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64-703: Malta Forrest launched l'Entreprise Générale Malta Forrest (EGMF), a transport company, in 1922, in Katanga Province in the south of the Belgian Congo . In 1933, the company moved into mining gold, copper and manganese in the Kolwezi , Musonoi and Kasekelesa mines. In 1951, the company undertook the mining and civil engineering works to open the Kisenge manganese mine. In the early 1950s, it broadened out into public works and civil engineering, building

128-594: A United Nations panel named the George Forrest Group as one of 29 companies that should face sanctions for their operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . In December 2010, WikiLeaks published cables that alleged showed that US officials were ignoring reports of dangerously high levels of radiation at Forrest's Luiswishi Mine , and implied that uranium was being separated from

192-852: A passivating oxide film. It is attacked by halogens and sulfur . Heating in oxygen produces Co 3 O 4 which loses oxygen at 900 °C (1,650 °F) to give the monoxide CoO. The metal reacts with fluorine (F 2 ) at 520 K to give CoF 3 ; with chlorine (Cl 2 ), bromine (Br 2 ) and iodine (I 2 ), producing equivalent binary halides . It does not react with hydrogen gas ( H 2 ) or nitrogen gas ( N 2 ) even when heated, but it does react with boron , carbon , phosphorus , arsenic and sulfur. At ordinary temperatures, it reacts slowly with mineral acids , and very slowly with moist, but not dry, air. Common oxidation states of cobalt include +2 and +3, although compounds with oxidation states ranging from −3 to +5 are also known. A common oxidation state for simple compounds

256-417: A relative permeability two-thirds that of iron . Metallic cobalt occurs as two crystallographic structures : hcp and fcc . The ideal transition temperature between the hcp and fcc structures is 450 °C (842 °F), but in practice the energy difference between them is so small that random intergrowth of the two is common. Cobalt is a weakly reducing metal that is protected from oxidation by

320-589: A bucket used in mining, frequently mentioned by Agricola, namely the kobel/köbel (Latinized as modulus ). Another theory given by the Etymologisches Wörterbuch derives the term from kōbathium or rather cobathia ( κωβάθια , "arsenic sulfide" ) which occurs as noxious fumes. An etymology from Slavonic kowalti was suggested by Emanuel Merck (1902). W. W. Skeat and J. Berendes construed κόβαλος as "parasite", i.e. as an ore parasitic to nickel , but this explanation

384-402: A deposit of pitchblende and other uranium minerals of a higher grade than had ever been found before anywhere in the world and higher than any found since were discovered at Shinkolobwe . The discovery was kept secret by UMHK. After World War I ended a factory was built at Olen ; the secrecy was lifted at the end of 1922 with the announcement of the production of the first gram of radium from

448-411: A distinctive deep blue color to glass , ceramics , inks , paints and varnishes . Cobalt occurs naturally as only one stable isotope , cobalt-59. Cobalt-60 is a commercially important radioisotope, used as a radioactive tracer and for the production of high-energy gamma rays . Cobalt is also used in the petroleum industry as a catalyst when refining crude oil. This is to purge it of sulfur, which

512-408: A late 18th century writer. Later, Grimms' dictionary (1868) noted the kobalt/kobelt ore was blamed on the mountain spirit ( Bergmännchen  [ de ] ) which was also held responsible for "stealing the silver and putting out an ore that caused poor mining atmosphere ( Wetter ) and other health hazards". Grimms' dictionary entries equated the word "kobel" with "kobold", and listed it as

576-464: A major government contract to restore the road network in Lubumbashi , Likasi , Kolwezi and Kalemie . In 1990 EGMF undertook a large strip mining work for the state-controlled mining company Gécamines . In 1991 the country, now called Zaire , went through political upheaval and fell into a prolonged recession, bring the engineering works to a halt. In May 1995 EGMF helped fund Gécamines in mining

640-519: A mere variant diminutive , but the latter is defined in it as a household spirit . Whereas some of the more recent commentators prefer to characterize the ore's namesake kobelt (recté kobel ) as a gnome . The early 20th century Oxford English Dictionary (1st edition, 1908) had upheld Grimm's etymology. However, by around the same time in Germany, the alternate etymology not endorsed by Grimm ( kob/kof "house, chamber" + walt "power, ruler")

