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83-473: Winter Island at the time of English settlement in the early 17th century was an island separated from the mainland, held as common land by the Proprietors and used as a fortification and for fishing activities. In 1643 Fort William was begun on the island. Circa 1702, during Queen Anne's War , Fort William was renamed Fort Anne (for then Queen Anne ), and was rebuilt around 1706 under the direction of

166-560: A raid on Deerfield in the Province of Massachusetts Bay . They destroyed the settlement, killing many and capturing more than 100 captives. These were taken on an overland journey hundreds of miles north to the Caughnawaga mission village south of Montreal . Most of the children who survived the journey were adopted by Mohawk families. Several adults were later redeemed (ransomed) or released in negotiated prisoner exchanges, including

249-560: A sphere . However, surface imperfections on the projectile and/or the barrel will cause even a sphere to rotate randomly during flight, and the Magnus effect will curve it off the intended trajectory when spinning on any axis not parallel to the direction of travel. Rifling the bore surface with spiral grooves or polygonal valleys imparts a stabilizing gyroscopic spin to a projectile that prevents tumbling in flight. Not only does this more than counter Magnus-induced drift, but it allows

332-817: A French settlement in Penobscot Bay near Castine, Maine , which had all been bases for attacks on New England settlers migrating toward Acadia during King William's War. The frontier areas between the Saint Lawrence River and the primarily coastal settlements of Massachusetts and New York were still dominated by Indigenous peoples, primarily Abenaki in the east and Iroquois west of the Hudson River. The Hudson River – Lake Champlain corridor had also been used for raiding expeditions in both directions in earlier conflicts. The threat of Indigenous peoples had receded somewhat because of reductions in

415-541: A captured boy, Ashur Rice, was returned to Marlborough after he was ransomed in 1708 by his father Thomas Rice. New England colonists were unable to effectively combat these raids, so they retaliated by launching an expedition against Acadia led by the famous Indigenous fighter Benjamin Church . The expedition raided Grand Pré , Chignecto , and other settlements. French accounts claim that Church attempted an attack on Acadia's capital of Port Royal, but Church's account of

498-411: A detachment of Capt. Nehemiah Freeman's company 1802–1803, no federal garrison 1804–1808, and Capt. Stephen Ranney 1809–1812. Massachusetts militia camps on Winter Island in the 1850s and 1860s included Camp Sutton (1853, 1855), Camp Edmunds (1856), Camp Banks (1858), and Camp Gardner (1860s). Camp Sutton existed in 1853 and 1855. The camp was named for general William Sutton and was occupied by

581-617: A fleet in 1706 that destroyed French fishing outposts on the island's northern coasts. In December 1708, a combined force of French, Canadian, and Mi'kmaq volunteers captured St. John's and destroyed the fortifications. They lacked the resources to hold the prize, however, so they abandoned it, and St. John's was reoccupied and refortified by the English in 1709. (The same French expedition also tried to take Ferryland , but it successfully resisted.) English fleet commanders contemplated attacks on Plaisance in 1703 and 1711 but did not make them,

664-529: A high degree of accuracy is not required. The Steyr IWS 2000 anti-tank rifle is smoothbore. This can help accelerate projectiles and increase ballistic effectiveness. The projectile is a 15.2 mm fin-stabilized discarding-sabot type with armor-piercing capability which the IWS 2000 was specifically designed to fire. It contains a dart-shaped penetrator of either tungsten carbide or depleted uranium , capable of piercing 40 mm of rolled homogeneous armor at

747-492: A high projectile density on the periphery, and a low projectile density in the interior). While this may be acceptable at close ranges (some spreader chokes are rifled to produce wide patterns at close range) this is not desirable at longer ranges, where a tight, consistent pattern is required to improve accuracy. Another smoothbore weapon in use today is the 37-mm riot gun , which fires less-lethal munitions like rubber bullets and teargas at short range at crowds, where

830-502: A large community whose enemies included the English-allied Chickasaw . All of these populations had suffered to some degree from the introduction of infectious diseases such as smallpox , endemic among early explorers and traders. The Native Americans had no immunity and suffered high mortality. The arrival of French colonists in the south threatened existing trade links that Carolina colonists had established into

913-403: A longer, more streamlined round with greater sectional density to be fired from the same caliber barrel, improving the accuracy , effective range and hitting power . In the eighteenth century, the standard infantry arm was the smoothbore musket ; although rifled muskets were introduced in the early 18th century and had more power and range, they did not become the norm until the middle of

