Fateh Shah was the Hindu Rajput king of Garhwal , a small kingdom in North India , from 1684 to 1716.
136-497: H. G. Walton states that Fateh Shah led an attack from Dehradun on Saharanpur in 1692. Pundirs and Gurjars were expelled out of Dehradun and areas of Saharanpur. According to research by G.R.C. Williams, Fateh Shah established a township called Fateh Pur in Haraura Pargana of Saharanpur. According to Rahul Sankrityayan and Fateh Prakash, Raja Fateh Shah also invaded Tibet , where his sword and armour were preserved in
272-499: A Marathi work. According to the legend, Satavahana was the child of the Nāga (serpent) chief Shesha and a Brahmin widow who lived in the home of a potter. His name, Satavahana, was derived from satani (give) and vahana (a means of transport) because he sculpted elephants, horses and other means of transport with clay and gave them to other children. Vikramaditya perceived omens that his killer had been born. He sent his vetala to find
408-533: A jagir (land grant) in Garhwal region ( Uttarakhand ). The town later came to be known as Dehradun, after Dehra referring to Baba Ram Rai's shrine. Many followers of Ram Rai, called Ramraiyas , settled with Ram Rai. During the days of British Raj , the official name of the town was Dehra . In due time the word Dehra was linked to Dun, and thus the city was named Dehradun. In the Skanda Purana , Dun
544-591: A treatise attributed to Kalidasa , nine noted scholars (the Navaratnas ) were at Vikramaditya's court: However, many scholars consider Jyotirvidabharana a literary forgery written after Kalidasa's death. According to V. V. Mirashi , who dates the work to the 12th century, it could not have been composed by Kalidasa because it contains grammatical errors. There is no mention of such Navaratnas in earlier literature, and D. C. Sircar calls Jyotirvidabharana "absolutely worthless for historical purposes". There
680-485: A Tamil manuscript of uncertain date, contains a legend about the divine origin of the three Tamil dynasties . In this legend, Shalivahana (also known as Bhoja) is a shramana king. He defeats Vikramaditya, and begins persecuting worshipers of Shiva and Vishnu . Shiva then creates the three Tamil kings to defeat him: Vira Cholan , Ula Cheran , and Vajranga Pandiyan . The kings have a number of adventures, including finding treasures and inscriptions of Hindu kings from
816-666: A brief period until the British East India Company went to war from 1814 to 1816. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Sugowli where almost a third was ceded to British East India company. The British got Dehradun in 1816 and colonised Landour and Mussoorie in 1827–1828. Jawaharlal Nehru , India's first prime minister, was quite fond of the city and often visited. He spent his last few days here before passing away in Delhi in 1964. Another leader from
952-456: A few days and hot winds (called Loo ) blows over North India. Winter temperature drops below freezing point and is usually between 6 and 20 °C (43 and 68 °F). Although the temperature in Dehradun can reach below freezing during severe cold snaps, this is not common. The area receives an average annual rainfall of 2,073.3 mm (81.63 in). Most of the annual rainfall in the city
1088-997: A flawless reign, he ascended to heaven. At the beginning of the Kali Yuga , Vikramaditya came from Kailasa and convened an assembly of sages from the Naimisha Forest . Gorakhnath , Bhartrhari , Lomaharsana, Saunaka and other sages recited the Puranas and the Upapuranas . A hundred years after Vikramaditya's death, the Shakas invaded India again. Shalivahana , Vikramaditya's grandson, subjugated them and other invaders. Five hundred years after Shalivahana's death, Bhoja defeated later invaders. Several works by Jain authors contain legends about Vikramaditya, including: Few references to Vikramaditya exist in Jain literature before
1224-466: A liberator of India from mlechchha invaders; the invaders are identified as Shakas in most, and the king is known by the epithet Shakari ( IAST : Śakāri ; "enemy of the Shakas"). Although Vikramaditya is mentioned in a few works dated to before the Gupta period (240–550 CE), portions (including Vikramaditya) may be later Gupta-era interpolations . The earliest work to mention Vikramaditya
1360-447: A number of legends about Vikramaditya. Each legend has several fantasy stories within a story, illustrating his power. The first legend mentions Vikramaditya's rivalry with the king of Pratishthana. In this version, that king is named Narasimha (not Shalivahana) and Vikramaditya's capital is Pataliputra (not Ujjain). According to the legend, Vikramaditya was an adversary of Narasimha who invaded Dakshinapatha and besieged Pratishthana; he
1496-402: A number of mythological stories. Śivadāsa 's 12th– to 14th-century Śālivāhana Kātha (or Shalivahana-Charitra ) similarly describes the rivalry between Vikramaditya and Shalivahana. Ānanda's Mādhavānala Kāmakandalā Kathā is a story of separated lovers who are reunited by Vikramaditya. Vikramodaya is a series of verse tales in which the emperor appears as a wise parrot; a similar series
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#17327870615721632-1033: A pivot location for higher education in India. Premier research institutes based in Dehradun are Doon University , Forest Research Institute , Dehradun Institute of Technology (DIT) , Indian Institute of Remote Sensing , Indian Institute of Petroleum , Himgiri Zee University , Wildlife Institute of India , Instruments Research and Development Establishment and Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology . Universities located in Dehradun are Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Uttarakhand Medical Education University , Sardar Bhagwan Singh University , Uttaranchal University , Doon University , Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University, Dehradun , University of Petroleum and Energy Studies , Swami Rama Himalayan University , Graphic Era University and Uttarakhand Technical University . Uttarakhand Technical University has eight constituent institutes and approximately 132 affiliated colleges The campus of Forest Research Institute which
1768-403: A population of 578,420 in Dehradun city; male and female are 303,411 and 275,009 respectively. The sex ratio of the city is 906 per 1000 males. Natives of Uttarakhand form the majority of Dehradun's population. The sex ratio of the city is 907 per 1000 males and child sex ratio of is 873 girls per 1000 boys, lower than the national average. The number of children of age under six in Dehradun city
1904-453: A son (known as Vikramasena or Vikrama-charitra), or Satavahana is the son of Manorama, wife of a bodyguard of the king of Pratishthana. In a medieval Tamil legend Vikramaditya has 32 marks on his body, a characteristic of universal emperors. A Brahmin in need of Alchemic quicksilver tells him that it can be obtained if the emperor offers his head to the goddess Kamakshi of Kanchipuram . Although Vikramaditya agrees to sacrifice himself,
2040-475: A vetala to protect Vikramaditya and instruct him with riddles (a reference to Vetala Panchavimshati legends). After hearing the vetala's stories, Vikramaditya performed an ashvamedha (horse sacrifice). The wandering of the sacrificial horse defined the boundary of Vikramaditya's empire: the Indus River in the west, Badaristhana ( Badrinath ) in the north, Kapila in the east and Setubandha ( Rameswaram ) in
