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23-504: The Fosse Dionne is a karst spring , in Tonnerre in the Yonne department of France. It is fed by the rainwater on the surrounding hills as well by at least one subterranean river. The Fosse Dionne is remarkable because of its average daily outflow of 311 litres per second. It is likely that the spring was the reason for the siting of the village. An elaborate lavoir was built around

46-560: A municipality. The Muslim community in Blaubeuren is largely Turkish dominated, originated by the migration of workers since the early 1960s from Turkey . Near the Blautopf lies the former Blaubeuren Abbey (founded in 1085). Blaubeuren also has an old town with many half-timbered buildings. In 1926 the " Ruckenkreuz " was erected on a rocky mountain, an 8.4-metre (28 ft) tall memorial cross made of reinforced concrete with

69-623: A number of karst springs among many landscapes he depicted in the Jura region of eastern France. Blaubeuren Blaubeuren ( German pronunciation: [ˌblaʊ̯ˈbɔʏʁən] ) is a town in the district of Alb-Donau near Ulm in Baden-Württemberg , Germany . As of December 2007 it had 11,963 inhabitants. The core city Blaubeuren lies at the foot of the Swabian Jura , 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) west of Ulm. The city

92-881: A sink or as a source of fresh water. It is a type of sinkhole . A Vauclusian spring is a spring that originates from a shaft or a cave system, with the water surging upwards under relatively high pressure. It is named after the Fontaine de Vaucluse in southern France. Submarine karst springs, also known as vruljas , occur worldwide, and are most numerous in shallow waters of the Mediterranean Sea . They can be considered to be karst springs which have become submerged by rising sea levels . For intermittent or rhythmic springs see below. They are part of another type of classification, which differentiates between perennial (with continuous flow), rhythmic , and temporary springs. A main feature of karst springs

115-543: A span of 2.8 metres (9.2 ft), which commemorates the fallen of the First World War . The " Urgeschichtliches Museum Blaubeuren " displays archaeological findings, including the Venus of Hohle Fels , the earliest known undisputed example of a depiction of a human being in prehistoric art. Scientific findings, experimental archeology and modern museum education can be found under one roof. The former bathhouse of

138-433: A submerged chamber with a 2.5 metre high entrance that is visible from the surface. The flooded cave has been explored by divers despite the difficulties created by narrow passages and a succession of deep siphons requiring frequent decompression stops. The first known exploration was carried out in 1955. The gallery initially descends at an angle of 45° to a depth of 32 meters. Beyond a constriction of 0.8 meters by 0.4 meters,

161-423: A “half rotunda” supported by a framework abutting a rubble wall. To avoid pollution, a wall separates the spring from the circular trough used for washing. Fireplaces around the lavoir made it possible to produce the ash needed for cleaning. The structure has been classified as a monument historique since 1920. The spring consists of a deep basin (hence the name “fosse” [ transl.  pit ]). It opens into

184-754: Is also a connection between the spring and the Gouffre d'Athée . The average flow rate is 311 litres per second, but in periods of flood (such as on 15 March 2001) it can reach 3000 litres per second. The average flow varies between 87 litres per second in August and 619 litres per second in January. In the Gallo-Roman period, the Fosse Dionne was used to supply water to the Oppidum of Tornodurum built on

207-420: Is an 18th-century copy, made by Joseph Duclon of Courtive in 1773. Petitjehan drew on good sources to write his "Description of the old modern and new city of Tonnerre, antiques of the hospital churches and abbeys and estans, etc.". He not only consults the old archives of the hospital and the city, and those of the ancient abbey of Saint-Michel, but he also records the testimony of elders. Finally, it extracts from

230-448: Is borders to the north to Suppingen and Berghülen , on the east to Blaustein , in the south to Ulm and Erbach and in the west to Schelklingen and Heroldstatt . The city Blaubeuren consists of the districts Blaubeuren, Gerhausen, Altental, Asch, Beiningen, Pappelau, Beimerstetten, Sotzenhausen, Seißen, Wennenden, Sonderbuch and Weiler with the core city Blaubeuren and 18 other villages, hamlets, farms and (individual) houses. Within

253-638: Is headquartered in Blaubeuren. Blaubeuren is also the headquarters of Centrotherm Photovoltaics . Blaubeuren is located on the Ulm–Sigmaringen railway . Once an hour regional express trains run to Sigmaringen and Ulm , and every two hours to Donaueschingen and Titisee-Neustadt . Blaubeuren belongs to the Donau-Iller-Nahverkehrsverbund (DING). Blaubeuren is located on the Bundesstraße 28 between Reutlingen and Ulm. In