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996-595: A maximum range of about 100 yards (91 m) but were inaccurate at ranges beyond half that distance. Some colonists also carried pikes, while Indigenous warriors either carried arms supplied by the colonists or were armed with weapons such as primitive tomahawks and bows. A small number of colonists had training in the operation of cannon and other types of artillery, which were the only effective weapons for attacking significant stone or wooden defenses. English colonists were generally organized into militia companies, and their colonies had no regular military presence beyond

1079-635: A peace with the New Englanders. Governor Dudley organized a major peace conference at Portsmouth, New Hampshire (of which he was also governor). In negotiations there and at Casco Bay , the Abenakis objected to British assertions that the French had ceded to Britain the territory of eastern Maine and New Brunswick , but they agreed to a confirmation of boundaries at the Kennebec River and

1162-667: A raiding expedition by Moore that became known as the Apalachee massacre of 1704. Many of the survivors of these raids were relocated to the Savannah River where they were confined to reservations. Raids continued in the following years consisting of large Indigenous forces, sometimes including a small number of white men; this included major expeditions directed at Pensacola in 1707 and Mobile in 1709. The Muscogee (Creek), Yamasee , and Chickasaw were armed and led by English colonists, and they dominated these conflicts at

1245-413: A range of 1,000 m, and causing secondary fragmentation. The cannon made the transition from smoothbore firing cannonballs to rifled firing shells in the mid-19th century. However, to reliably penetrate the thick armor of modern armored vehicles many modern tank guns have moved back to smoothbore. These fire a very long, thin kinetic-energy projectile , too long in relation to its diameter to develop

1328-467: A renewed attempt on Quebec in 1711. The plan for 1711 again called for land and sea-based attacks, but its execution was a disaster. A fleet of 15 ships of the line and transports carrying 5,000 troops led by Admiral Hovenden Walker arrived at Boston in June, doubling the town's population and greatly straining the colony's ability to provide necessary provisions. The expedition sailed for Quebec at

1411-410: A small number in some of the communities of Newfoundland. The French colonists were also organized into militias, but they also had a standing defense force called the troupes de la marine . This force consisted of some experienced officers and was manned by recruits sent over from France, numbering between 500 and 1,200. They were spread throughout the territories of New France, with concentrations in

1494-658: The 1711 Battle of Bloody Creek and raids along the Maine frontier. The remainder of Acadia (present-day eastern Maine and New Brunswick ) remained disputed territory between New England and New France. The French in New France's heartland of Canada opposed attacking the Province of New York . They were reluctant to arouse the Iroquois , whom they feared more than they did the British colonists and with whom they had made

1577-598: The American Civil War . However, heavy coast defense Rodman smoothbores persisted in the US until 1900 due to the tendency of the Civil War's heavy Parrott rifles to burst and lack of funding for replacement weapons. Some smoothbore firearms are still used. A shotgun fires multiple, round shot ; firing out of a rifled barrel would impart centrifugal forces that result a doughnut-shaped pattern of shot (with

1660-561: The American Revolutionary War . In 1794, the City of Salem ceded the fort to the federal government and a new fort was constructed in its place, part of the first system of U.S. fortifications . The 1794 U.S. Army report on fortifications called for the fort to have eight artillery pieces, a blockhouse , and a magazine . The fort's garrison was proposed to consist of one officer and 22 enlisted men. Major repairs to

1743-501: The French and Indian War broke out. Smoothbore A smoothbore weapon is one that has a barrel without rifling . Smoothbores range from handheld firearms to powerful tank guns and large artillery mortars . Early firearms had smoothly bored barrels that fired projectiles without significant spin. To minimize inaccuracy-inducing tumbling during flight, their projectiles required an aerodynamically uniform shape, such as

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1826-587: The Great Peace of Montreal in 1701. New York merchants were opposed to attacking New France because it would interrupt the lucrative Indigenous fur trade , much of which came through New France. The Iroquois maintained their neutrality throughout the conflict, despite Peter Schuyler 's efforts to interest them in the war. (Schuyler was Albany 's commissioner of Indians.) Francis Nicholson and Samuel Vetch organized an ambitious assault against New France in 1709, with some financial and logistical support from