2176-399: A wild boar hunt. Around the same time, a Buddhist monk named Manoratha paid a barber 100,000 gold coins for shaving his head. Vikramaditya, who prided himself on his generosity, was embarrassed and arranged a debate between Manoratha and 100 non-Buddhist scholars. After Manoratha defeated 99 of the scholars, the king and other non-Buddhists shouted him down and humiliated him at the beginning of
2312-598: A zero waste zone. Electricity in Dehradun is regulated through the Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited (UPCL), while Fire services are handled by the Uttarakhand Fire and Emergency Services. State-owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited , or BSNL, as well as private enterprises, among them Vodafone , Bharti Airtel , Reliance , Idea Cellular , and Tata Teleservices are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in
2448-636: Is Vinay Shankar Pandey while the deputy municipal commissioner is Soniya Pant. The corporation has the following departments: public works, property tax, health, street lights, project implementation unit, Information Technology and sanitation. As per the ASICS report 2017, Dehradun municipality generates very few of its own revenues and relies primarily on grants from the state government. The municipality collects revenue from property taxes and parking fees. Other urban entities involved in civic services and city governance and management include parastatals like
2584-469: Is a Hindi word with the meaning of temple, whose etymology is: "dev" + "ghar", from Prakrit "devahara." "dūn" (or Hindi दून derives from the Sanskrit droṇī (or द्रोणि) and means "a tract of country lying at the foot of hills; a valley" The town was established when Baba Ram Rai , the son of the seventh Sikh Guru, Guru Har Rai built a gurudwara or temple in the area in the 17th century. Ram Rai
2720-478: Is a collection of 25 stories in which the king tries to capture and hold a vetala who tells a puzzling tale which ends with a question. In addition to Kathasaritsagara , the collection appears in three other Sanskrit recensions , a number of Indian vernacular versions and several English translations from Sanskrit and Hindi; it is the most popular of the Vikramaditya legends. There are minor variations among
2856-590: Is an ancestor of Shalivahana. A few legends call the king of Pratishthana "Vikramaditya". Political rivalry between the kings is sometimes extended to language, with Vikramaditya supporting Sanskrit and Shalivahana supporting Prakrit . In the Kalakacharya-Kathanaka , Vikramaditya's father Gardabhilla abducted the sister of Kalaka (a Śvetāmbara Jain acharya ). At Kalaka's insistence, the Shakas invaded Ujjain and made Gardabhilla their prisoner. Vikramaditya later arrived from Pratishthana, defeated
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#17327870615722992-505: Is assisted by a chief development officer; five additional district magistrates for finance/revenue, city, rural administration, land acquisition and civil supply. The city is represented in two Lok Sabha constituencies, of Tehri Garhwal by MP Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah from the BJP , and Garhwal represented by BJP's Tirath Singh Rawat , elected in 2019. The city is also represented by four MLAs elected from four state assembly constituencies, as per
3128-480: Is believed that after the battle between Ravana and Rama, Rama and his brother Lakshmana visited this site. Also, known as 'Dronanagari' on the name of Dronacharya , legendary Royal guru to the Kauravas and Pandavas in the epic Mahabharata, is believed to have been born and resided in Dehradun. Evidence such as ancient temples and idols have been found in the areas surrounding Dehradun which have been linked to
3264-470: Is directly elected for a period of five years and is currently Sunil Uniyal Gama, elected in November 2018. The municipal commissioner is the executive head of the local government institutions (the municipal corporation ) in the division, in charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division. As of 2020, the municipal commissioner
3400-487: Is divided into two major parts: the main city Dehradun surrounded by Shivalik and the Jaunsar-Bawar, which is in the foothills of Himalayas. In the north and northwest it borders on the district of Uttarkashi and Tehri Garhwal , in the east and southeast by Pauri Garhwal and Ganges river, in the west, it is bordered by Shimla and Sirmaur districts of Himachal Pradesh , Yamunanagar district of Haryana and
3536-506: Is doubtful. The same Jyothirvidabharana also mentions that Kalidasa, along with the other Navarathnas mentioned above, claimed to have worked in the court of Vikramaditya, the one who defeated the Roman Emperor [Roma Sakadhipathya] and dragged him in the streets of Ujjayini. Rajbali Pandey , Kailash Chand Jain and others believe that Vikramaditya was an Ujjaini based Malava king. The Shakas advanced from Sindh to Malwa around
3672-412: Is found in the Jain text, Pārśvanāthacaritra . The 15th-century—or later— Pañcadaṇḍachattra Prabandha ( The Story of Umbrellas With Five Sticks ) contains "stories of magic and witchcraft, full of wonderful adventures, in which Vikramāditya plays the rôle of a powerful magician". Ganapati's 16th-century Gujarati work, Madhavanala-Kamakandala-Katha , also contains Vikramaditya stories. Vikramadhitya
3808-491: Is mentioned as a part of the region called Kedarkhand, the abode of Shiva . According to Hindu mythology, in ancient India during the Mahabharata epic era, Dronacharya , the great teacher of Kauravas and Pandavas , lived here, hence the name of "Dronanagari" (lit. city of Drona ). The history of the city of Uttarakhand , Dehradun (nicknamed "Doon Valley") is linked to the story of Ramayana and Mahabharata . It
3944-426: Is no historical evidence indicating that the nine scholars were contemporary figures or proteges of the same king. Vararuchi is believed to have lived around the third or fourth century CE. Although Kalidasa's lifetime is debated, most historians place him around the fifth century; Varahamihira is known to have lived in the sixth century. Dhanavantari was the author of a medical glossary (a nighantu ), but his lifetime
4080-554: Is operated and maintained by Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan (UJS), a state agency. The sewage of Dehradun is operated and maintained by Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan (UJS) but is also selectively under the aegis of the Smart City project funded by the central government. As per a report from 2015, only 25% of the city is covered by the existing sewage system. According to the Smart Cities Annexe 2, the sewerage covers 30% of
4216-492: Is received during the months from June to September, July and August being rainiest. During the monsoon season, there is often heavy and protracted rainfall. Agriculture benefits from fertile alluvial soil, adequate drainage and plentiful rain. Dehradun has been ranked 37th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India. Religion in Dehradun City (2011) The 2011 census reported