704-400: A new metal (the first discovered since ancient times), which was ultimately named for the kobold . Today, some cobalt is produced specifically from one of a number of metallic-lustered ores, such as cobaltite (CoAsS). The element is more usually produced as a by-product of copper and nickel mining. The Copperbelt in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Zambia yields most of

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768-401: A spirit or goblin held superstitiously responsible for it; this spirit is considered equitable to the kobold (a household spirit ) by some, or, categorized as a gnome (mine spirit) by others. Cobalt is a ferromagnetic metal with a specific gravity of 8.9. The Curie temperature is 1,115 °C (2,039 °F) and the magnetic moment is 1.6–1.7 Bohr magnetons per atom . Cobalt has

832-449: A transition metal-alkyl complex that is notable for its resistance to β-hydrogen elimination , in accord with Bredt's rule . The cobalt(III) and cobalt(V) complexes [Li(THF) 4 ] [Co(1-norb) 4 ] and [Co(1-norb) 4 ] [BF 4 ] are also known. Co is the only stable cobalt isotope and the only isotope that exists naturally on Earth. Twenty-two radioisotopes have been characterized:

896-559: A wide variety of coordination complexes with ammonia and amines, which are called ammine complexes . Examples include [Co(NH 3 ) 6 ] , [Co(NH 3 ) 5 Cl] ( chloropentamminecobalt(III) ), and cis - and trans - [Co(NH 3 ) 4 Cl 2 ] . The corresponding ethylenediamine complexes are also well known. Analogues are known where the halides are replaced by nitrite , hydroxide , carbonate , etc. Alfred Werner worked extensively on these complexes in his Nobel-prize winning work. The robustness of these complexes

960-528: Is +2 (cobalt(II)). These salts form the pink-colored metal aquo complex [Co(H 2 O) 6 ] in water. Addition of chloride gives the intensely blue [CoCl 4 ] . In a borax bead flame test , cobalt shows deep blue in both oxidizing and reducing flames. Several oxides of cobalt are known. Green cobalt(II) oxide (CoO) has rocksalt structure. It is readily oxidized with water and oxygen to brown cobalt(III) hydroxide (Co(OH) 3 ). At temperatures of 600–700 °C, CoO oxidizes to

1024-557: Is a hard, lustrous, somewhat brittle, gray metal . Cobalt-based blue pigments ( cobalt blue ) have been used since antiquity for jewelry and paints, and to impart a distinctive blue tint to glass. The color was long thought to be due to the metal bismuth . Miners had long used the name kobold ore ( German for goblin ore ) for some of the blue pigment-producing minerals . They were so named because they were poor in known metals and gave off poisonous arsenic -containing fumes when smelted. In 1735, such ores were found to be reducible to

1088-430: Is demonstrated by the optical resolution of tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) ( [Co(en) 3 ] ). Cobalt(II) forms a wide variety of complexes, but mainly with weakly basic ligands. The pink-colored cation hexaaquocobalt(II) [Co(H 2 O) 6 ] is found in several routine cobalt salts such as the nitrate and sulfate. Upon addition of excess chloride, solutions of the hexaaquo complex converts to

1152-561: Is faulted for its anachronism since nickel was not discovered until 1751. Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries to impart a rich blue color to glass , glazes , and ceramics . Cobalt has been detected in Egyptian sculpture, Persian jewelry from the third millennium BC, in the ruins of Pompeii , destroyed in 79 AD, and in China, dating from the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD) and

1216-502: Is limited. Lubumbashi International Airport is located northeast of Lubumbashi. In April 2014, a train derailment killed 63 people. Cobalt Cobalt is a chemical element ; it has symbol Co and atomic number 27. As with nickel , cobalt is found in the Earth's crust only in a chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron . The free element , produced by reductive smelting ,

1280-460: Is much more sensitive to oxidation than ferrocene. Cobalt carbonyl ( Co 2 (CO) 8 ) is a catalyst in carbonylation and hydrosilylation reactions. Vitamin B 12 (see below ) is an organometallic compound found in nature and is the only vitamin that contains a metal atom. An example of an alkylcobalt complex in the otherwise uncommon +4 oxidation state of cobalt is the homoleptic complex tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV) (Co(1-norb) 4 ),