1909-667: The Gulf of St. Lawrence . Some terms were ambiguous in the treaty, and the concerns of various Indigenous communities were not included, thereby setting the stage for future conflicts. When war broke out in Europe in 1701 following the death of King Charles II concerning who should succeed him to the Spanish throne, it was initially restricted to a few powers in Europe, but it widened in May 1702 when England declared war on Spain and France. Both

1992-525: The Northeast Coast Campaign . They killed or captured more than 300 settlers. There were also a series of raids deep into New England by French and Indigenous forces aimed at securing captives. There was an active trade in captives, as families and communities struggled to raise ransoms to reclaim them. In February 1704, Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville led 250 Abenaki and Caughnawaga Indians (mostly Mohawk) and 50 French Canadians in

2075-716: The Royal Engineers , who were earlier sent by King William III to fortify the colonies. It is unclear how much was accomplished, as a debate on whether the town or the province should fund the rebuilding lasted past 1711, when the war ended for the American colonies. In 1735 the Massachusetts General Court provided 600 pounds to rebuild the fort to hold 15 guns. It was rebuilt again by the town and known as Fort Number Two in Patriot hands during

2158-583: The Seven Years' War . Massachusetts and New Hampshire were on the front line of the war, yet the New England colonies suffered less economic damage than other areas. Some of the costs of the war were offset by the importance of Boston as a center of shipbuilding and trade, combined with a financial windfall caused by the crown's military spending on the 1711 Quebec expedition. Spanish Florida never really recovered its economy or population from

2241-587: The 1732 founding of the Province of Georgia , which was granted on territory that Spain had originally claimed, as was also the case with Carolina. James Moore took military action against the Tuscaroras of North Carolina in the Tuscarora War which began in 1711, and many of them fled north as refugees to join their linguistic cousins the Iroquois. The economic costs of the war were high in some of

2324-549: The 18th century. The economic effects of the war were severe in Newfoundland, with the fishing fleets significantly reduced. The British fishing fleet began to recover immediately after the peace was finalized, and they attempted to prevent Spanish ships from fishing in Newfoundland waters, as they previously had. However, many Spanish ships were simply reflagged with English straw owners to evade British controls. The British capture of Acadia had long-term consequences for

2407-617: The 19th century, when the Minié ball increased their rate of fire to match that of smoothbores. Artillery weapons were smoothbore until the mid-19th century, and smoothbores continued in limited use until the late 19th century. Early rifled artillery pieces were patented by Joseph Whitworth and William Armstrong in the United Kingdom in 1855. In the United States, rifled small arms and artillery were gradually adopted during

2490-455: The 2nd Division. Camp Edmunds existed in 1856. The camp was named for Major General B.F. Edmunds and was occupied by the 4th Brigade. Camp Banks existed in 1858. The camp was named for Major General Nathaniel P. Banks and was occupied by the 2nd Division. The fort received another military restoration in the War of 1812 . In 1820 it had a capacity of 11 guns. During the 19th century, the island

2573-596: The Abenakis nor the Mi'kmaq were recognized in the Treaty of Utrecht, and the 1713 Portsmouth treaty was interpreted differently by them than by the New England signatories, so the Mi'kmaq and Abenakis resisted these incursions into their lands. This conflict was increased by French intriguers such as Sébastien Rale , and eventually they developed into Father Rale's War (1722–1727). British relations were also difficult with

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2656-532: The Acadians and Mi'kmaq living there. Britain's hold on Nova Scotia was initially quite tenuous, a situation on which French and Mi'kmaq resistance leaders capitalized. British relations with the Mi'kmaq after the war developed in the context of British expansion in Nova Scotia and also along the Maine coast, where New Englanders began moving into Abenaki lands, often in violation of previous treaties. Neither

2739-542: The Americas remains intact. [REDACTED]   France [REDACTED] Spain loyal to Philip V [REDACTED]   England (before 1707) [REDACTED]   Great Britain (after 1707) Queen Anne's War (1702–1713) was the second in a series of French and Indian Wars fought in North America involving the colonial empires of Great Britain, France, and Spain; it took place during

2822-475: The British and French wanted to keep their American colonies neutral, but they did not reach an agreement. The American colonists had their own tensions which had been growing along the borders separating the French and English colonies. They were concerned about boundaries and governing authority in the northern and southwestern frontiers of the English colonies , which stretched from the Province of Carolina in