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4352-406: Is said to have told Vikramaditya that 1,199 years after him, there would be another great king like him (Kumarapala). Jain tradition originally had four Simhasana-related stories and four vetala-related puzzle stories. Later Jain authors adopted the 32 Simhasana Dvatrimsika and 25 Vetala Panchavimshati stories. The Jain author Hemachandra names Vikramaditya as one of four learned kings;
4488-521: Is similar to a phrase— Anekago-shatasahasra-hiranya-kotipradasya —found in Gupta inscriptions about Samudragupta and Chandragupta II (for example, the Pune and Riddhapur copper-plate inscriptions of Chandragupta's daughter, Prabhavatigupta ); this phrase may have been a later, Gupta-era insertion in the work attributed to Hāla. The earliest uncontested mentions of Vikramaditya appear in sixth-century works:
4624-1521: Is the Harsha Vikramaditya mentioned in Kalhana 's Rajatarangini . Although Yashodharman defeated the Hunas (who were led by Mihirakula ), the Hunas were not the Shakas; Yashodharman's capital was at Dasapura (modern Mandsaur ), not Ujjain. There is no other evidence that he inspired the Vikramaditya legends. Several Vikramaditya stories appear in the Amar Chitra Katha comic-book series. Indian films on king Vikramaditya include G. V. Sane's Vikram Satvapariksha (1921), Nanubhai B. Desai's Vikram Charitra (1924), Harshadrai Sakerlal Mehta's Vikram Charitra (1933), Vikram Shashikala (1949), Vijay Bhatt 's Vikramaditya (1945), Kemparaj Urs ' Raja Vikrama (1950), Dhirubhai Desai's Raja Vikram (1957), Chandrasekhara Rao Jampana's Bhatti Vikramarka (1960), T. R. Raghunath 's Vikramaadhithan (1962), Chakravarty Vikramaditya (1964), S. N. Tripathi 's Maharaja Vikram (1965), G. Suryam's Vikramarka Vijayam (1971), Shantilal Soni 's Vikram Vetal (1986), Krishna 's Simhasanam and Singhasan (1986), Ravi Raja Pinisetty 's Raja Vikramarka (1990), Rajiv Chilakalapudi 's Vikram Betal (2004). Vikram Aur Betaal , which appeared on Doordarshan in
4760-562: Is the highest in the region. Male literacy is 92.65% and female literacy is 85.66%. The number of literates in Dehradun city is 463,791, of which 251,832 are males and 211,959 are females. As capital of the state of Uttarakhand, Dehradun houses important state government facilities such as the offices of the local governing agencies, the Vidhan Sabha (the home of the Uttarakhand state legislature), and Raj Bhavan (the residence of
4896-461: Is the only figure whose association with Vikramaditya is mentioned in works earlier than Jyotirvidabharana . According to Rajasekhara 's Kāvyamimāṃsa (10th century), Bhoja's Sringara Prakasa and Kshemendra 's Auchitya-Vichara-Charcha (both 11th century), Vikramaditya sent Kalidasa as his ambassador to the Kuntala country (present-day Uttara Kannada ). However, the historicity of these reports
5032-685: Is the prelude to the Battle of Bhangani (1688). Mat Prakash (or Medni Prakash), the Raja of Sirmur sought the help of Guru Gobind Singh to reconcile his differences with Fateh Shah. The Guru persuaded Fateh Shah to restore good relations with the Raja of Sirmur and to return the seized portion of the Sirmur kingdom. In 1688, the marriage of Fateh Shah's daughter was arranged with the son of Raja Bhim Chand of Bilaspur (Kahlur). Guru Gobind Singh had sent jewellery worth one lakh rupees to Fateh Shah's daughter at
5168-419: Is the starting point of Lesser Himalayan Range that extends to Mussoorie and beyond. Jaunsar-Bawar hills in Dehradun district rises to 3,700 m (12,100 ft) above sea level. The hilly region of Mussoorie goes up to a height of 1,870–2,017 m (6,135–6,617 ft) above sea level. Its geomorphological and meteorological characteristics make it prone to a number of natural hazards. Beside earthquakes,
5304-425: Is uncertain. Amarasimha cannot be dated with certainty either, but his lexicon uses works by Dhanavantari and Kalidasa; therefore, he cannot be dated to the first century BCE (Vikramaditya is said to have established an era in 57 BCE). Little is known about Shanku, Vetalabhatta, Kshapanaka and Ghatakarpara. Some Jain writers identify Siddhasena Divakara as Kshapanaka, but this is not accepted by historians. Kalidasa
5440-579: The Afghan cricket team . and Afghan cricket fans recall this "centuries old link" with the town. The city of Dehradun mainly lies in Doon Valley and is at a varying height from 410 m (1,350 ft) in Clement Town to above 700 m (2,300 ft) at Malsi which is 15 km (9.3 mi) from the city. However, the average elevation is 450 m (1,480 ft) above sea level. Malsi
5576-586: The Indian Institute of Remote Sensing . It is the headquarters of the Surveyor-General of India . According to the combined survey based on health, infrastructure, economy, education, and crime, conducted by Dainik Jagran and KPMG , Dehradun is one of India's safest cities. Dehradun is also known for its Basmati rice and bakery products. Also known as the "Abode of Drona", Dehradun has been an important centre for Garhwal rulers , which
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5712-518: The Mughal court, Shyam Dass and Har Dass, accompanied Suleiman Shikoh to Garhwal; it is possible that these painters got patronage during the reign of Fateh Shah, which resulted in the birth of the Garhwali school of painting. Fateh Shah had five children: Dehradun Dehradun ( / ˌ d ɛr ə ˈ d uː n / , ISO : Dēharādūna ), also known as Dehra Doon , is the winter capital and
5848-585: The Mussoorie Dehradun Development Authority (MDDA), Special Area Development Authority (SADA), Jal Sansthan, and Jal Nigam among others. These oversee the city's civic infrastructure which comes under Dehradun Urban Agglomeration and covers a population of 714,223 according to the 2011 census. The headquarters of Uttarakhand Police are located in Dehradun. While the state is headed by the Director general of police ,
5984-623: The Rashtrakuta king Govinda IV use the epithet "Sahasanka", which has also been applied to Vikramaditya, for Chandragupta II. According to Alf Hiltebeitel , Chandragupta's victory against the Shakas was transposed to a fictional character who is credited with establishing the Vikrama Samvat era. In most of the legends Vikramaditya had his capital at Ujjain, although some mention him as king of Pataliputra (the Gupta capital). According to D. C. Sircar, Chandragupta II may have defeated
6120-530: The Shakas ( c. 200 BCE – c. 400 CE ) and the Indo-Greeks (180 BCE–10 CE). A number of Gupta Empire kings adopted the title of Vikramaditya or its equivalent, such as Samudragupta 's "Parakramanka". According to D. C. Sircar, Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri and others, the exploits of these kings contributed to the Vikramaditya legends. Distinctions among them were lost over time, and
6256-767: The Terai and Bhabar forests within it as well as the Shivalik hills and Lesser Himalayan Range containing hill stations such as Mussoorie and Chakrata . The district is bordered by the Himalayas in the north, Rajaji Range of the Sivalik Hills to the south, the river Ganges to the east, and the Yamuna river to the west. Towns in the foothills of the mountain ranges include Sahastradhara, Lakhamandal , Gautam Kund, Chandrabani , Kalsi and Dakpathar . This district
6392-534: The Tons and Yamuna rivers. To the south are Haridwar and Uttar Pradesh 's Saharanpur district . It is between latitudes 30°01' N and 31°2'N and longitudes 77°34' E and 78°18'E. This district consists of six tehsils – Dehradun, Chakrata, Vikasnagar, Kalsi, Tiuni and Rishikesh – six community development blocks – Vis, Chakrata, Kalsi, Vikasnagar, Sahaspur, Rajpur and Doiwala – 17 towns and 764 villages. Out of these 746 villages are inhabited; 18 are uninhabited. There
