. B. Morse , son of Jedidiah, painted their portraits. Other students came from distant countries, as well as several Native American tribes, primarily from those east of
10904-592: The school. But local opposition grew: the school closed in 1826 or 1827, and townspeople burned it down. Sons of some of the most prominent Native American leaders of the time were educated at the Foreign Mission School. They were often of mixed ancestry, typically with Native American mothers and white fathers, reflecting the tribal history of interaction with whites in the Southeast and unions with white traders and others. Because these tribes had matrilineal kinship systems , these youth were raised in
11020-540: The standard for European telegraphy in 1851. Only the United Kingdom (with its extensive overseas empire ) kept the needle telegraph of Cooke and Wheatstone. In 1858, Morse introduced wired communication to Latin America when he established a telegraph system in Puerto Rico , then a Spanish Colony. Morse's oldest daughter, Susan Walker Morse (1819–1885), would often visit her uncle Charles Pickering Walker, who owned
11136-501: The stigma of being "soft" or "spoiling" toward students. Forms of discipline, such as control over when students may speak, and normalized behaviour, such as raising a hand to speak, are imposed in the name of greater efficiency. Practitioners of critical pedagogy maintain that such disciplinary measures have no positive effect on student learning. Indeed, some argue that disciplinary practices detract from learning, saying that they undermine students' dignity and sense of self-worth –
11252-634: The strength of the young and vibrant United States versus the British and British-American supporters. During Morse's time in Britain, the Americans and British were engaged in the War of 1812 . Both societies were conflicted over loyalties. Anti-Federalist Americans aligned themselves with the French, abhorred the British, and believed a strong central government to be inherently dangerous to democracy. As
11368-423: The technical purposes, they include "degrees" of the education they provide out of three available: the first – primary, the second – unaccomplished secondary, and the third – accomplished secondary. Usually, the first two degrees of education (eight years) are always included. In contrast, the last one (two years) permits the students to pursue vocational or specialized educations. In North America,
11484-401: The term school can refer to any educational institution at any level and covers all of the following: preschool (for toddlers ), kindergarten , elementary school , middle school (also called intermediate school or junior high school, depending on specific age groups and geographic region), high school (or in some cases senior high school), college, university, and graduate school . In
11600-501: The term school refers primarily to pre-university institutions. In ancient India, schools were in the form of Gurukuls . Gurukuls were traditional Hindu residential learning schools, typically the teacher's house or a monastery. Schools today are commonly known by the Sanskrit terms Vidyashram , Vidyalayam , Vidya Mandir , Vidya Bhavan in India. In southern languages, it is known as Pallikoodam or PaadaSaalai . During
11716-457: The term school usually applies to primary education , with primary schools that last between four and nine years, depending on the country. It also applies to secondary education , with secondary schools often divided between Gymnasiums and vocational schools , which again, depending on country and type of school, educate students for between three and six years. In Germany, students graduating from Grundschule are not allowed to progress into
11832-542: The third seems reserved for Lafayette. A peaceful woodland landscape below him symbolized American tranquility and prosperity as it approached the age of fifty. The developing friendship between Morse and Lafayette and their discussions of the Revolutionary War affected the artist after his return to New York City. In 1826, he helped found the National Academy of Design in New York City. He served as
11948-401: The tribes, considered born to their mother's clan and people, whether Cherokee, Choctaw or other. Later, a number of such young men became distinguished leaders as adult members of their nations in the rising generation. Tribal leaders had wanted them to learn more about European Americans and their culture in order to prepare for such leadership roles. In the fall of 1818 three Cherokee and
12064-473: The useful arts of civilized life; they are instructed constantly, and with special care in the doctrines and duties of Christianity. Nor has this instruction been communicated in vain. Of the thirty-one Heathen youths . . . seventeen are thought to have given evidence of a living faith in the Gospel; and several others are very seriously thoughtful on religious concerns. From its founding, the school rapidly became