2905-653: The Carolina back country. The English colonists had advance warning of the expedition and organized a defense at the head of the Flint River , where they routed the Spanish-led force , and captured or killed some 500 Spanish-led Indigenous peoples. Carolina's Governor Moore received notification concerning the hostilities, and he organized and led a force against Spanish Florida. 500 English colonial soldiers and militia and 300 Indigenous peoples captured and burned

2988-470: The English at St. John's and in Conception Bay (see Carbonear Island ). During King William's War , d'Iberville had destroyed most of the English communities in 1696–97, and the island again became a battleground in 1702. In August of that year, an English fleet under the command of Commodore John Leake descended on the outlying French communities but made no attempts on Plaisance. During

3071-483: The English colonists, but they simultaneously sent warnings to the French about the expedition, effectively playing both sides of the conflict. Newfoundland's coast was dotted with small French and English communities, with some fishing stations occupied seasonally by fishermen from Europe. Both sides had fortified their principal towns, the French at Plaisance on the western side of the Avalon Peninsula ,

3154-510: The French presence on the Atlantic to Cape Breton Island . French were resettled there from Newfoundland, creating the colony of Île-Royale, and France constructed the Fortress of Louisbourg in the following years. This presence plus the rights to use the Newfoundland shore resulted in continued friction between French and British fishing interests, which was not fully resolved until late in

3237-627: The Iroquois and agreed that commerce with Indigenous peoples farther inland would be open to all nations. It retained all of the islands in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, including Cape Breton Island , and retained fishing rights in the area, including rights to dry fish on the northern shore of Newfoundland. By the later years of the war, many Abenakis had tired of the conflict despite French pressures to continue raids against New England targets. The peace of Utrecht, however, had ignored Indigenous interests, and some Abenaki expressed willingness to negotiate

3320-491: The Mississippi watershed and then leveraging those relationships to push the English colonists off the continent, or at least limit them to coastal areas. In pursuit of this grand strategy, he rediscovered the mouth of the Mississippi (which had first been found by La Salle in 1670) and established Fort Maurepas in 1699. From this base and Fort Louis de la Mobile (founded in 1702), he began to establish relationships with

3403-506: The New England colonists stayed in their forts and would not come out. In October 1710, 3,600 British and colonial forces led by Francis Nicholson finally captured Port Royal after a siege of one week. This ended official French control of the peninsular portion of Acadia (present-day mainland Nova Scotia ), although resistance continued until the end of the war. Resistance by the Wabanaki Confederation continued in

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3486-594: The North American continent while the War of the Spanish Succession was being fought in Europe. Each side was allied with various Indigenous communities. It was fought on four fronts: The Treaty of Utrecht ended the war in 1713, following a preliminary peace in 1712. France ceded the territories of Hudson Bay , Acadia, and Newfoundland to Britain while retaining Cape Breton Island and other islands in

3569-424: The bay. The only incident of note was a French attack on the outpost of Fort Albany in 1709. The Hudson's Bay Company was unhappy that Ryswick had not returned its territories, and it successfully lobbied for their return in the negotiations that ended this war. The colonial military technology used in North America was not as developed as in Europe. Only a few colonial settlements had stone fortifications at

3652-513: The coast. To the north, the conflict held a strong economic component in addition to territorial disputes. Newfoundland was the site of a British colony at St. John's and a French colony at Plaisance , with both sides also holding a number of smaller permanent settlements. The island also had many seasonal settlements used by fishermen from Europe. These colonists numbered fewer than 2,000 English and 1,000 French permanent settlers (and many more seasonal visitors), who competed with one another for

3735-466: The commerce provisions of the Treaty of Utrecht. They attempted to prevent English trade with remote Indigenous communities, and they erected Fort Niagara in Iroquois territory. French settlements continued to grow on the Gulf Coast, with the settlement of New Orleans in 1718 and other (unsuccessful) attempts to expand into Spanish-controlled Texas and Florida . French trading networks penetrated

3818-632: The continent along the waterways feeding the Gulf of Mexico, renewing conflicts with both the British and the Spanish. Trading networks established in the Mississippi River watershed, including the Ohio River valley, also brought the French into more contact with British trading networks and colonial settlements that crossed the Appalachian Mountains. Conflicting claims over that territory eventually led to war in 1754, when

3901-495: The effects of the war, and it was ceded to Britain in the 1763 Treaty of Paris following the Seven Years' War. Indigenous peoples who had been resettled along the Atlantic coast chafed under British rule, as did those allied to the British in this war. This discontentment flared into the 1715 Yamasee War that posed a major threat to South Carolina's viability. The loss of population in the Spanish territories contributed to

