42-499: (Redirected from Forl ) FORL may refer to: Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion , a dental disease in cats Fort Wayne Line , a rail line in northeastern United States Friends of Real Lancashire , an outsider pressure group whose aim is the restoration of the historic boundaries of the Lancashire ceremonial county Friends Of Radio Lutterworth Freedom of Russia Legion ,
84-483: A Ukrainian military unit formed of Russian defectors Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title FORL . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FORL&oldid=1140324343 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
126-445: A dental radiograph. The definitive cause of type 2 FORLs is unknown, but histologically destruction of the cementum and other mineralized tissue of the tooth root by odontoclasts is seen. It occurs secondary to the loss of the protective covering of the root (the periodontal ligaments ) and possibly to a stimulus such as periodontal disease and the release of cytokines , leading to odontoclast migration. However, FORLs can develop in
168-450: A higher degrees of periodontal inflammation and often have difficulties with balancing their blood glucose level, owing to the constant systemic inflammatory state caused by the periodontal inflammation. Although no causal association was proven, there is an association between chronic periodontitis and erectile dysfunction , inflammatory bowel disease , and heart disease. A positive correlation between raised levels of glucose within
210-420: A possible triggering of the aggravation of the stroke process. Other mechanisms have been suggested, PD is a known chronic infection. It can aid in the promotion of atherosclerosis by the deposition of cholesterol, cholesterol esters and calcium within the subendothelial layer of vessel walls. Atherosclerotic plaque that is unstable may rupture and release debris and thrombi that may travel to different parts of
252-450: A regular healthy diet. Therefore, vitamin intakes (particularly vitamin C) and dietary supplements not only play a role in improving periodontal health, but also influence the rate of bone formation and periodontal regeneration. However, studies supporting the correlation between nutrition and periodontal health are limited, and more long-term research is required to confirm this. Periodontitis
294-491: A significant role in the development and progression of gingivitis and periodontitis. Changes in hormone levels, particularly during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause, can lead to increased sensitivity and inflammatory responses in the gums. For example, elevated oestrogen and progesterone during pregnancy can heighten the inflammatory response to dental plaque, making pregnant individuals more susceptible to gingival disease. As dental plaque or biofilm accumulates on
336-529: Is an inflammation of the periodontium , i.e., the tissues that support the teeth. The periodontium consists of four tissues: The primary cause of gingivitis is poor or ineffective oral hygiene , which leads to the accumulation of a mycotic and bacterial matrix at the gum line, called dental plaque . Other contributors are poor nutrition and underlying medical issues such as diabetes . Diabetics must be meticulous with their homecare to control periodontal disease. New finger prick tests have been approved by
378-601: Is arguably the most important environmental risk factor for periodontitis. Research has shown that smokers have more bone loss, attachment loss and tooth loss compared to non-smokers. This is likely due to several effects of smoking on the immune response including decreased wound healing, suppression of antibody production, and the reduction of phagocytosis by neutrophils Ehlers–Danlos syndrome and Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome (also known as palmoplantar keratoderma) are also risk factors for periodontitis. If left undisturbed, microbial plaque calcifies to form calculus , which
420-570: Is associated with platelet and coagulation cascade activations, leading to thrombosis and thrombotic complications. Experimental animal studies have shown a link between periodontal disease, oxidative stress and cardiac stress. Oxidative stress favours the development and progression of heart failure as it causes cellular dysfunction, oxidation of proteins and lipids, and damage to the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), stimulating fibroblast proliferation and metalloproteinases activation favouring cardiac remodelling. During SARS Covid 19 pandemic, Periodontitis
462-583: Is by inspecting the gum tissue around the teeth both visually and with a probe and X-rays looking for bone loss around the teeth. Treatment involves good oral hygiene and regular professional teeth cleaning . Recommended oral hygiene include daily brushing and flossing . In certain cases antibiotics or dental surgery may be recommended. Clinical investigations demonstrate that quitting smoking and making dietary changes enhance periodontal health. Globally, 538 million people were estimated to be affected in 2015 and has been known to affect 10–15% of
