80-505: Forsyth County is the name of two counties in the United States: Forsyth County, Georgia Forsyth County, North Carolina [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
160-720: A tri-state water dispute since 1990 over apportionment of water flow from Lake Lanier , which forms the eastern border of the county and is regulated by the Army Corps of Engineers as a federal project. For thousands of years, varying indigenous cultures lived in this area along the Etowah River. Starting near the end of the first millennium, Mound Builders of the Mississippian culture settled in this area; they built earthwork mound structures at nearby Etowah in present-day Bartow County , and large communities along
240-455: A verdict of guilty in Knox's case. Although no confession or other evidence linked Oscar Daniel to the crime, his sister's testimony was fatal. The all-white jury pronounced him guilty that night. On the following day, October 4, both teenagers were sentenced to death by hanging , scheduled for October 25. State law prohibited public hangings. The scheduled execution was to be viewed only by
320-480: A 19-year-old white woman, was allegedly attacked in a nearby community while walking to her aunt's house. She was allegedly pulled into the woods and assaulted. According to later testimony, she was allegedly raped by Ernest Knox, a 16-year-old black boy who worked as a hired hand at a neighbor's farm. Knox was said to have told friends about the incident: Oscar Daniel (17), his sister Trussie (Jane) Daniel (21), and her live-in boyfriend Rob Edwards (24), who also went to
400-573: A legal transfer of title. The anti-black campaign spread across Northern Georgia, with similar results of whites expelling blacks in many surrounding counties. In the 1910 census, more than 1,000 black and mixed-race people were recorded in Forsyth County, with slightly more than 10,000 whites. By the 1920 census only 30 ethnic African Americans remained in the county. In the 2000s and 2010s, Forsyth County experienced unprecedented growth partly due to white flight from north Fulton County as
480-627: A part of the county's image into the early 1990s. On January 17, 1987, civil rights activists marched in Cumming , and a counter-demonstration was made by a branch of the Ku Klux Klan , most of whom were not residents of the county, as well as others who objected to the march. According to a story published in The New York Times on January 18, four marchers were slightly injured by stones and bottles thrown at them. Eight people from
560-638: A permit," turned out to be the largest resistance opposed to civil rights since the 1960s. The counter-demonstration was called by the Forsyth County Defense League and the Nationalist Movement , newly organized in Cumming by local plumber Mark Watts. Marchers came for the second march from all over the country, forming a caravan from Atlanta; National Guard troops were assigned for protection on freeway overpasses along
640-519: A result of the rapid increase of Asians settling in that area which borders the southern part of Forsyth County. For example, the highly rated Northview High School based in north Fulton County, went from 60% white and 30% Asian in 2007 to 50% Asian and 30% white in 2017. Many white parents claimed north Fulton County public schools with a relatively high percentage of Asian students became overwhelmingly academically competitive which negatively impacted their children's mental health and social life. Since
720-854: Is a county in the Northeast region of the U.S. state of Georgia . Suburban and exurban in character, Forsyth County lies within the Atlanta metropolitan area . The county's only incorporated city and county seat is Cumming . At the 2020 census, the population was 251,283. Forsyth was the fastest-growing county in Georgia and the 15th fastest-growing county in the United States between 2010 and 2019. Forsyth County's rapid population growth can be attributed to its proximity to high-income employment opportunities in nearby Alpharetta and northern Fulton County , its equidistant location between
800-534: Is its primary concern in the issue. Experts in the metro Atlanta area assert that the people of metro Atlanta require and can safely extract 705 million gallons (2.67 Gl ) of fresh water per day from a number of reservoirs and water basins around northern Georgia until the year 2030. Georgia states the water from Lake Allatoona and the Etowah River in North Georgia could sustain the water needs of
880-549: Is the seventh largest school system in Georgia. FCS is home to 41 schools – twenty-two elementary, eleven middle, seven high schools, and one college and career high school, as well as the Academies for Creative Education (A.C.E) that houses one school, iAchieve Virtual Academy, FCS' 6–12 online school, and two programs, Gateway Academy (the alternative program for middle and high school students) and Forsyth Academy. Elementary schools: Middle schools: High schools: Among