3984-507: The end of July, but a number of its ships foundered on the rocky shores near the mouth of the Saint Lawrence in the fog. More than 700 troops were lost, and Walker called off the expedition. In the meantime, Nicholson had departed for Montreal overland but had only reached Lake George when word reached him of Walker's disaster, and he also turned back. In this expedition, the Iroquois provided several hundred warriors to fight with

4067-549: The establishment of government-run trading posts in their territory. The Treaty of Portsmouth was ratified on July 13, 1713, by eight representatives of some of the communities of the Wabanaki Confederacy; however, it included language asserting British sovereignty over their territory. Over the next year, other Abenaki tribal leaders also signed the treaty, but no Mi'kmaq ever signed it or any other treaty until 1726. The loss of Newfoundland and Acadia restricted

4150-472: The expedition describes a war council in which the expedition decided against making an attack. Father Sébastien Rale was widely suspected of inciting the Norridgewock community against the New Englanders, and Massachusetts Governor Joseph Dudley put a price on his head. In the winter of 1705, Massachusetts dispatched 275 militiamen under the command of Colonel Winthrop Hilton to seize Rale and sack

4233-586: The expedition was going to fail. After this failure, Nicholson and Schuyler traveled to London accompanied by King Hendrick and other sachems to arouse interest in the North American frontier war. The Indigenous delegation caused a sensation in London, and Queen Anne granted them an audience. Nicholson and Schuyler were successful in their endeavor: the queen gave support for Nicholson's successful capture of Port Royal in 1710. With that success under his belt, Nicholson again returned to England and gained support for

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4316-611: The expense of the Choctaw , Timucua, and Apalachee. Throughout the war, New France and the Wabanaki Confederacy thwarted New England expansion into Acadia, whose border New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine . In 1703, Michel Leneuf de la Vallière de Beaubassin commanded a few French Canadians and 500 Indigenous peoples of the Wabanaki Confederacy, and they led attacks against New England settlements from Wells to Falmouth ( Portland, Maine ) in

4399-529: The fisheries of the Grand Banks , which were also harvested by fishermen from Acadia (then encompassing all of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick ) and Massachusetts. The borders and boundaries remained uncertain between Acadia and New England despite battles along the border throughout King William's War . New France defined the border of Acadia as the Kennebec River in southern Maine . There were Catholic missions at Norridgewock and Penobscot and

4482-558: The following is stated regarding Fort Pickering - "The fort and block house , ... with a magazine under it, have been repaired and a new barrack erected." Another report in December 1811 stated the fort was "an enclosed work of brick and sods, mounting six heavy guns, covered by a block house". Regular Army commanders of the fort (combined with Fort Sewall in Marblehead) from 1800 to 1812 included Capt. Alexander D. Pope 1800–1802,

4565-417: The fort were conducted in 1796 and a restoration in 1799. Later in 1799 it was renamed Fort Pickering in honor of Timothy Pickering, then Secretary of State of the U.S. The fort was rebuilt in 1800 and 1808 to mount six guns as part of the second system of U.S. fortifications . In a report on the conditions of fortifications of the United States submitted to Congress by President Jefferson on January 6, 1809,

4648-463: The gorge at the rear of the fort was guarded by two curtain walls and a wet moat . The walls were part of a bombproof shelter with loopholes for small arms. Facilities outside the fort included a guard house, hospital/ commissary , barracks/mess hall, stable, sink, and well. An armament report by Major Charles E. Blunt dated January 31, 1865 shows the fort had six 24-pounder smoothbore guns , three 32-pounder rifles , and two 24-pounder rifles. It

4731-639: The interior of the continent to the west of the Appalachians and south of the Great Lakes . This area was dominated by numerous historic Indigenous communities, although French and English traders had penetrated it. Spanish missionaries in La Florida had established a network of missions in an effort to convert the Indigenous to Roman Catholicism and focus their labor. The Spanish population

4814-534: The interior, creating tension among all three powers. France and Spain, allies in this conflict, had been on opposite sides of the recently ended Nine Years' War . Conflicting territorial claims between Carolina and Florida south of the Savannah River were overlaid by animosity over religious divisions between the Roman Catholic colonists of New Spain and the Protestant English colonists along