6528-517: The Vikrama Samvat era in 57 BCE after defeating the Shakas , and those who believe that he is based on a historical figure place him around the first century BCE. However, this era is identified as " Vikrama Samvat " after the ninth century CE. Vikramaditya means "the sun of valour" ( vikrama means "valour" and aditya means "sun"). He is also known as Vikrama, Bikramjit and Vikramarka ( arka also means "sun"). Some legends describe him as
6664-523: The ashram of a sage, Kashyapa . According to the legend, Indra and other devas told Shiva that the slain asuras were reborn as mlechchhas . Shiva then ordered his attendant, Malyavat, to be born in Ujjain as the prince of the Avanti kingdom and kill the mlechchhas. The deity appeared to the Avanti king Mahendraditya in a dream, telling him that a son would be born to his queen Saumyadarshana. He asked
6800-682: The most populous city of the Indian state of Uttarakhand . It is the administrative headquarters of the eponymous district and is governed by the Dehradun Municipal Corporation , with the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly holding its winter sessions in the city as its winter capital. Part of the Garhwal region , and housing the headquarters of its Divisional Commissioner, Dehradun is one of
6936-582: The " Counter Magnets " of the National Capital Region (NCR) being developed as an alternative centre of growth to help ease the migration and population explosion in the Delhi metropolitan area and to establish a smart city in the Himalayas. Dehradun is located in the Doon Valley on the foothills of the Himalayas nestled between Song River , a tributary of Ganges on the east and
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#17327870615727072-513: The 100 wards in the city are covered by this plant and only 3% of the wards in Dehradun have 100% segregation of waste at source. Segregation of waste at source is lacking in the city, although the municipality spends around one crore per month on collection and transportation of solid waste. A decentralised pilot project was started in Nathuwala ward with the help of local residents and an NGO called Feedback Foundation and has since been declared
7208-457: The 13th and 14th centuries. According to Sujan Rai's 1695 Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh , its author was Bhoja's wazir (prime minister) Pandit Braj. Vetala Panchavimshati and Simhasana Dvatrimsika are structurally opposite. In the Vetala tales, Vikramaditya is the central character of the frame story but is unconnected with the individual tales except for hearing them from the vetala. Although
7344-468: The 1980s, was based on Vetala Panchavimshati . Kahaniya Vikram aur Betaal Ki , a remake of the Doordarshan television show, aired on Colors TV in 2009. An adaptation of Singhasan Battisi was aired on Doordarshan during the late 1980s. In 2014, another adaptation was aired on Sony Pal . Currently a series Vikram Betaal Ki Rahasya Gatha is running on &TV where popular actor Aham Sharma
7480-532: The 2008 delimitation: Nagar Nigam Dehradun, also called Dehradun Municipal Corporation , is the local government of the city. The corporation originated in 1998. Prior to December 2003, this body was known as Dehradun Municipal Council, and after revamping the municipality, the Dehradun Municipal Corporation came into existence under the Uttarakhand (The Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959) (Amendment) Act, 2017. As of 2018,
7616-712: The Asan River, a tributary of Yamuna on the west. The city is noted for its picturesque landscape and provides a gateway to the surrounding region. Dehradun is a notable academic and research hub and is home to the Indian Military Academy , Forest Research Institute , Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy , the Doon School , Welham Boys School , Welham Girls School , Brightlands School , Rashtriya Indian Military College , Uttarakhand Ayurveda University , Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology and
7752-673: The Dehradun are plagued by non-functioning equipment in the operating theatre and the insufficient number of labour rooms. Hospitals in the city include the Doon Hospital, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Shri Mahant Indresh Hospital, Himalayan Hospital, Uttaranchal Ayurvedic Hospital, Combined Medical Institute (CMI) Hospital, Luthra Hospital, and Government Hospital Premnagar (managed by the state government). Schools in Dehradun are classified as aided, unaided and Government schools. These schools are affiliated with CBSE , Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) or CISCE ; except for
7888-457: The Gupta capital was at Pataliputra (not Ujjain). According to Raj Pruthi, legends surrounding this first-century king gradually became intertwined with those of later kings called "Vikramaditya" (including Chandragupta II). Critics of this theory say that Gatha Saptashati shows clear signs of Gupta-era interpolation . According to A. K. Warder , Brihatkathamanjari and Kathasaritsagara are "enormously inflated and deformed" recensions of
8024-581: The Guru entered into an understanding with Bhim Chand soon after the battle. Although, there is practically no evidence about the territorial ambitions of the Guru. Fateh Shah also fought several battles against Kumaon , without any conclusive results. Gyan Chand of Kumaon, who ascended the throne in 1698, raided Pindar valley in Garhwal after he was crowned. In 1699, he crossed Ramganga river and plundered Sabli, Khatli, and Sainchar. Fateh Shah replied by invading Chaukot and Giwar areas of Kumaon in 1701. In 1703,
8160-437: The Guru. According to the author of Bichitra Natak , and majority of historians, the battle resulted in the victory of the author's (i.e. the Guru's) forces, and the enemy forces fled from the battlefield. However, authors such as Pandit Harikrishna Raturi, Anil Chandra Banerjee and A. S. Rawat believe that the battle ended without any consequences, since the Guru's victory is not substantiated by any territorial annexations, and
8296-567: The Guttas confused Vikramaditya with Chandragupta II; however, D. C. Sircar sees this as further proof that Vikramaditya was based on Chandragupta II. The Vikramaditya of Ayodhya legend is identified as Skandagupta ( r. 455 – 467 CE ) by a number of scholars. Book 18 of the Kathasaritsagara describes Vikramaditya as a son of Mahendraditya of Ujjain. According to D.C. Sircar, Kumaragupta I (r. 415–455 CE) adopted
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#17327870615728432-886: The Kumaonis defeated the Garhwalis in the battle of Duduli (near Melchauri in Garhwal). In 1707, the Kumaon forces annexed Juniyagarh in Bichla Chaukot, and razed the old fort at Chandpur. Raja Jagat Chand of Kumaon plundered Lohba and garrisoned the fort of Lohbagarh. Next year, he proceeded as far as Srinagar in Garhwal . According to H. G. Walton, Raja of Kumaon occupied Srinagar, and Fateh Shah fled to Dehradun. Fateh Shah appears to have returned very soon to Garhwal; in 1710, he mobilized his troops in Badhan.After this he conquered