1344-541: Is not found on Earth's surface because of its tendency to react with oxygen in the atmosphere. Small amounts of cobalt compounds are found in most rocks, soils, plants, and animals. In the ocean cobalt typically reacts with chlorine. In nature, cobalt is frequently associated with nickel . Both are characteristic components of meteoric iron , though cobalt is much less abundant in iron meteorites than nickel. As with nickel, cobalt in meteoric iron alloys may have been well enough protected from oxygen and moisture to remain as

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1408-459: Is obtained by reducing the cobalt by-products of nickel and copper mining and smelting . Since cobalt is generally produced as a by-product, the supply of cobalt depends to a great extent on the economic feasibility of copper and nickel mining in a given market. Demand for cobalt was projected to grow 6% in 2017. Primary cobalt deposits are rare, such as those occurring in hydrothermal deposits , associated with ultramafic rocks , typified by

1472-419: Is one of the few simple stable cobalt(III) compounds. Cobalt(III) fluoride, which is used in some fluorination reactions, reacts vigorously with water. The inventory of complexes is very large. Starting with higher oxidation states, complexes of Co(IV) and Co(V) are rare. Examples are found in caesium hexafluorocobaltate(IV) (Cs 2 CoF 6 ) and potassium percobaltate (K 3 CoO 4 ). Cobalt(III) forms

1536-534: Is reduced to metal by the aluminothermic reaction or reduction with carbon in a blast furnace . The United States Geological Survey estimates world reserves of cobalt at 7,100,000 metric tons. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) currently produces 63% of the world's cobalt. This market share may reach 73% by 2025 if planned expansions by mining producers like Glencore Plc take place as expected. Bloomberg New Energy Finance has estimated that by 2030, global demand for cobalt could be 47 times more than it

1600-501: Is the second-largest city in the Congo. Copper mining in Katanga dates back over 1,000 years, and mines in the region were producing standard-sized ingots of copper for international transport by the end of the 10th century CE. In the 1890s, the province was beleaguered from the south by Cecil Rhodes ' Northern Rhodesia , and from the north by the Belgian Congo , the personal possession of King Leopold II of Belgium . Msiri ,

1664-463: Is very polluting when burned and causes acid rain. Cobalt is the active center of a group of coenzymes called cobalamins . Vitamin B 12 , the best-known example of the type, is an essential vitamin for all animals. Cobalt in inorganic form is also a micronutrient for bacteria , algae , and fungi . The name cobalt derives from a type of ore considered a nuisance by 16th century German silver miners, which in turn may have been named from

1728-515: The Congo in 1914, mining operations shifted again. When the Shaba conflict started in 1978, the copper mines of Katanga Province nearly stopped production. The impact on the world cobalt economy from this conflict was smaller than expected: cobalt is a rare metal, the pigment is highly toxic, and the industry had already established effective ways for recycling cobalt materials. In some cases, industry

1792-567: The Ming dynasty (1368–1644 AD). Cobalt has been used to color glass since the Bronze Age . The excavation of the Uluburun shipwreck yielded an ingot of blue glass, cast during the 14th century BC. Blue glass from Egypt was either colored with copper, iron, or cobalt. The oldest cobalt-colored glass is from the eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (1550–1292 BC). The source for the cobalt

1856-564: The secession of Katanga province from the Congo. This was supported by Belgium but opposed by the Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba . This led to the assassination of Lumumba and the Katanga Crisis (or "Congo Crisis"), which lasted from 1960 to 1965. The breakaway State of Katanga existed from 1960 to 1963, then was reintegrated. In 2005, the new constitution specified that Katanga

1920-552: The Bou-Azzer district of Morocco . At such locations, cobalt ores are mined exclusively, albeit at a lower concentration, and thus require more downstream processing for cobalt extraction. Several methods exist to separate cobalt from copper and nickel, depending on the concentration of cobalt and the exact composition of the used ore. One method is froth flotation , in which surfactants bind to ore components, leading to an enrichment of cobalt ores. Subsequent roasting converts

1984-477: The Egyptians used is not known. The word cobalt is derived from the 16th century German " kobelt ", a type of ore, as aforementioned. The first attempts to smelt those ores for copper or silver failed, yielding simply powder (cobalt(II) oxide) instead. Because the primary ores of cobalt always contain arsenic, smelting the ore oxidized the arsenic into the highly toxic and volatile arsenic oxide , adding to