4897-618: The latter by Admiral Walker in the aftermath of the disaster at the mouth of the St. Lawrence. In 1712, Britain and France declared an armistice, and a final peace agreement was signed the following year. Under terms of the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht , Britain gained Acadia (which they renamed Nova Scotia ), sovereignty over Newfoundland , the Hudson Bay region, and the Caribbean island of St. Kitts . France recognized British suzerainty over

4980-558: The local Choctaw, Chickasaw, Natchez people , and other communities. English colonial traders and explorers from Carolina had established a substantial trading network across the southeastern part of the continent that extended all the way to the Mississippi. Its leaders had little respect for the Spanish in Florida, but they understood the threat posed by the French arrival on the coast. Both Carolina governor Joseph Blake and his successor James Moore articulated visions of expansion to

5063-404: The major population centers. Spanish Florida was defended by a few hundred regular troops; Spanish policy was to pacify the Indigenous peoples in their territory and not to provide them with weapons. Florida held an estimated 8,000 Indigenous peoples before the war, but this was reduced to 200 after English colonist raids made early in the war. Prominent French and English colonists understood at

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5146-598: The minister, John Williams, who tried for years without success to ransom his daughter Eunice. She became fully assimilated, marrying a Mohawk man. Likewise in August 1704, there was a raid in Marlborough (in the part of town to later become Westborough ), from which captives were also taken to Caughnawaga. There was an active slave trade of the captive colonists during these years, and communities raised funds to ransom their citizens from Indigenous captivity. For instance

5229-522: The necessary spin rate through rifling. Instead, kinetic energy rounds are produced as fin-stabilized darts . Not only does this reduce the time and expense of producing rifled barrels, it also reduces the need for replacement due to barrel wear. The armour-piercing gun evolution has also shown up in small arms, particularly the now abandoned U.S. Advanced Combat Rifle (ACR) program. The ACR "rifles" used smoothbore barrels to fire single or multiple flechettes (tiny darts), rather than bullets, per pull of

5312-566: The nominally conquered Acadians. They resisted repeated British demands to swear oaths to the British crown, and eventually this sparked an exodus by the Acadians to Île-Royale and Île-Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island ). By the 1740s, French leaders such as Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre orchestrated a guerrilla war with their Mi'kmaq allies against British attempts to expand Protestant settlements in peninsular Nova Scotia. Friction also persisted between France and Britain over Acadia's borders. The boundaries were unclear as laid out by

5395-419: The population as a result of disease and the last war, but they still posed a potent threat to outlying settlements. The Hudson Bay territories (also known as Prince Rupert's Land ) were not significantly fought over in this war. They had been a scene of much dispute by competing French and English companies starting in the 1680s, but the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick left France in control of all but one outpost on

5478-490: The queen. The plan involved an overland assault on Montreal via Lake Champlain and a sea-based assault by naval forces against Quebec . The land expedition reached the southern end of Lake Champlain, but it was called off when the promised naval support never materialized for the attack on Quebec. (Those forces were diverted to support Portugal .) The Iroquois had made vague promises of support for this effort, but successfully delayed sending support until it seemed clear that

5561-582: The reign of Anne, Queen of Great Britain . In the United States, it is regarded as a standalone conflict under this name. Elsewhere it is usually viewed as the American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession . It is also known as the Third Indian War . In France it was known as the Second Intercolonial War . The war broke out in 1701 and was primarily a conflict between French, Spanish and English colonists for control of

5644-455: The south and west at the expense of French and Spanish interests. Iberville had approached the Spanish in January 1702 before the war broke out in Europe, recommending that the Apalachee warriors be armed and sent against the English colonists and their allies. The Spanish organized an expedition under Francisco Romo de Uriza; it left Pensacola, Florida in August for the trading centers of

5727-508: The south to the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the north, with additional colonial settlements or trading outposts on Newfoundland and at Hudson Bay . The total population of the English colonies was about 250,000, with Virginia and New England dominating. The colonists were concentrated along the coast, with small settlements inland, sometimes reaching as far as the Appalachian Mountains . Colonists knew little of

5810-444: The southern English colonies, including those that saw little military activity. Virginia , Maryland , and Pennsylvania to a lesser extent, were hit hard by the cost of shipping their export products (primarily tobacco ) to European markets, and they also suffered because of several particularly bad harvests. South Carolina accumulated a significant debt burden to finance military operations. The French did not fully comply with