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#1732773392709960-520: The 1906 Atlanta race massacre , resulting in more than 20 dead. Racial violence broke out in Forsyth County in September 1912, following allegations of sexual attacks by black men of white women. Forsyth County had a county population with a minority of ethnic African residents. The 1910 census recorded 10,847 white, 658 black, and 440 mulatto (mixed-race) residents, making the number of black citizens slightly more than 10% (as classified under
1040-617: The Alabama - Coosa - Tallapoosa (ACT) between Alabama and Georgia. Georgia had sued the Corps for wrongfully prohibiting Lake Lanier to be used for water consumption for metropolitan Atlanta, but a federal judge ruled that the project had not been authorized for that purpose. During negotiation of the 1997 compacts, Georgia also entered into negotiations with the Corps to allow part of Lake Lanier to be used for water consumption. In 2004, both Alabama and Florida challenged these agreements due to
1120-661: The Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin and the Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin . The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has regulated water flow for the entire Chattahoochee River, from Lake Lanier in Forsyth County, Georgia , to Alabama and Florida. The states filed suit in 1990 in their conflict over the water supply; federal courts has affirmed the Corps' authority to negotiate
1200-607: The Endangered Species Act , and support for major seafood industries. In 1938, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers produced a report for the U.S. Congress that suggested a list of potential hydropower projects. One of the suggested dams was the Buford Dam on the Chattahoochee River to create a reservoir (now known as Lake Lanier ) in north Georgia. In addition to providing hydroelectric power,
1280-617: The Etowah River in neighboring Cherokee County . They disappeared about 1500 AD. Members of the Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee Nation migrated into the area from the North, possibly from the Great Lakes area. They settled in the territory that would become Forsyth County and throughout upper Georgia and Alabama, also having settlements or towns in present-day Tennessee and western North Carolina. After
1360-628: The Supreme Court of the United States , requesting equitable apportionment of waters in the ACF Basin. On November 3, 2014, the Supreme Court granted Florida leave to file the complaint, and the case went before a special master before being argued on January 8, 2018 . On June 27, 2018, the case was remanded and in the following month, a new special master was appointed. The case was argued again on February 22, 2021 and on April 1,
1440-526: The discovery of gold by European Americans in the surrounding area in 1829, numerous settlers moved into the area. They increased the pressure on the state and federal government to have the Cherokee and other Native Americans removed to west of the Mississippi River, in order to extinguish their land claims and make land available for purchase. The Cherokee were forced to relocate during what
1520-454: The political demonstration . ( V. S. Naipaul 's interview with Forsyth County Sheriff Wesley Walraven, before the second march, is referred to in his book A Turn in the South . ) The demonstration is thought to have been the largest civil rights demonstration in the U.S. since about 1970. The unexpected turnout of some 5,000 counter-demonstrators, 66 of whom were arrested for "parading without
1600-456: The 1990s, Forsyth County has become more racially and culturally diverse. There are an increasing number of Asian, Hispanic, and African-American families relocating to Forsyth County mainly due to the abundance of high performing and resource-rich public schools in the county. More ethnically diverse citizens had begun in recent years to migrate to the county, particularly in the affluent southern portion. However, racial tension continued to be
1680-581: The ACF negotiations have been to ensure adequate water levels of the Chattahoochee River through the Alabama cities of Phenix City and Columbia , perpetuation of waste assimilation and water use permits in the middle regions of the Chattahoochee River, continuation of the Corps' projects such as hydropower and flood control, preservation of water levels of Alabama's West Point Lake and Lake Eufaula , and ensuring that neither current or future plans adversely affect
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#17327733927091760-560: The Apalachicola Bay area and generate millions of dollars for the region, while providing thousands of jobs. Unlike Georgia, where the issue over the use of freshwater is based on supplying a growing human population with potable water, Florida is faced with economic challenges and severe losses if the water from upriver is diminished. As all three states have portions of the ACF river basin, ACT river basin, or both within their borders, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida are involved in
1840-634: The Corps of Engineers reached an agreement to reduce the state's water usage from Lake Lanier, but in 2008, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ruled that this type of change in the agreement required Congressional approval and could not be made by the USACE. At various times, the governors of each of the three states have met, but these meetings have resulted only in deadline extensions for agreement. When U.S. Interior Secretary Ken Salazar visited Georgia in 2009, he said that he would not force