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2048-608: The Forrest Group brand depended on upgrades to airport infrastructure. Katanga Province Katanga was one of the four large provinces created in the Belgian Congo in 1914. It was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1966 and 2015, when it was split into the Tanganyika , Haut-Lomami , Lualaba , and Haut-Katanga provinces. Between 1971 and 1997 (during

2112-665: The King of Katanga, (no such title exist, Msiri is a title for local authority in area controlled by Kazembe) held out against both, but eventually Katanga was subsumed by the Belgian Congo. After 1900, the Societe Generale de Belgique practically controlled all of the mining in the province through Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK). This included uranium , radium , copper, cobalt , zinc , cadmium , germanium , manganese , silver , gold , and tin . In 1915,

2176-533: The US. High purity cobalt was highly sought after for its use in jet engines and gas turbines. An adequate supply of the ore was found in Idaho near Blackbird canyon . Calera Mining Company started production at the site. Cobalt demand has further accelerated in the 21st century as an essential constituent of materials used in rechargeable batteries, superalloys, and catalysts. It has been argued that cobalt will be one of

2240-407: The anhydrous dichloride is blue, the hydrate is red. The reduction potential for the reaction Co + e → Co is +1.92 V, beyond that for chlorine to chloride, +1.36 V. Consequently, cobalt(III) chloride would spontaneously reduce to cobalt(II) chloride and chlorine. Because the reduction potential for fluorine to fluoride is so high, +2.87 V, cobalt(III) fluoride

2304-527: The atmosphere, weathering occurs; the sulfide minerals oxidize and form pink erythrite ("cobalt glance": Co 3 (AsO 4 ) 2 ·8H 2 O ) and spherocobaltite (CoCO 3 ). Cobalt is also a constituent of tobacco smoke . The tobacco plant readily absorbs and accumulates heavy metals like cobalt from the surrounding soil in its leaves. These are subsequently inhaled during tobacco smoking . The main ores of cobalt are cobaltite , erythrite , glaucodot and skutterudite (see above), but most cobalt

2368-414: The black cobalt(II) sulfides , CoS 2 ( pyrite structure), Co 2 S 3 ( spinel structure ), and CoS ( nickel arsenide structure). Four dihalides of cobalt(II) are known: cobalt(II) fluoride (CoF 2 , pink), cobalt(II) chloride (CoCl 2 , blue), cobalt(II) bromide (CoBr 2 , green), cobalt(II) iodide (CoI 2 , blue-black). These halides exist in anhydrous and hydrated forms. Whereas

2432-428: The blue cobalt(II,III) oxide (Co 3 O 4 ), which has a spinel structure . Black cobalt(III) oxide (Co 2 O 3 ) is also known. Cobalt oxides are antiferromagnetic at low temperature : CoO ( Néel temperature 291 K) and Co 3 O 4 (Néel temperature: 40 K), which is analogous to magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), with a mixture of +2 and +3 oxidation states. The principal chalcogenides of cobalt are

2496-609: The cobalt deposit of Kasombo 1, working as a private sector partner to the state-owned company. George Forrest created the George Forrest International Group that year. The Forrest Group today includes "Malta Forrest", "George Forrest International S.A.", etc. The companies consist of diverse industrial activities, including wind power energy, hydroelectric energy, mining & metallurgy, cement manufacturing, public works, civil engineering, biological food, aviation, and munitions manufacturing. In 2002,

2560-475: The cobalt ore may have got its name from "a type of mine spirit/demon" ( daemon metallicus ) while stating that this is "apparently" the kobold. Joseph William Mellor (1935) also stated that cobalt may derive from kobalos ( κόβαλος ), though other theories had been suggested. Several alternative etymologies that have been suggested, which may not involve a spirit (kobel or kobold) at all. Karl Müller-Fraureuth conjectured that kobelt derived from Kübel ,

2624-465: The deep blue CoCl 2− 4 , which is tetrahedral. Softer ligands like triphenylphosphine form complexes with Co(II) and Co(I), examples being bis- and tris(triphenylphosphine)cobalt(I) chloride, CoCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 and CoCl(PPh 3 ) 3 . These Co(I) and Co(II) complexes represent a link to the organometallic complexes described below. Cobaltocene is a structural analog to ferrocene , with cobalt in place of iron. Cobaltocene

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2688-498: The economy of Katanga province. Cobalt mining by individual contractors is also prevalent. A number of reasons have been advanced for the failure of the vast mineral wealth of the province to increase the overall standard of living . The local provincial budget was US$ 440 million in 2011. Lubumbashi , the mining capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo, is a hub for many of the country's biggest mining companies. The Democratic Republic of Congo produces "more than 3 percent of