8568-560: The Nepalese warlord Kaji Amar Singh Thapa under the central leadership of Prime Minister Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa united many of the Indian territories that now fell under places such as Almora , Pathankot , Kumaon , Garhwal , Sirmur , Shimla , Kangra and Dehradun. On the western front Garhwal and parts of Himachal Pradesh up to Punjab and on the eastern front the state of Sikkim up to Darjeeling became parts of Nepal for
8704-600: The Paramara king Bhoja discovers the ancient throne of Vikramaditya after several centuries. The throne has 32 statues, who are actually apsaras (a type of female spirit of the clouds and waters in Hinduism and Buddhist culture) who were turned into stone by a curse. When Bhoja tries to ascend the throne, one apsara comes to life and tells him to ascend the throne only if he is as magnanimous as Vikramaditya (as revealed by her tale). This leads to 32 attempts by Bhoja to ascend
8840-539: The Seventh Sikh Guru Har Rai, set up his "Dera" (camp) in "dun" (valley) in 1676. This 'Dera Dun' later on became Dehradun. The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb was highly impressed by the miraculous powers of charismatic Ram Rai. He asked the contemporary Maharaja of Garhwal, Fateh Shah to extend all possible help to Ram Rai. Initially, a Gurudwara (temple) was built in Dhamawala. The construction of
8976-577: The Shaka invaders of Ujjain and made his son, Govindagupta , a viceroy there. Ujjain may have become a second Gupta capital, and legends about him (as Vikramaditya) may have developed. The Guttas of Guttavalal, a minor dynasty based in present-day Karnataka, claimed descent from the Gupta Empire. Their Chaudadanapura inscription alludes to Vikramaditya ruling from Ujjain, and several Gutta kings were named Vikramaditya. According to Vasundhara Filliozat,
9112-445: The Shakas, and began the Vikrama Samvat era to commemorate his victory. According to Alain Daniélou , the Vikramaditya in this legend refers to a Satavahana king. Other Jain texts contain variations of a legend about Vikramaditya's defeat at the hands of the king of Pratishthana, known as Satavahana or Shalivahana . This theme is found in Jina-Prabhasuri's Kalpa-Pradipa , Rajashekhara's Prabandha-Kosha and Salivahana-Charitra ,
9248-424: The Shakas. According to the chronicle Vikramaditya appointed his friend, the poet Matrigupta, ruler of Kashmir. After Vikramaditya's death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. According to D. C. Sircar , Kalhana confused the legendary Vikramaditya with the Vardhana Emperor Harshavardhana ( c. 606 – c. 47 CE ); Madhusudana's 17th-century Bhavabodhini similarly confuses
9384-417: The Shakas. One of Gautamiputra Satakarni's epithets was vara-varana-vikrama-charu-vikrama . However, according to D. C. Sircar, the epithet means "one whose gait is as beautiful as that of a choice elephant" and is unrelated to Vikramaditya. Most other Vikramaditya legends note the king's capital as Ujjain (or, less commonly, Pataliputra), but the Satavahanas never had their capital at these cities. Vikramaditya
9520-406: The Survey Chowk was the royal servants quarter." Today the descendants of the former royalty, Yakub Khan and his grandson Sardar Azim Khan's family have integrated with the mainstream of Dehradun life. The Doon connection was revived when Zahir Shah, the last king of Afghanistan while undergoing treatment in New Delhi during the last years of his life expressed a desire to meet his Doon cousins but
9656-446: The Valley of Flowers at Dodital , Dayara Bugyal , Kedarkantha , Har Ki Dun and Hemkunt Sahib for camping and Himalayan panoramic views. The Hindu holy cities of Haridwar and Rishikesh , along with the Himalayan pilgrimage circuit of Chota Char Dham , viz. Yamunotri , Gangotri , Kedarnath and Badrinath , are also primarily accessed via Dehradun, the closest major city. Dehradun is made up of two words "dehra" + "dun." "dehra"
9792-605: The Vikramaditya legends; its post-Gupta adaptations, such as the Katha-Sarit-Sagara , may contain interpolations. Gaha Sattasai (or Gatha-Saptasati ), a collection of poems attributed to the Satavahana king Hāla ( r. 20 – 24 CE ), mentions a king named Vikramaditya who gave away his wealth out of charity. However, many stanzas in this work are not common to its revisions and are apparent Gupta-period expansions. The verse about Vikramaditya
9928-455: The age of Shantanu to Vikramaditya. They ultimately defeat Shalivahana in the year 1443 (of an uncertain calendar era, possibly from the beginning of Kali Yuga ). According to a legend in Ayodhya , the city was re-discovered by Vikramaditya after it was lost for centuries. Vikramaditya began searching for Ayodhya and met Prayaga, the king of tirthas . Guided by Prayaga, Vikramaditya marked
10064-617: The areas of katyur valley (modern day Baijnath) and donated a village named Garsaar to the Badrinath temple. The contemporary writings mention Garhwal as a very prosperous state during Fateh Shah's reign. Fateh shah was a great patron of art and literature. Like Vikramaditya and Akbar , he is said to have nine illustrious figures ( Navaratnas ) in his court: Sureshanand Barthwal, Revatram Dhasmana, Rudridutt Kimothi, Hari Dutt Nautiyal, Vasvanand Bahuguna, Shashidhar Dangwal, Sahdev Chandola, Kirit Ram Khanthola, and Hari Dutt Thapliyal. Some of
10200-756: The biography of Vasubandhu by Paramartha (499–569) and Vasavadatta by Subandhu. Paramaratha quotes a legend that mentions Ayodhya ("A-yu-ja") as the capital of King Vikramaditya ("Pi-ka-la-ma-a-chi-ta"). According to this legend, the king gave 300,000 gold coins to the Samkhya scholar Vindhyavasa for defeating Vasubandhu's Buddhist teacher (Buddhamitra) in a philosophical debate. Vasubandhu then wrote Paramartha Saptati , illustrating deficiencies in Samkhya philosophy. Vikramaditya, pleased with Vasubandhu's arguments, gave him 300,000 gold coins as well. Vasubandhu later taught Buddhism to Prince Baladitya and converted
10336-496: The child; the vetala traced Satavahana in Pratishthana, and Vikramaditya led an army there. With Nāga magic, Satavahana converted his clay figures of horses, elephants and soldiers into a real army. He defeated Vikramaditya (who fled to Ujjain), began his own era, and became a Jain. There are several variations of this legend: Vikramaditya is killed by Satavahana's arrow in battle; he marries Satavahana's daughter and they have
10472-510: The city's ecology , aesthetics, microclimate and built environment . The climate of Dehradun is humid subtropical (Cwa). The city is in Doon Valley and temperature variations due to difference in elevation are considerable. In the hilly regions, the summer is pleasant. But in the Doon, the heat is in rare cases, intense and summer temperatures can reach up to 40 °C (104 °F) for
10608-404: The city, and has an efficiency of 10%. The city of Dehradun generates 350 metric tons (350,000 kg; 390 short tons) of waste per day. The landfill or dumping site has since shifted from the dumping ground on Sahastradhara road in 2017 to one centralised solid waste processing plant in Dehradun, Shishambara on the outskirts of the city which has the capacity of 600 MP per day. Only 69 of
10744-499: The city. The healthcare facilities in Dehradun consist of private and public hospitals, formal and informal service providers as well as secondary and tertiary healthcare with single clinic doctors. In spite of having special status under the National Health Mission , the city is facing a healthcare crisis due to the shortage of medical manpower in the state and financial constraints. Hospitals and medical centres in