1920-532: The Corps' recommendation had favored Georgia's interests and had ignored the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 and the impact of its recommendation on the environment. In its suit, Florida cited the critical effect of the dam's operations on endangered species and NEPA violations by the Corps of Engineers. Alabama and Florida later filed amended briefs to the 1990 Alabama suit, stating that an endangered aquatic species
2000-471: The Night Riders, but were unsuccessful. An estimated 98% of black residents of Forsyth County left. Some property owners were able to sell, likely at a loss. The renters and sharecroppers left to seek safer places. Those who abandoned property, and failed to continue paying property tax, eventually lost it, and whites took it over. Many black properties ended up in white hands without a sale and without
2080-693: The Upper Chattahoochee River sub-basin of the ACF River Basin (Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin), while the northwestern third of the county is located in the Etowah River sub-basin of the ACT River Basin (Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin). With only one officially incorporated city, the majority of Forsyth County citizens live in areas with zip codes assigned to cities in surrounding counties. In addition, there are several unincorporated communities throughout
2160-621: The area has encouraged conversion of toilets and appliances to those that use less water. A severe drought in southern Forsyth County was declared by the end of June 2016. Several county organizations work to plan growth that can sustain the high quality of life in the area. The changing dynamics between white and black citizens after the Civil War resulted in tensions across the southern United States as whites tried to maintain dominance. They used violence to intimidate black voters and regain control of state legislatures, ending Reconstruction. At
2240-406: The assault, including Tony Howell and Isaiah Pirkle. That same afternoon members of numerous area black churches gathered for a barbecue just outside the county seat of Cumming. Preacher Grant Smith was heard to question the alleged victim's account, saying that perhaps she had been caught and had lied about what was actually a consensual relationship with a black man. (The mixed-race population in
2320-409: The big-city amenities of bustling Atlanta and the recreation offerings of the scenic Blue Ridge Mountains , its plentiful supply of large, relatively affordable new-construction homes, and its highly ranked public school system . The influx of high-income professionals and their families has increased the county's median annual household income dramatically in recent years; at $ 104,687, Forsyth County
2400-422: The binary system of the South that classified all people of any African descent as Negro or black). They tended to work as sharecroppers, with some women working as domestic servants, and struggled with poverty. In early September 1912 a white woman said she was the victim of an attempted rape by two black men, but they left before she was hurt. On September 7, 1912, police arrested five black men in connection with
2480-403: The census , indicating a continuing history of racial mixing that dated to slavery times. After two different incidents in September 1912, in which black men were alleged to have assaulted white women, tensions rose in the county. In the first case, a woman claimed she awoke to find two black men in her bedroom. A black preacher was later assaulted by whites for making disparaging comments about
Forsyth County - Misplaced Pages Continue
2560-530: The conflict. As the Lake Lanier project was authorized by Congress, each of the three states is entitled to an equal portion of the water; the project was never envisioned only to benefit metropolitan Atlanta , the closest large city and one that has developed rapidly since the late 20th century, greatly increasing its water consumption. The water flows are also regulated to support a variety of uses by states downriver, including preservation of marine life under
2640-759: The counter-demonstration, all white, were arrested. The charges included trespassing and carrying concealed weapons. White Forsyth resident Charles A. Blackburn wanted to have a brotherhood march to celebrate the first annual celebration of national holiday Martin Luther King Jr. Day . He wanted to dispel the racist image of Forsyth County, where he owned and operated a private school, the Blackburn Learning Center. Blackburn cancelled his plans after he received threatening phone calls. Other whites in nearby counties, as well as State Representative Billy McKinney of Atlanta and Hosea Williams , who
2720-530: The county seat of Cumming in January 1987 was attacked by people throwing rocks, dirt and bottles. A week later another, much larger march took place, with civil rights activists going from Atlanta to Cumming protected by police and the National Guard. Thousands of protesters joined a counter-demonstration. Local people said conditions had been improving for minorities, but whites appeared to be reacting to