2752-448: The free (but alloyed) metal. Cobalt in compound form occurs in copper and nickel minerals. It is the major metallic component that combines with sulfur and arsenic in the sulfidic cobaltite (CoAsS), safflorite (CoAs 2 ), glaucodot ( (Co,Fe)AsS ), and skutterudite (CoAs 3 ) minerals. The mineral cattierite is similar to pyrite and occurs together with vaesite in the copper deposits of Katanga Province . When it reaches

2816-482: The global cobalt production. World production in 2016 was 116,000 tonnes (114,000 long tons; 128,000 short tons) (according to Natural Resources Canada ), and the DRC alone accounted for more than 50%. Cobalt is primarily used in lithium-ion batteries , and in the manufacture of magnetic , wear-resistant and high-strength alloys . The compounds cobalt silicate and cobalt(II) aluminate (CoAl 2 O 4 , cobalt blue) give

2880-466: The grounds of the French School, Lycée Français Blaise Pascal, which suspended operations in 1991 with a new French School starting in 2009. Katanga province has the highest rate of infant mortality in the world, with 184 of 1000 babies born expected to die before the age of five. The Congo Railway provides Katanga Province with limited railway service centered on Lubumbashi . Reliability

2944-443: The main objects of geopolitical competition in a world running on renewable energy and dependent on batteries, but this perspective has also been criticised for underestimating the power of economic incentives for expanded production. The stable form of cobalt is produced in supernovae through the r-process . It comprises 0.0029% of the Earth's crust . Except as recently delivered in meteoric iron, free cobalt (the native metal )

3008-586: The most stable, Co , has a half-life of 5.2714 years; Co has a half-life of 271.8 days; Co has a half-life of 77.27 days; and Co has a half-life of 70.86 days. All the other radioactive isotopes of cobalt have half-lives shorter than 18 hours, and in most cases shorter than 1 second. This element also has 4 meta states , all of which have half-lives shorter than 15 minutes. The isotopes of cobalt range in atomic weight from 50 u ( Co) to 73 u ( Co). The primary decay mode for isotopes with atomic mass unit values less than that of

3072-474: The notoriety of the ore. Paracelsus , Georgius Agricola , and Basil Valentine all referred to such silicates as "cobalt". Swedish chemist Georg Brandt (1694–1768) is credited with discovering cobalt c.  1735 , showing it to be a previously unknown element, distinct from bismuth and other traditional metals. Brandt called it a new "semi-metal", naming it for the mineral from which he had extracted it. He showed that compounds of cobalt metal were

3136-417: The only stable isotope, Co, is electron capture and the primary mode of decay in isotopes with atomic mass greater than 59 atomic mass units is beta decay . The primary decay products below Co are element 26 ( iron ) isotopes; above that the decay products are element 28 (nickel) isotopes. Many different stories about the origin of the word "cobalt" have been proposed. In one version the element cobalt

3200-699: The ore which purportedly held only copper and cobalt. Groupe Forrest International refuted these rumors, saying that although uranium was present in the copper and cobalt ore from the mine, it was at far too low a grade to be exploited, and radioactivity in the Luiswishi mine was largely lower than the European standards. In 2009, Forrest invested in Korongo Airlines , together with Brussels Airlines and local investors, for flights between Lubumbashi and Kinshasa. The launch of other domestic services under

3264-430: The ores to cobalt sulfate , and the copper and the iron are oxidized to the oxide. Leaching with water extracts the sulfate together with the arsenates . The residues are further leached with sulfuric acid , yielding a solution of copper sulfate. Cobalt can also be leached from the slag of copper smelting. The products of the above-mentioned processes are transformed into the cobalt oxide (Co 3 O 4 ). This oxide

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3328-577: The pitchblende. By the start of World War II , the mining companies "constituted a state within the Belgian Congo ". The Shinkolobwe mine near Jadotville (now Likasi ) was at the centre of the Manhattan Project . In 1960, after the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then called Republic of the Congo) gained independence from Belgium, the UMHK, Moise Tshombe and Godefroid Munongo supported