10880-653: The city. Since Dehradun has many central Government offices, there are as many as 12 Kendriya Vidyalayas also in the city. After completing their secondary education, students typically enrol in schools that have a higher secondary facility and are affiliated with the Directorate of higher education, the ICSE , or the CBSE . The colleges are each affiliated with a university or institution based either in Uttarakhand or elsewhere in India. In recent times, Dehradun has evolved as
11016-965: The district is headed by Deputy inspector general of police (DIG) Garhwal. The city's nodal police officer is the superintendent of police (SP City) who reports to the senior superintendent of police (SSP) who also holds the post of DIG . Dehradun falls under the Lucknow zone of the Chief Bureau of Investigation (CBI), which is part of the central government. Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACB) Dehradun, has jurisdiction over 13 districts in Uttarakhand. Dehradun city receives potable water from two primary sources- surface water and groundwater to meet its supply needs. The sources of water were mainly from Kaulu khet Spring, Maussifall, Bindal River, Bijapur canal and more than 100 tubewells. It suffers from lack of sufficient ground water recharge and depleting ground water tables. The water supply of Dehradun
11152-523: The early part of the 20th Century and are palaces are a miniature replica of the palatial structures owned by the kings in Afghanistan. The Bala Hissar Palace has now been turned into Mussoorie's Wynberg Allen School . Doon-based heritage enthusiast Ghanshyam told the Times of India, "The police station at Karanpur used to be the royal guard room of Yakoob way back in 1879. The electrical office located at
11288-474: The encomiastic works from Ratan Shah's period include: Ratan Kavi's eulogies state that there was perfect law and order in Garhwal during Fateh Shah's reign, and people did not lock their houses as a result. Kavi Raj Sukhdev Misra praises the Raja's gallantry. Mati Ram's Vrit Kaumudi compares the Raja's generosity with that of the Maratha king Shivaji . Ananda Coomaraswamy mentions that two painters from
11424-441: The first century BCE, and were defeated by Vikramaditya. The Krita era, which later came to be known as Vikrama Samvat , marked this victory. Chandragupta II later adopted the title of Vikramaditya after defeating the Shakas. Proponents of this theory say that Vikramaditya is mentioned in works dating to before the Gupta era , including Brihathkatha and Gatha Saptashati . Vikramaditya cannot be based on Chandragupta II, since
11560-624: The first century BCE. Although the Puranas contain genealogies of significant Indian kings, they do not mention a Vikramaditya ruling from Ujjain or Pataliputra before the Gupta era. There is little possibility of an historically-unattested, powerful emperor ruling from Ujjain around the first century BCE among the Shungas (187–78 BCE), the Kanvas (75–30 BCE), the Satavahanas (230 BCE–220 CE),
11696-518: The frame story of the Throne Tales is set long after Vikramaditya's death, those tales describe his life and deeds. Paramara -era legends associate the Paramara rulers with legendary kings, in order to enhance the Paramara imperial claims. The Bhavishya Purana , an ancient Hindu text which has been edited till as late as 19th century, connects Vikramaditya to the Paramaras. According to
11832-423: The goddess fulfills his wish without the sacrifice. In another Tamil legend, Vikramaditya offers to perform a variant of the navakhandam rite (cutting the body in nine places) to please the gods. He offers to cut his body in eight places (for the eight Bhairavas ), and offers his head to the goddess. In return, he convinces the goddess to end human sacrifice . Chola Purva Patayam ( Ancient Chola Record ),
11968-480: The government schools, which are run directly by the Uttarakhand Board of School Education and follow the syllabus prescribed by the state government . The language of instruction in schools is either English or Hindi. Uttarakhand Board of School Education is responsible for administering courses of instructions, textbooks, and to conduct examinations for secondary school students of the state. The board
12104-404: The governor of Uttarakhand). Most government establishments and institutions are housed in the city. Dehradun city falls in Garhwal division of Uttarakhand which is headed by the divisional commissioner of Dehradun, who is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer of high seniority. The district magistrate and collector of Dehradun report to the divisional commissioner as well. The DM
12240-606: The independence movement, Rash Behari Bose , who was one of the key organisers of the Ghadar conspiracy and, later, the Indian National Army was based in Dehradun in his early days before he was forced to move to Japan in 1915 to continue the freedom struggle. Post-independence Dehradun and other parts of Garhwal and Kumaon were merged with United Provinces which was later renamed the state of Uttar Pradesh . In 2000, Uttarakhand state (earlier called Uttaranchal)
12376-476: The king to name the child Vikramaditya, and told him that the prince would be known as "Vishamashila" because of his hostility to enemies. Malyavat was born as Vikramaditya; when the prince grew up, Mahendraditya retired to Varanasi . Vikramaditya began a campaign to conquer a number of kingdoms and subdued vetalas , rakshasas and other demons. His general, Vikramashakti, conquered the Dakshinapatha in
12512-471: The last debate. Before his death, Manoratha wrote to his disciple Vasubandhu about the futility of debating biased, ignorant people. Shortly after Vikramaditya's death, Vasubandhu asked his successor, Baladitya, to organise another debate to avenge his mentor's humiliation. In this debate, Vasubandhu defeated 100 non-Buddhist scholars. Kshemendra 's Brihatkathamanjari and Somadeva's 11th-century Kathasaritsagara , both adaptations of Brihatkatha , contain
12648-466: The legendary Shalivahana was similarly based on the exploits of several Satavahana kings. Some scholars, including D. R. Bhandarkar , V. V. Mirashi and D. C. Sircar , believe that Vikramaditya is probably based on the Gupta king Chandragupta II . Based on coins and the Supia pillar inscription, it is believed that Chandragupta II adopted the title Vikramaditya. The Khambat and Sangli plates of
12784-483: The loss of her lover, the courtesan turned to charity; known for her gifts of gold, she soon surpassed Narasimha in fame. Vikramaditya later returned to the courtesan's house, where Narasimha met and befriended him. Vikramaditya married the courtesan and brought her to Pataliputra. Book 12 ( Shashankavati ) contains the vetala panchavimshati legends, popularly known as the Vetala Panchavimshati . It
12920-534: The majority of Dehradun's population; Muslims compose a large minority. According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, Hinduism is majority religion in Dehradun city with 82.53% followers. Islam is the second most practised religion in the city with approximately 11.75% following it. Sikhism by 3.5%, Christianity is followed by 1.06%, Jainism by 0.63%, and Buddhism by 0.29%. Around 0.01% stated 'Other Religion', approximately 0.24% stated 'No Particular Religion'. Dehradun's literacy rate at 89.32%