2800-417: The county showed that whites and blacks had relationships; most were between white men and black or mixed-race women, which the whites tried to treat as a secret.) Whites horse-whipped Smith outside the courthouse, where he was rescued by police and taken into custody for his safety. They locked him in the courthouse for safety . Rumors spread on both sides; whites said that the blacks threatened to dynamite
2880-494: The county. As of the 2020 United States census , there were 251,283 people, 81,765 households, and 66,802 families residing in the county. In 2012, the University of North Georgia established its Cumming campus. Forsyth County is served by Forsyth County Schools . FCS serves over 51,000 students and is the largest employer in the county with over 8000 full-time employees and substitutes. Out of 180 school districts, FCS
2960-505: The court unanimously ruled to dismiss the case. In April 2017, Alabama and environmental groups sued the Army Corps of Engineers to challenge their recently adopted Master Water Control Manual and Environmental Impact Statement for the ACF Basin. The manual details Corps operations of reservoirs in the basin, including how operations will accommodate the water supply demand of Metro Atlanta through 2050. Environmental groups argued that
3040-431: The courthouse or "whites only" diners in the county seat, Cumming; there was no black population to segregate. By 1987, the county was "all white". In 1997, African Americans numbered just 39 in a population of 75,739. During the 1950s, with the introduction of the poultry industry , the county had steady economic growth but remained largely rural and all white in population. Georgia State Route 400 opened in 1971 and
3120-513: The current population either lived elsewhere in 1987 or had not yet been born. The growth has put a strain on water supplies, especially during area droughts in the 21st century. Suburban growth has greatly increased water consumption in the area to maintain lawns and gardens, and supply new households. The region had severe droughts in 2007-2008 that threatened downriver water supplies in Alabama and Florida, in addition to Atlanta, in 2013 and in 2016. Bans on outdoor use of water were put in place, and
3200-414: The dam could provide a steady water supply to Atlanta if, in the future, the city needed additional water resources. The city did not contribute to construction of the dam or reservoir. Additional objectives for the dam included reducing flooding downriver during heavy rains and allowing for easier navigation on related Georgia waterways. Congress authorized the construction of Buford Dam in 1946, and
3280-425: The dam was completed in 1957. As Atlanta's population continued to grow from the time the dam was built, especially since the late 20th century, its consumption and need for water has grown. At the same time, both Alabama and Florida used the waters from Lake Lanier, which were critical to a variety of uses, including important economic industries. In 1989, the Corps of Engineers released a report concluding that some of
Forsyth County - Misplaced Pages Continue
3360-408: The early 1970s. By 1980, the county population was 27,500, growing to 40,000 in 1987. While some blacks worked in the county in new industries, none lived there. The county gained more than 30 new industries from 1980 and unemployment was low. Such growth resulted in the median income, formerly low, "rising faster than in any other county in Georgia." A small civil rights march by African Americans in
3440-500: The event as thousands of marchers protested the segregation in the county. From 2007 to 2009, the county received national attention because of a severe drought. Water supplies for the Atlanta area and downstream areas of Alabama and Florida were threatened. This followed a more severe drought in 2007 and 2008, and flooding in 2009. Flooding occurred in 2013, and severe drought again in 2016. Georgia, Alabama and Florida have been in
3520-459: The full environmental impact has not been assessed. Draft Programmatic EISs for the two basins were published in 1999, but were never formalized. No Record of Decision (ROD) was ever published. Florida also has major environmental issues related to the flow in the ACF basin. The Apalachicola Bay provides 35 percent of the freshwater flow to the eastern Gulf of Mexico , and it is vital to the richly productive estuaries in this region. The key to
3600-464: The goal of preserving the water quality and other environmental factors. Alabama is concerned about environmental effects under drought, if the waters of the ACF and the ACT river basins are diminished to use Lake Lanier to supply water for Atlanta's consumption. These two river basins are the habitat for countless numbers of fish and other aquatic life, which need a proper amount of water to thrive. If
3680-491: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forsyth_County&oldid=932828228 " Category : United States county name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Forsyth County, Georgia Forsyth County ( / f ɔːr ˈ s aɪ θ / for- SYTHE or / ˈ f ɔːr s aɪ θ / FOR -sythe )