3392-424: The roads, sewerage system and airport for the mining city of Kolwezi. Around this time, the firm began to focus on civil engineering in the western Katanga copper belt. Victor Eskenazi-Forrest, Malta Forrest’s adoptive son, helped his father to manage the company starting in 1954, and took over the company with George Arthur Forrest after the death of the founder. In 1968, the company took limited liability status. It

3456-493: The rule of Mobutu Sese Seko when Congo was known as Zaire ), its official name was Shaba Province . Katanga's area encompassed 497,000 square kilometres (192,000 sq mi). Farming and ranching are carried out on the Katanga Plateau . The eastern part of the province is a rich mining region which supplies cobalt , copper , tin , radium , uranium , and diamonds . The region's former capital, Lubumbashi ,

3520-546: The source of the blue color in glass, which previously had been attributed to the bismuth found with cobalt. Cobalt became the first metal to be discovered since the pre-historical period. All previously known metals (iron, copper, silver, gold, zinc, mercury, tin, lead and bismuth) had no recorded discoverers. During the 19th century, a significant part of the world's production of cobalt blue (a pigment made with cobalt compounds and alumina) and smalt ( cobalt glass powdered for use for pigment purposes in ceramics and painting)

3584-408: The time was Georgius Agricola . He was also the oft-quoted authority on the mine spirits called " kobel " (Latinized as cobalus or pl. cobali ) in a separate work. Agricola did not make an connection between the similarly named ore and spirit. However, a causal connection (ore blamed on "kobel") was made by a contemporary, and a word origin connection (word "formed" from cobalus ) made by

3648-400: The world’s copper and half its cobalt , most of which comes from Katanga". Major mining concessions include Tilwezembe and Kalukundi . The province bordered Angola and formed the entire Congolese border with Zambia. It also bordered Tanzania – although on Lake Tanganyika rather than on land. Katanga has a wet and dry season. Rainfall is about 1,200 mm (49 in). The province

3712-486: Was able to change to cobalt-free alternatives. In 1938, John Livingood and Glenn T. Seaborg discovered the radioisotope cobalt-60 . This isotope was famously used at Columbia University in the 1950s to establish parity violation in radioactive beta decay . After World War II, the US wanted to guarantee the supply of cobalt ore for military uses (as the Germans had been doing) and prospected for cobalt within

3776-557: Was being proposed as more convincing. Somewhat later, Paul Kretschmer (1928) explained that while this "house ruler" etymology was the proper one that backed the original meaning of kobold as household spirit, a corruption later occurred introducing the idea of "mine demon" to it. The present edition of the Etymologisches Wörterbuch (25th ed., 2012) under "kobold" lists the latter, not Grimm's etymology, but still persists, under its entry for "kobalt", that while

3840-710: Was carried out at the Norwegian Blaafarveværket . The first mines for the production of smalt in the 16th century were located in Norway, Sweden, Saxony and Hungary. With the discovery of cobalt ore in New Caledonia in 1864, the mining of cobalt in Europe declined. With the discovery of ore deposits in Ontario , Canada, in 1904 and the discovery of even larger deposits in the Katanga Province in

3904-476: Was divided in 2015 into five successor provinces, based on the districts of Katanga at that time: The University of Lubumbashi , located in the northern part of Lubumbashi city, is the largest university in the province and one of the largest in the country. TESOL, the English Language School of Lubumbashi, is a secondary school that serves the expatriate community. It was founded in 1987 on

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3968-443: Was named after " kobelt ", the name which 16th century German silver miners had given to a nuisance type of ore which occurred that was corrosive and issued poisonous gas. Although such ores had been used for blue pigmentation since antiquity, the Germans at that time did not have the technology to smelt the ore into metal (cf. § History below). The authority on such kobelt ore (Latinized as cobaltum or cadmia ) at

4032-546: Was then involved in a series of large scale public works projects funded by international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank . Malta Forrest died in 1974, and Victor Eskenazi-Forrest and George Arthur Forrest, the founder's son, became Managing Directors. In 1986, after the death of Victor Eskenazi Forrest, George Arthur Forrest took full control. The company undertook

4096-417: Was to be split up into separately administered provinces. Militias such as Mai Mai Kata Katanga led by Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga fought for Katanga to secede, and his group briefly took over the provincial capital Lubumbashi in 2013. In 2015, Katanga Province was split into the constitutional provinces of Tanganyika , Haut-Lomami , Lualaba , and Haut-Katanga . Copper mining is an important part of

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