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#1732765263848504-667: Is commonly called tartar. Calculus above and below the gum line must be removed completely by the dental hygienist or dentist to treat gingivitis and periodontitis. Although the primary cause of both gingivitis and periodontitis is the microbial plaque that adheres to the tooth surfaces, there are many other modifying factors. A very strong risk factor is one's genetic susceptibility. Several conditions and diseases, including Down syndrome , diabetes, and other diseases that affect one's resistance to infection, also increase susceptibility to periodontitis. Periodontitis may be associated with higher stress. Periodontitis occurs more often in people in
546-494: Is commonly used to refer to FORLs; however, saccharolytic acid-producing bacteria are not involved in this condition. Periodontal disease Periodontal disease , also known as gum disease , is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth . In its early stage, called gingivitis , the gums become swollen and red and may bleed. It is considered the main cause of tooth loss for adults worldwide. In its more serious form, called periodontitis ,
588-412: Is crucial to maintaining periodontal health. Nutritional deficiencies can lead to oral manifestations such as those in scurvy and rickets disease. Different vitamins will play a different role in periodontal health: Nutritional supplements of vitamins have also been shown to positively affect healing after periodontal surgery and many of these vitamins can be found in a variety of food that we eat within
630-521: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion Feline odontoclastic resorption lesion ( FORL ) is a syndrome in cats characterized by resorption of the tooth by odontoclasts , cells similar to osteoclasts . FORL has also been called Feline tooth resorption ( TR ), neck lesion , cervical neck lesion , cervical line erosion , feline subgingival resorptive lesion , feline caries , or feline cavity . It
672-559: Is insignificant, although this may be a symptom of progressing periodontitis in that person. Periodontitis has been linked to increased inflammation in the body, such as indicated by raised levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 . It is associated with an increased risk of stroke, myocardial infarction , atherosclerosis and hypertension . It is also linked in those over 60 years of age to impairments in delayed memory and calculation abilities. Individuals with impaired fasting glucose and diabetes mellitus have
714-402: Is limited to tooth extraction because the lesion is progressive. Amputation of the tooth crown without root removal has also been advocated in cases demonstrated on a radiograph to be type 2 resorption without associated periodontal or endodontic disease because the roots are being replaced by bone. However, X-rays are recommended prior to this treatment to document root resorption and lack of
756-403: Is one of the most common diseases of domestic cats, affecting up to two-thirds. FORLs have been seen more recently in the history of feline medicine due to the advancing ages of cats, but 800-year-old cat skeletons have shown evidence of this disease. Purebred cats, especially Siamese and Persians , may be more susceptible. FORLs clinically appear as erosions of the surface of the tooth at
798-425: Is possible that there is a positive association by a shared genetic susceptibility in the two diseases. Due to the low incidence rate of oral cancer, studies have not been able to conduct quality studies to prove the association between the two, however future larger studies may aid in the identification of individuals at a higher risk. Periodontal disease (PD) can be described as an inflammatory condition affecting
840-526: The Food and Drug Administration in the US, and are being used in dental offices to identify and screen people for possible contributory causes of gum disease, such as diabetes. In some people, gingivitis progresses to periodontitis — with the destruction of the gingival fibers , the gum tissues separate from the tooth and deepened sulcus, called a periodontal pocket . Subgingival microorganisms (those that exist under
882-472: The gingival border. They are often covered with calculus or gingival tissue. It is a progressive disease, usually starting with loss of cementum and dentin and leading to penetration of the pulp cavity. Resorption continues up the dentinal tubules into the tooth crown. The enamel is also resorbed or undermined to the point of tooth fracture. Resorbed cementum and dentin is replaced with bone-like tissue. Clinical signs of FORLs are often minimal since
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#1732765263848924-408: The 1999 classification, the severity of chronic periodontitis is graded as follows: The "extent" of disease refers to the proportion of the dentition affected by the disease in terms of percentage of sites. Sites are defined as the positions at which probing measurements are taken around each tooth and, generally, six probing sites around each tooth are recorded, as follows: If up to 30% of sites in