3760-681: The issue. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructed Lake Lanier under authorization and appropriations by Congress, and controls its flow of water for multiple purposes, so it is involved in the dispute. Concerned with the environmental effects on the two river basins, the Tri-State Conservation Coalition—a league of more than 45 organizations, including the Alabama Rivers Alliance, Southern Environmental Law Center , American Rivers, Lake Watch of Lake Martin, and Upper Chattahoochee Riverkeeper—is involved with
3840-428: The largest employers in the county are Northside Hospital , Koch Foods , Tyson Foods , Siemens , Scientific Games Corporation , Arris International , Baran Telecom , America BOA, Automation Direct, and L-3 Communications Display Systems. Tri-state water dispute The tri-state water dispute is a 21st-century water-use conflict among the U.S. states of Georgia , Alabama , and Florida over flows in
3920-617: The major quantities of water needed for supporting population growth in the metro Atlanta. The growth of Atlanta has also increased water consumption for maintaining lawns and golf courses, which other parties to the rivers do not want to support. Lake Lanier's downstream users in Georgia maintain that an increase in the water consumption of metro Atlanta results in a decrease of available water for users in south Georgia. Farmers in Southwest Georgia and homeowners on West Point Lake perceive metro Atlanta as competition for water. For
4000-564: The march out of fear. Forsyth County continued to be developed for subdivisions, industry and related businesses. By 2008 it had been ranked for several years among the top ten fastest-growing counties of the United States. Many new subdivisions have been constructed, several around top-quality golf courses. The county's proximity to Atlanta and the Blue Ridge Mountains , and bordering 37,000-acre (150 km ) Lake Sidney Lanier , has attracted many new residents. More than 60% of
4080-406: The metro Atlanta area. Georgia's main concern is whether or not they have the capability to supply over 5.6 million people in the metro Atlanta area with potable water . Because of Georgia's need to supply a booming population with safe, usable water, Georgia's circumstance is unique to the three states involved. The interstate water dispute becomes an intrastate issue for Georgia because of
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#17327733927094160-438: The past two decades, Georgia's leadership has failed to produce significant agreements with Alabama and Florida. Many people blame the leaders of the state for this failure. The old course of "Conflict, Conceal, and Capture" has not resulted in any progress. In December 2009 Governor Sonny Perdue 's Water Contingency Planning Task Force recommended greater water conservation in the Atlanta region and further negotiation regarding
4240-412: The plan would hold too much water in reserve, reducing environmental flows downriver. In August 2021, U.S. District Court Judge Thomas Thrash dismissed the case, ruling that the Corps was within its powers to make a water supply assurance to Metro Atlanta and had satisfactorily considered the needs of Alabama and Florida. Georgia has indicated that the need for fresh water to use for human consumption
4320-489: The practice was overturned in Forsyth County, Georgia v. The Nationalist Movement (505 U.S. 123) in the Supreme Court of the United States on June 19, 1992. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 247 square miles (640 km ), of which 224 square miles (580 km ) is land and 23 square miles (60 km ) (9.4%) is water. The eastern two-thirds of Forsyth County are located in
4400-411: The preeminence of the suit filed by Alabama in 1990. The 1997 compacts, however, were not successful; they were allowed to expire in 2003 and 2004, for the ACF and the ACT, respectively. The states could not agree on minimum flow requirements, general operation standards, and consumption caps. Georgia argued that if the flow standards are met, then minimum flow requirements are unnecessary. Georgia and
4480-591: The reallocation of portions of Lake Lanier to supply the needs of metro Atlanta. Nathan Deal , Governor of Georgia in 2011, wanted to resolve the conflict with Alabama by finding new solutions to Atlanta's need for water. Alabama uses water of the ACF River Basin for a variety of purposes, including agriculture, industry, fisheries, recreation, preservation of habitats and biodiversity , power generation, navigation, and water quality, all of which may be limited by Atlanta's growing usage. Alabama's goals during
4560-507: The remaining 14 miles (23 km). The trial of Tony Howell was postponed due to the lack of evidence . Howell had an alibi , with Isaiah Pirkle as a witness. The case would never go to trial, and was eventually dismissed. As part of a plea bargain , Trussie Daniel changed her story and agreed to turn state's witness . Charges against her and Collins were dropped, in exchange for her testimony against Knox, her brother Oscar, and Edwards. The all-white jury deliberated 16 minutes and returned