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276-474: Is that water is rapidly transported by caverns, so that there is minimal filtering of the water and little separation of different sediments. Groundwater emerges at the spring within a few days from precipitation. Storms, snowmelt, and general seasonal changes in rainfall have a very noticeable and rapid effect on karst springs. Many karst springs dry up during the driest part of the year, and are thus known as intermittent springs . Still others are dry most of

299-519: Is the Hungerbrunnen in the parish of Heuchlingen near Gerstetten . The properties of karst springs make them unsuitable for the supply of drinking water . Their uneven flow rate does not support a steady rate of consumption, especially in summer when there is lower discharge but higher demand. In addition, poor filtering and high hardness mean that the water quality is poor. The French Realist painter Gustave Courbet (1819–1877) painted

322-628: The Radolfzeller Aach ) or Blautopf (the source of the Blau river in Blaubeuren ). Karst springs often have a very high yield or discharge rate , because they are often fed by underground drainage from a large catchment basin . Because the springs are usually the terminus of a cave drainage system at the place where a river cave reaches the Earth's surface, it is often possible to enter

345-570: The Vieux Châteaux plateau overlooking the commune. The modern settlement of Tonnerre is built around the spring. The oldest reference to the spring is in an account of the life and miracles of St Jean de Rèome (d. 639) written in 659. Two other "lives" were written later, in the 8th and 9th centuries. The legend is recounted in Description de la ville de Tonnerre by Pierre Petitjehan, state notary, written in 1592. The library's edition

368-548: The caves from karst springs for exploration. Large karst springs are located in many parts of the world; the largest ones are believed to be in Papua New Guinea , with others located in Mediterranean countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Turkey , Slovenia , and Italy . An estavelle or inversac is a ground orifice which, depending on weather conditions and season, can serve either as

391-742: The city also begins the Bundesstraße 492 to Ehingen. The next junction of the Bundesautobahn 8 from Stuttgart to Munich is 12 kilometers (7 miles) away. Blaubeuren is the seat of the church district Blaubeuren of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg . The Roman Catholic church Mariä Heimsuchung is located in Blaubeuren and has a branch church in Gerhausen. The New Apostolic Church also has here

414-464: The great chronicles (notably that of Gregory of Tours ) all the references to the ancient commune of Tonnerre. The legend recounts that the saint dug out and killed a basilisk that inhabited the spring. In 1758, Louis d'Éon, father of the Chevalier d'Éon . converted the spring into a lavoir , building a 14-metre wide basin. The washerwomen were protected from the weather by a roof in the form of

437-524: The monks in the monastery presents in the basement historic bathing facilities, and on the upper floors the local museum with furniture and objects from Blaubeuren. The most striking sight in Blaubeuren is the Blautopf, a karst spring . The Blautopf is 21 meters deep and one of the deepest and largest sources in Germany, with a flow out of minimum 310 L/s and maximum 32,000 L/s. A unique sled race takes place in Gerhausen every year. In this event, known as

460-514: The passage ascends close to the surface before sinking gradually down to a depth of −70 meters at the limit of exploration 370 meters in. As a result of fatal accidents, subterranean diving in the Fosse Dionne is strictly regulated. Karst spring Because of their often conical or inverted bowl shape, karst springs are also known in German-speaking lands as a Topf ("pot") which is reflected in names such as Aachtopf (the source of

483-638: The spring in the 18th century. The Fosse Dionne is a hydrogeological focal point and resurgent spring. It is fed mainly by the rainwater entering the Jurassic limestone layers of the karstic plateau surrounding Tonnerre. Dye tracing studies have demonstrated that some of the spring's water comes from the Laigne River which disappears underground in the Gouffre de la Garenne at Villaines-en-Duesmois , 43.5 kilometres (27.0 mi) from Tonnerre. There

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506-710: The town borough are the ruins of a number of castles: Ruck Castle and Blauenstein Castle, Hohengerhausen Castle (in Gerhausen), Günzelburg Castle and Burkartsweiler (both in Seißen), Sirgenstein Castle (in Weiler), and Gleißenburg Castle (in Beiningen). The coat of arms for the town shows the so-called Blaumännle (little blue man), a small man dressed in blue on a gold background. The Merckle group (pharmaceutical industry)

529-473: The year round and only flow after heavy rain. Sources that only flow during wet years are often known in German as Hungerbrunnen ("hunger springs"), since folklore claimed a connection between the flow rate of a spring and poor crop yield in a wet year. This appears to be more of a culturally-related superstition , as scientific studies on various Hungerbrunnen have not confirmed such a relationship. An example

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