966-522: The absence of inflammation. The natural inhibition to root resorption provided by the lining of the root may be altered by increased amounts of Vitamin D , in cats supplied by their diet. Certain breeds are overrepresented, namely: Persian , Scottish Fold , Abyssinian , Siamese , and Russian Blue . Other risk factors include: cats that do not chew their food, being fed human leftovers/food, older age, female sex, tap water, raw liver, lack of calcium, and cats without outdoor access. Treatment for FORLs
1008-430: The blood and the onset or progression of periodontal disease has been shown in the current literature. Data has also shown that there is a significant increase in the incidence or progression of periodontitis in patients with uncontrolled diabetes compared to those who do not have diabetes or have well-controlled diabetes. In uncontrolled diabetes, the formation of reactive oxygen species can damage cells such as those in
1050-428: The calcium comes from saliva; for plaques below the gumline, it comes from blood via oozing of inflamed gums. The damage to teeth and gums comes from the immune system as it attempts to destroy the microbes that are disrupting the normal symbiosis between the oral tissues and the oral microbe community. As in other tissues, Langerhans cells in the epithelium take up antigens from the microbes, and present them to
1092-437: The circulatory system causing embolization and therefore, an ischemic stroke. Therefore, PD has been suggested as an independent risk factor for stroke. A variety of cardiovascular diseases can also be associated with periodontal disease. Patients with higher levels of inflammatory markers such as TNF, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 can lead to progression of atherosclerosis and the development and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation, as it
1134-806: The connective tissue of the periodontal ligament, resulting in cell necrosis or apoptosis . Furthermore, individuals with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus who have frequent exposure to periodontal pathogens have a greater immune response to these bacteria. This can subsequently cause and/or accelerate periodontal tissue destruction leading to periodontal disease. Current literature suggests a link between periodontal disease and oral cancer. Studies have confirmed an increase in systemic inflammation markers such as C-Reactive Protein and Interleukin-6 to be found in patients with advanced periodontal disease. The link between systemic inflammation and oral cancer has also been well established. Both periodontal disease and cancer risk are associated with genetic susceptibility and it
1176-423: The damage is essentially irreversible. The seven categories are as follows: Moreover, terminology expressing both the extent and severity of periodontal diseases are appended to the terms above to denote the specific diagnosis of a particular person or group of people. The "severity" of disease refers to the amount of periodontal ligament fibers that have been lost, termed "clinical attachment loss". According to
1218-406: The discomfort can be minor. However, there may be subtle signs of discomfort while chewing, as well as anorexia, dehydration, weight loss, and tooth fracture. The lower third premolar is the most commonly affected tooth. There are two types of FORL. "Type 1" lesions are focal defects often caused by local inflammation. "Type 2" lesions are characterized by a generalized loss of root radiopacity on
1260-445: The gum line) colonize the periodontal pockets and cause further inflammation in the gum tissues and progressive bone loss. Examples of secondary causes are those things that, by definition, cause microbic plaque accumulation, such as restoration overhangs and root proximity. Smoking is another factor that increases the occurrence of periodontitis, directly or indirectly, and may interfere with or adversely affect its treatment. It
1302-426: The gums can pull away from the tooth , bone can be lost, and the teeth may loosen or fall out . Halitosis (bad breath) may also occur. Periodontal disease is generally due to bacteria in the mouth infecting the tissue around the teeth. Factors that increase the risk of disease include smoking , diabetes , HIV/AIDS , family history, high levels of homocysteine in the blood and certain medications. Diagnosis
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1344-731: The immune system, leading to movement of white blood cells into the affected tissues. This process in turn activates osteoclasts which begin to destroy bone, and it activates matrix metalloproteinases that destroy ligaments. So, in summary, it is bacteria which initiates the disease, but key destructive events are brought about by the exaggerated response from the host's immune system. There were several attempts to introduce an agreed-upon classification system for periodontal diseases: in 1989, 1993, 1999, and 2017. The 1999 classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions listed seven major categories of periodontal diseases, of which 2–6 are termed destructive periodontal disease, because