4640-561: The route. When marchers, including John Lewis , Andrew Young , Julian Bond , Coretta Scott King , Joseph Lowery , Sam Nunn , Benjamin Hooks , Gary Hart and Wyche Fowler arrived, they discovered that most of the Cumming residents had left town for the day. Some had boarded up their windows because they feared violence. Marchers wound slowly through streets lined by hundreds of armed National Guardsmen, many of them black. Forsyth County subsequently charged large fees for parade permits until
4720-454: The scene. They left the girl, thinking she had died and being afraid to get involved. Crow was found the next day by a search party; whites said later that she had regained consciousness briefly and named Knox as her attacker, but no newspaper reported this. A small hand mirror found at the scene was recognized as belonging to Knox; police used it to connect him to the crime and arrested him that morning. Police said he confessed fully . Because of
4800-575: The state on the July ruling. In June 2011 the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the 2009 district court decision and confirmed the USACE's authority to regulate Lake Lanier for Atlanta's water supply. The Corps responded in June 2012 with plans for further analysis and evaluation of proposals from the three states. In 2013, Florida filed an original action against Georgia in
4880-482: The stated goals. During the drought of 2007, the state of Georgia had statewide water restrictions, but the city of Phenix City , Alabama failed to enact water restrictions on their customers. During the early part of the process, Alabama was, compared to Georgia and Florida, somewhat ill-equipped to address some of the arguments presented by Florida and Georgia. The state did not pass a comprehensive Water Resources Act until 1993, more than two years after their lawsuit
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#17327733927094960-429: The states into any agreement, but he would help them come to an agreement. U.S. District Judge Paul Magnuson , brought in as a neutral arbiter, ruled in July 2009 that metropolitan Atlanta would be prohibited from taking water out of Lake Lanier for a three-year negotiation period to begin among the states of Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. In October 2009, Judge Magnuson ruled against Georgia in response to an appeal by
5040-580: The town square. At trial in early October, two black youths under the age of 18 were quickly convicted by an all-white jury ; they were executed by hanging later that month. Afterward, whites harassed and intimidated blacks in Forsyth and neighboring counties. Within weeks, they forced most of the blacks to leave the region in fear of their lives, losing land and personal property that was never recovered. Almost every single one of Forsyth's 1,098 African Americans — prosperous and poor, literate and unlettered —
5120-525: The town. White residents gathered a lynch mob of 500 men (when Cumming had only 300 residents in total), with men coming to join from surrounding areas. They talked of lynching the black citizens held at the jail. By 1:30 p.m., the Sheriff deputized 25 men and called the Governor for help, who ordered in 23 National Guardsmen from nearby Gainesville, Georgia . The next day, September 8, Mae Crow,
5200-531: The trouble two days before in Cumming, they took Knox to the jail in Gainesville. Hearing threats of a lynch mob there, officials moved him to a jail in Atlanta. The following day, Knox's friends were arrested in connection with the Mae Crow assault. Oscar Daniel and Rob Edwards were suspects in rape, and Trussie Daniel was held for not reporting the crime and as an accomplice . Ed Collins, a black neighbor,
5280-452: The turn of the 20th century, white Democrats dominated the Georgia legislature and passed laws increasing barriers to voter registration and voting, effectively disenfranchising most blacks in the state. Unable to vote, they were also excluded from juries. The white legislators passed racial segregation and other Jim Crow laws. Racial tensions increased as rural workers started to move to industrializing cities. Whites rioted against blacks in
5360-640: The victim's family, a minister, and law officers. Gallows were built off the square in Cumming. A fence erected around the gallows was burned down the night before the execution. A crowd estimated at between 5,000 and 8,000 gathered to watch the hanging of the two youths, at a time when the total county population was around 12,000. In the following months, a small group of men called "Night Riders" terrorized black citizens, threatening them to leave in 24 hours or be killed. Those who resisted were subjected to further harassment, including shots fired into their homes, or livestock killed. Some white residents tried to stop
5440-414: The victim. The sheriff gained support from the governor, who sent more than 20 National Guard troops to keep peace. The suspects were never tried, for lack of evidence. In the second case, a white woman was attacked and raped, allegedly by black men; she later died of her injuries. A lynch mob stormed the Cumming county jail and dragged out one of the suspects, Rob Edwards. They shot him and hung his body in