13056-478: The meeting could not take place as the family members were away. Ashraf Ghani , former President of Afghanistan has mentioned that his grandmother grew up in Dehra Dun. "I speak of Tagore because I was raised on Tagore by my grandmother who lived in Dehradun...," Dr Ghani said while talking about India's vision and the remarkable transformation. Dehradun is also being selected to be the second "home" ground of
13192-409: The mid-12th century, although Ujjain appears frequently. After the Jain king Kumarapala ( r. 1143–1172 ), Jain writers started to compare Kumarapala to Vikramaditya. By the end of the 13th century, legends featuring Vikramaditya as a Jain emperor began surfacing. A major theme in Jain tradition is that the Śvetāmbara Jain acharya Siddhasena Divakara converted Vikramaditya to Jainism. He
13328-628: The models of Muslim architecture. The huge pond in the front measuring 230 by 80 feet (70 m × 24 m) had dried up for want of water over the years. People had been dumping rubbish; it has been renovated and revived. Dehradun was invaded by Mahmud of Ghazni during his campaigns into India followed by Timur in 1368, Rohilla chief Najib ad-Dawlah in 1757 and Ghulam Qadir in 1785. In 1804 battles of Khurbura at Dehradun fought between Garhwal king Pradyuman shah and Gorakhali forces led by General Amar Singh thapa.in which king Pradyuman shah died then this area came under control of Gorakha. In 1806
13464-505: The monastery at Daba for a long time. The ruler of Daba (Area of Tibet) refused to pay its taxes to the Fateh Shah so he again conquered Daba .Some areas of Tibet accepted dominance of Panwar kings of Uttarakhand . Dabral and Bhakt Darshan believe that Fateh Shah invaded Sirmur in 1692. Ajay Singh Rawat writes that the year of invasion mentioned by these writers is not correct, and the animosity between Fateh Shah and Raja of Sirmur
13600-469: The municipality covers an area of 196.48 km (75.86 sq mi) and administers a population of 803,983. In 2017, with the inclusion of 72 adjoining villages in the DMC limits, the number of wards increased from 60 to 100. As of 2020, the corporation consists of 100 wards and the elected head is the mayor who presides over a deputy mayor and 99 other corporators representing the wards. The mayor
13736-456: The mythology of Ramayana and Mahabharata. These relics and ruins are believed to be around 2000 years old. Furthermore, the location, the local traditions and the literature reflect this region's links with the events of Mahabharata and Ramayana. Even after the battle of Mahabharata, the Pandavas had an influence on this region as the rulers of Hastinapura with the descendants of Subahu ruled
13872-402: The name of Dehradun was used, the place is shown on old maps as Gurudwara (a map by Webb, 1808) or Gurudwara (a map by Gerard, 1818). Gerard's map names the place as "Dehra or Gurudwara". Surrounding this original Sikh temple were many small villages that are now the names of parts of the modern city. Dehradun itself derives its name from the historical fact that Baba Ram Rai , the eldest son of
14008-440: The original Brihatkatha . The early Jain works do not mention Vikramaditya and the navaratnas have no historical basis as the nine scholars do not appear to have been contemporary figures. Legends surrounding Vikramaditya are contradictory, border on the fantastic and are inconsistent with historical facts; no epigraphic, numismatic or literary evidence suggests the existence of a king with the name (or title) of Vikramaditya around
14144-460: The other three are Shalivahana , Bhoja and Munja . Merutunga 's Vicarasreni places his victory at Ujjain in 57 BCE, and hints that his four successors ruled from 3 to 78 CE. Many legends, particularly Jain legends, associate Vikramaditya with Shalivahana of Pratishthana (another legendary king). In some he is defeated by Shalivahana, who begins the Shalivahana era ; in others, he
14280-551: The palace of Dost Mohammad. The famous Dehradooni Basmati was brought along by him from Kunar Province in Afghanistan and it continues to be counted as a delicacy of the valley. Forty years later, after the Second Anglo-Afghan War , his grandson, Mohammad Yaqub Khan , was sent to exile to India in 1879. Just like his grandfather, he chose Doon valley as his abode. Yakoob became the first Afghan to formally settle in Dehradun. The present Mangla Devi Inter College
14416-516: The place but then forgot where it was. A yogi told him that he should free a cow and calf; Ayodhya would be where milk began to flow from the cow's udder. Following this advice, Vikramaditya found the site of ancient Ayodhya. According to Hans T. Bakker , present-day Ayodhya was originally the Saketa , mentioned in Buddhist sources. The Gupta emperor Skandagupta , who compared himself to Rama and
14552-421: The possible grievances of Fateh Shah could have been the presence of Guru's armed camp near his territory; Paonta was a strategic location on the only convenient route connecting Nahan (capital of Sirmur ) and Garhwal. He also believes that it is likely that the subjects of Garhwal suffered from "lawless activities" of some of the Guru's followers. These reasons could have led him to ally with Bhim Chand to attack
14688-411: The present building, Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib , was completed in 1707. There are portraits of gods, goddesses, saints, sages and religious stories on the walls. There are pictures of flowers and leaves, animals and birds, trees, similar faces with pointed noses and big eyes on the arches which are the symbol of the colour scheme of Kangra-Guler art and Mughal art . High minarets and round pinnacles are
14824-501: The princess of Kalinga . The Brihatkathamanjari contains similar legends, with some variations; Vikramaditya's general Vikramashakti defeated a number of mlechchhas, including Kambojas , Yavanas , Hunas , Barbaras , Tusharas and Persians. In Brihatkathamanjari and Kathasaritsagara , Malyavat is later born as Gunadhya (the author of Brihatkatha , on which these books are based). Kalhana 's 12th-century Rajatarangini mentions that Harsha Vikramaditya of Ujjayini defeated
14960-443: The queen to Buddhism after the king's death. According to Subandhu, Vikramaditya was a glorious memory of his time. In his Si-yu-ki , Xuanzang ( c. 602 – c. 664 ) identifies Vikramaditya as the king of Shravasti . According to his account, the king (despite his treasurer's objections) ordered that 500,000 gold coins be distributed to the poor and gave a man 100,000 gold coins to putt him back on track during
15096-679: The recensions; see List of Vetala Tales . In Kshemendra, Somadeva and Śivadāsa 's recensions, the king is named Trivikramasena; in Kathasaritsagara , his capital is located at Pratishthana . At the end of the story, the reader learns that he was formerly Vikramaditya. Later texts, such as the Sanskrit Vetala-Vikramaditya-Katha and the modern vernacular versions, identify the king as Vikramaditya of Ujjain. Book 18 ( Vishamashila ) contains another legend told by Naravahanadatta to an assembly of hermits in
15232-459: The region along the banks of the river Yamuna in Kalsi indicating the wealth and importance of the region in ancient India. In the neighbouring region of Haripur, ruins were discovered from the time of King Rasala which also reflect the region's prosperity. It was under control of Garhwal for many centuries. Fateh Shah, a Garhwal king, donated three villages in Dehradun to Sikh guru Ram Rai. Before