1386-430: The lower classes than people in the upper classes. Genetics appear to play a role in determining the risk for periodontitis. It is believed genetics could explain why some people with good plaque control have advanced periodontitis, whilst some others with poor oral hygiene are free from the disease. Genetic factors which could modify the risk of a person developing periodontitis include: Diabetes appears to exacerbate
1428-480: The mouth are affected, the manifestation is classified as "localized"; for more than 30%, the term "generalized" is used. The 2017 classification of periodontal diseases is as follows: Periodontal health, gingival disease and conditions Periodontitis Other conditions affecting the periodontium (Periodontal Manifestations of Systemic Diseases and Developmental and Acquired Conditions) Peri-implant diseases and conditions The goals of staging periodontitis
1470-430: The onset, progression, and severity of periodontitis. Although the majority of research has focused on type 2 diabetes , type 1 diabetes appears to have an identical effect on the risk for periodontitis. The extent of the increased risk of periodontitis is dependent on the level of glycaemic control . Therefore, in well managed diabetes there seems to be a small effect of diabetes on the risk for periodontitis. However,
1512-428: The periodontal ligament. Tooth restoration is not recommended because resorption of the tooth will continue underneath the restoration. Use of alendronate has been studied to decrease progression of existing lesions. True dental caries are uncommon among companion animals. Although it has not been accurately documented in cats, the incidence of caries in dogs has been estimated at 5%. The term feline cavities
1554-594: The population generally. In the United States, nearly half of those over the age of 30 are affected to some degree and about 70% of those over 65 have the condition. Males are affected more often than females. In the early stages, periodontitis has very few symptoms, and in many individuals the disease has progressed significantly before they seek treatment. Symptoms may include: Gingival inflammation and bone destruction are largely painless. Hence, people may wrongly assume painless bleeding after teeth cleaning
1596-401: The risk increases exponentially as glycaemic control worsens. Overall, the increased risk of periodontitis in diabetics is estimated to be between two and three times higher. So far, the mechanisms underlying the link are not fully understood, but it is known to involve aspects of inflammation, immune functioning, neutrophil activity, and cytokine biology. Hormonal fluctuations can also play
1638-434: The risk of an episode of stroke in an acute or chronic phase. Inflammatory markers, CRP, IL-6 are known risk factors of stroke. Both inflammatory markers are also biomarkers of PD and found to be an increased level after daily activities, such as mastication or toothbrushing, are performed. Bacteria from the periodontal pockets will enter the bloodstream during these activities and the current literature suggests that this may be
1680-454: The supporting structures of the teeth. Studies have shown that PD is associated with higher levels of systemic inflammatory markers such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF). To compare, elevated levels of these inflammatory markers are also associated with cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular events such as ischemic strokes. The presence of a wide spectrum inflammatory oral diseases can increase
1722-647: The teeth near and below the gums there is some dysbiosis of the normal oral microbiome . As of 2017 it was not certain what species were most responsible for causing harm, but gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, spirochetes, and viruses have been suggested; in individual people it is sometimes clear that one or more species is driving the disease. Research in 2004 indicated three gram negative anaerobic species: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Bacteroides forsythus and Eikenella corrodens . Plaque may be soft and uncalcified, hard and calcified, or both; for plaques that are on teeth
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1764-409: Was significantly associated with a higher risk of complications from COVID‐19, including ICU admission, need for assisted ventilation and death and increased blood levels of markers such as D‐dimer, WBC and CRP which are linked with worse disease outcome. Periodontal disease is multifactorial, and nutrition can significantly affect its prognosis. Studies have shown that a healthy and well-balanced diet
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