5520-460: The water being used for hydroelectric power at Buford Dam should, instead, be used to supply Atlanta with water for human consumption. As a result of the COE's recommendation, Alabama filed a lawsuit in 1990 against Georgia and the Army Corps of Engineers, followed by the state of Florida later that year. Alabama challenged the Corps' recommendation of the reallocation of the water supply, arguing that
5600-458: The water levels fall too low, such aquatic species may suffer. Endangered species of both sturgeon and mussel live in the basins, and reducing the water supply to the basins would put these endangered species at risk. NEPA requires submission of an environmental impact statement (EIS) before any action with potentially major environmental effects can take place. No EIS has been published for changes to allocation of water from Lake Lanier, indicating
5680-476: Was being threatened due to a decrease of water levels downriver. After the 1990 lawsuit was filed in Alabama, the parties decided to suspend legal procedures in an effort to reach an agreement suitable to all three states. After arbitration by a federal judge from Minnesota, in 1997, the parties created two compacts: the Apalachicola - Chattahoochee - Flint ( ACF ) between Alabama, Florida, and Georgia; and
5760-628: Was called the Trail of Tears . Forsyth County was named after John Forsyth , Governor of Georgia from 1827 to 1829 and Secretary of State under Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren . For many years, much of this hill country was farmed by yeomen farmers, who owned few or no slaves. The county population of about 10,000 was 90 percent "white" in the early 20th century, and residents still depended on agriculture. Its more than 1,000 blacks included 440 persons classified as mixed race on
5840-400: Was driven out of the county. It took only a few weeks. Marauding residents wielded guns, sticks of dynamite, bottles of kerosene. Then they stole everything, from farmland to tombstones. Forsyth County remained white right through the 20th century. A black man or woman couldn't so much as drive through without being run out.... During the 1950s and '60s, there were no "colored" water fountains in
5920-535: Was eventually extended through the county and northward; it stimulated population growth as residential housing was developed in the county and it became a bedroom community for people working in Atlanta , which had expanding work opportunities. The opening of Georgia State Route 400 also spurred industrial growth in the South West portion of the county along the McFarland Parkway corridor starting in
6000-485: Was filed against the Corps. The newly created Office of Water Resources was not fully staffed until 1997. But it has worked to catch up. As another downstream user of the ACF River Basin, Florida wants and needs enough freshwater to reach the Apalachicola Bay of Northwestern Florida to maintain shrimping and other seafood industries, which provide significant income for the state. These industries are vital to
6080-513: Was listed as pneumonia . Knox and Daniel were indicted for rape and murder on September 30. Trussie Daniel and Ed Collins were both charged as accomplices. All five trials, (including Tony Howell for the Ellen Grice case) were set for October 3 in Cumming, the county seat. The prisoners were escorted by four companies of the state militia by train to the Buford, Georgia station, and walked
6160-604: Was on the Atlanta City Council , took up the march plans instead. The following week, January 24, approximately 20,000 participants marched in Cumming. This occurrence produced no violence, despite the presence of more than 5,000 counter-demonstrators, summoned by the Forsyth County Defense League . The county and state had mustered about 2,000 peace officers and National Guardsmen. Forsyth County paid $ 670,000 for police overtime during
6240-461: Was picked up and held as a witness . They were detained in the small Cumming jail. The Atlanta Journal reported that Sheriff Reid drove through a mob of 2,000 people to get the suspects to the jail. Within a few hours on September 9, the white mob increased to 4,000 people, who stormed the jail. Sheriff Reid was not there, having strategically left deputy Mitchell Lummus alone to protect the prisoners. Deputy Lummus hid most of them, but Rob Edwards
6320-466: Was shot and killed by the mob while still in his cell. They dragged him out, mutilated him, and dragged his body behind a wagon, before hanging him from a telephone pole at the northwest corner of the Square. The coroner's inquest, held on September 18, 1912, found the cause of death to be a gunshot by an unknown assailant. Crow died in the hospital two weeks later on September 23, 1912. The cause of death
6400-424: Was the wealthiest in Georgia and the 19th-wealthiest in the United States as of 2018 estimates. In the 1980s, the county attracted national media attention as the site of large civil rights demonstrations and counter-demonstrations. Organizers hoped to dispel the county's image as a sundown county . During the 1987 Forsyth County protests officials kept peace with police officers and National Guard protecting
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