12180-592: The war raged on, Morse's letters to his parents became more anti-Federalist in tone. In one such letter, Morse wrote: I assert ... that the Federalists in the Northern States have done more injury to their country by their violent opposition measures than a French alliance could. Their proceedings are copied into the English papers, read before Parliament , and circulated through their country, and what do they say of them ... they call them [Federalists] cowards,
12296-536: The works of Michelangelo and Raphael . After observing and practicing life drawing and absorbing its anatomical demands, the young artist produced his masterpiece, the Dying Hercules . (He first made a sculpture as a study for the painting.) To some, the Dying Hercules seemed to represent a political statement against the British and also the American Federalists . The muscles symbolized
12412-570: Was Anthony Morse, of Marlborough, Wiltshire , who had emigrated to America in 1635, and settled in Newbury, Massachusetts . After attending Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts , Samuel Morse went on to Yale College to study religious philosophy , mathematics, and science. While at Yale, he attended lectures on electricity from Benjamin Silliman and Jeremiah Day and was a member of
12528-599: Was a great preacher of the Calvinist faith and supporter of the Federalist Party . He thought it helped preserve Puritan traditions (strict observance of Sabbath , among other things), and believed in the Federalist support of an alliance with Britain and a strong central government. Morse strongly believed in education within a Federalist framework, alongside the instillation of Calvinist virtues, morals, and prayers for his first son. His first ancestor in America
12644-457: Was an increase of 20% from a survey five years previously. Thirty-four percent had felt depressed at some point in the past three months, 13 percent had been diagnosed with a mental health condition such as an anxiety disorder or depression, and 9 percent had seriously considered suicide. Schools and their teachers have always been under pressure – for instance, pressure to cover the curriculum, perform well compared to other schools, and avoid
12760-462: Was another culture that developed a school system in the modern sense of the word. Emphasis was put on knowledge, which required a systematic way of teaching and spreading knowledge and purpose-built structures. At first, mosques combined religious performance and learning activities. However, by the 9th century, the madrassa was introduced, a school that was built independently from the mosque, such as al-Qarawiyyin , founded in 859 CE. They were also
12876-586: Was commissioned to paint President James Monroe in 1820. He embodied Jeffersonian democracy by favoring the common man over the aristocrat. Morse had moved to New Haven . His commissions for The House of Representatives (1821) and a portrait of the Marquis de Lafayette (1825) engaged his sense of democratic nationalism. The House of Representatives was designed to capitalize on the success of François Marius Granet 's The Capuchin Chapel in Rome, which toured
12992-555: Was happening. Morse was honored to paint the Marquis de Lafayette , the leading French supporter of the American Revolution . He felt compelled to paint a grand portrait of the man who helped to establish a free and independent America. He features Lafayette against a magnificent sunset. He has positioned Lafayette to the right of three pedestals: one has a bust of Benjamin Franklin , another of George Washington , and
13108-409: Was important and desisted from her wicked ways. Apollo shows no remorse for what he did but stands with a puzzled look. Many American paintings throughout the early nineteenth century had religious themes, and Morse was an early exemplar of this. Judgment of Jupiter allowed Morse to express his support of Anti-Federalism while maintaining his strong spiritual convictions. Benjamin West sought to present
13224-612: Was inaugurated on March 1, 1859, in a ceremony flanked by the Spanish and American flags. The first words transmitted by Samuel Morse that day in Puerto Rico were: Puerto Rico, beautiful jewel! When you are linked with the other jewels of the Antilles in the necklace of the world's telegraph, yours will not shine less brilliantly in the crown of your Queen! Morse was a leader in the anti-Catholic and anti-immigration movement of
13340-532: Was involved in bringing the Dartmouth case before the U.S. Supreme Court . Morse also sought commissions among the elite of Charleston, South Carolina . Morse's 1818 painting of Mrs. Emma Quash symbolized the opulence of Charleston. The young artist was doing well for himself. Between 1819 and 1821, Morse went through great changes in his life, including a decline in commissions due to the Panic of 1819 . Morse
13456-579: Was soon able to send a message through ten miles (16 km) of wire. This was the great breakthrough he had been seeking. Morse and Gale were soon joined by Alfred Vail , an enthusiastic young man with excellent skills, insights, and money. At the Speedwell Ironworks in Morristown, New Jersey on January 11, 1838, Morse and Vail made the first public demonstration of the electric telegraph. Although Morse and Alfred Vail had done most of
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