5893-554: The start of the war, such as St. Augustine, Florida , Boston , Quebec City , and St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador , although Port Royal's fortifications were completed early in the war. Some villages and settlements were protected by wooden palisades , but many had little more than fortified wooden houses with gun ports through which defenders could fire, and overhanging second floors from which they might fire down on attackers trying to break in below. Europeans and colonists were typically armed with smooth-bore muskets that had

5976-456: The town of St. Augustine, Florida in the Siege of St. Augustine (1702) . The English were unable to take the main fortress and withdrew when a Spanish fleet arrived from Havana . In 1706, Carolina successfully repulsed an attack on Charles Town by a combined Spanish and French amphibious force sent from Havana. The Apalachee and Timucua of Spanish Florida were virtually wiped out in

6059-486: The treaty, which even the French had never formally described. France insisted that only the Acadian peninsula was included in the treaty (modern Nova Scotia except Cape Breton Island) and that they retained the rights to modern New Brunswick . The disputes over Acadia flared into open conflict during King George's War in the 1740s and were not resolved until the British conquest of all French North American territories in

6142-427: The trigger, to provide long range, flat trajectory, and armor-piercing abilities. Just like kinetic-energy tank rounds, flechettes are too long and thin to be stabilized by rifling and perform best from a smoothbore barrel. The ACR program was abandoned due to reliability problems and poor terminal ballistics . Mortar barrels are typically muzzle-loading smoothbores. Since mortars fire bombs that are dropped down

6225-472: The turn of the 18th century that control of the Mississippi River would have a significant role in future development and trade, and each developed visionary plans to thwart the other's activities. French Canadian explorer Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville had developed a "Project sur la Caroline" in the aftermath of the previous war which called for establishing relationships with Indigenous peoples in

6308-459: The village. The priest was warned in time, however, and escaped into the woods with his papers, but the militia burned the village and church. French and Wabanaki Confederacy continued making raids in northern Massachusetts in 1705, against which the New England colonists were unable to mount an effective defense. The raids happened too quickly for defensive forces to organize, and reprisal raids usually found tribal camps and settlements empty. There

6391-419: The winter of 1705, Plaisance's French governor Daniel d'Auger de Subercase retaliated, leading a combined French and Mi'kmaq expedition that destroyed several English settlements and unsuccessfully besieged Fort William at St. John's . The French and their Indigenous allies continued to harass the English throughout the summer and did damages to the English establishments claimed at £188,000. The English sent

6474-426: Was a lull in the raiding while leaders from New France and New England negotiated the exchange of prisoners, with only limited success. Raids by Indigenous peoples persisted until the end of the war, sometimes with French participation. In May 1707, Governor Dudley organized an expedition to take Port Royal led by John March . However, 1,600 men failed to take the fort by siege , and a follow-up expedition in August

6557-476: Was also called Salem Barracks in that war. From May 1864 to June 1865 Fort Pickering was garrisoned successively by the 3rd and 17th Unattached Companies Massachusetts Volunteer Militia . In 1935 most of the land on Winter Island became the newly established Coast Guard Air Station Salem . The air station had a hangar and ramp for seaplanes . Aircraft from the station conducted anti-submarine patrols during World War II and search and rescue missions until it

6640-713: Was also repulsed. In response, the French developed an ambitious plan to raid most of the New Hampshire settlements on the Piscataqua River . However, much of the Indigenous support needed never materialized, and the Massachusetts town of Haverhill was raided instead. In 1709, New France governor Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil reported that two-thirds of the fields north of Boston were untended because of French and Indigenous raids. French–Indigenous war parties were returning without prisoners because

6723-692: Was closed in 1971. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. In 1994, the National Register designated the entire collection of cultural resources at Winter Island and Fort Pickering as the Winter Island Historic District and Archaeological District. Portions of the Civil War fort remain. Queen Anne%27s War British victory over French in Canada. Spanish Empire in

6806-409: Was relatively small (about 1,500), and the Indigenous population to whom they ministered has been estimated at 20,000. French explorers had located the mouth of the Mississippi River , and they established a small colonial presence at Fort Maurepas near Biloxi, Mississippi , in 1699. From there, they began to build trade routes into the interior, establishing friendly relations with the Choctaw ,

6889-472: Was used primarily for fortification and in 1864 the City of Salem again ceded the island to the federal government in support of the Civil War efforts. Although the capacity remained at 11 guns, the area of the fort was increased, with earthwork parapets built outside the stone fort and gun embrasures added for improved protection. The magazine was also increased in size. To defend against land attack,

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