15368-557: The region as subsidiaries. Likewise, Rishikesh is mentioned in the pages of history when Vishnu answered the prayers of the saints, slaughtered the demons and handed the land to the saints. The adjoining place called Chakrata has its historical impression during the time of Mahabharata. In the seventh century, this area was known as Sudhanagara and was described by the Chinese traveller Huen Tsang . Sudhanagara later came to be recognised as Kalsi . Edicts of Ashoka have been found in
15504-471: The region is frequently devastated by landslides, cloudbursts, flash-floods, cold waves and hailstorms. The Doon valley contains the settlements including Raiwala, Rishikesh , Doiwala , Harrawala, Dehradun, Herbertpur , Vikasnagar , Sahaspur, Selaqui, Subhash Nagar and Clement Town. The district houses Rajaji National Park which is home to elephants, Benog Wildlife Sanctuary at Mussoorie & Asan Conservation Reserve ( Asan Barrage ). The Doon Valley has
15640-729: The south. The emperor united the four Agnivanshi clans by marrying princesses from the three non-Paramara clans: Vira from the Chauhan clan, Nija from the Chalukya clan, and Bhogavati from the Parihara clan. All the gods except Chandra celebrated his success (a reference to the Chandravanshis , rivals of Suryavanshi clans such as the Paramaras). There were 18 kingdoms in Vikramaditya's empire of Bharatavarsha (India). After
15776-451: The south; Madhyadesa in the central region; Surashtra in the west, and the country east of the Ganges ; Vikramashakti also made the northern kingdom of Kashmira a tributary state of Vikramaditya. Virasena, the king of Sinhala , gave his daughter Madanalekha to Vikramaditya in marriage. The emperor also married three other women (Gunavati, Chandravati and Madanasundari) and Kalingasena,
15912-617: The text (3.1.6.45-7.4), the first Paramara king was Pramara (born from a fire pit at Mount Abu , thus an Agnivansha ). Vikramaditya, Shalivahana and Bhoja are described as Pramara's descendants and members of the Paramara dynasty . According to the Bhavishya Purana , when the world was degraded by non- Vedic faiths, Shiva sent Vikramaditya to earth and established a throne decorated with 32 designs for him (a reference to Simhasana Dvatrimsika ). Shiva's wife, Parvati, created
16048-421: The throne, with 32 tales of Vikramaditya's virtue; after each, Bhoja acknowledges his inferiority. Pleased with his humility, the statues finally let him ascend the throne. The author and date of the original work are unknown. Since the story mentions Bhoja (who died in 1055), it must have been composed after the 11th century. Five primary recensions of the Sanskrit version, Simhasana-dvatrimsika , are dated to
16184-401: The time of marriage ceremony. However, Bhim Chand had grown wary of the rising influence of Guru Gobind Singh, and had developed animosity toward the Guru. He threatened to cancel the marriage if Fateh Shah accepted the gift from the Guru. Later, the combined forces of Bhim Chand and Fateh Shah launched an attack on Guru Gobind Singh's camp. Guru Gobind Singh was already prepared for a battle, and
16320-448: The title Mahendraditya. His son, Skandagupta , adopted the title Vikramaditya, and this set of legends may be based on Skandagupta. In the Kathasaritsagara recension of the 25 vetala stories, the king is mentioned as the ruler of Pratishthana . A. K. Warder notes that the Satavahanas were the only notable ancient dynasty who ruled from Pratishthana. According to a Satavahana inscription, their king Gautamiputra Satakarni defeated
16456-488: The two forces met at Bhangani, located about six miles from Paonta , on 18 September 1688. Dr. Fauja Singh believes that the Battle of Bhangani should not be connected with the story of Fateh Shah's refusal of the wedding presents sent by the Guru. The author of Bichitra Natak doesn't mention the name of Raja Bhim Chand, and states that Fateh Shah fought with him for no obvious reasons. According to Ajay Singh Rawat, one of
16592-415: The two kings, and mentions that Harsha, the author of Ratnavali , had his capital at Ujjain. According to Ananta's 12th-century heroic poem, Vira-Charitra (or Viracharita ), Shalivahana (or Satavahana) defeated and killed Vikramaditya and ruled from Pratishthana . Shalivahana's associate, Shudraka, later allied with Vikramaditya's successors and defeated Shalivahana's descendants. This legend contains
16728-558: Was 80,180 as per figure from Census India report on 2011. There are 50,600 boys and 28,580 are girls. Total numbers of slums in Dehradun city and its Out Growth numbers 32,861 in which population of 158,542 resides. This is around 27.58% of total population of Dehradun city & its outgrowth which is 574,840. Hindi , the official state language, is the primary language in Dehradun. Native regional languages include Garhwali , Jaunsari and Kumaoni . Other major languages are Punjabi , Nepali , Bengali and Tibeto-Burman . Hindus form
16864-542: Was a legendary king as mentioned in ancient Indian literature, featuring in traditional stories including those in Vetala Panchavimshati and Singhasan Battisi . Many describe him as ruler with his capital at Ujjain ( Pataliputra or Pratishthana in a few stories). " Vikramaditya " was also a common title adopted by several monarchs in ancient and medieval India , and the Vikramaditya legends may be embellished accounts of different kings (particularly Chandragupta II ). According to popular tradition, Vikramaditya began
17000-612: Was also described as an adversary of the Pratishthana-based king Satavahana (or Shalivahana) in a number of legends. Max Müller believed that the Vikramaditya legends were based on the sixth-century Aulikara king Yashodharman . The Aulikaras used the Malava era (later known as Vikrama Samvat) in their inscriptions. According to Rudolf Hoernlé , the name of the Malava era was changed to Vikramaditya by Yashodharman. Hoernlé also believed that Yashodharman conquered Kashmir and
17136-613: Was also known as Vikramaditya, moved his capital to Saketa and renamed it Ayodhya after the legendary city in the Ramayana . The Vikramaditya mentioned in Paramartha 's fourth–fifth century CE biography of Vasubandhu is generally identified with a Gupta king, such as Skandagupta or Purugupta . Although the Gupta kings ruled from Pataliputra , Ayodhya was within their domain. However, scholars such as Ashvini Agrawal reject this account as inaccurate. In Jyotirvidabharana (22.10),
17272-847: Was created from the northwestern districts of Uttar Pradesh under the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 . Dehradun was made its interim capital. Dehradun's Afghan connection dated back to the First Anglo-Afghan War , after which the Afghan Emir Dost Mohammad Khan was exiled by the British to Dehradun. He stayed in Mussoorie for over 6 years. The Balahissar ward under the Mussoorie municipality has been named after
17408-419: Was defeated and forced to retreat. He then entered Pratishthana in disguise and won over a courtesan. Vikramaditya was her lover for some time before secretly returning to Pataliputra. Before his return, he left five golden statues which he had received from Kubera at the courtesan's house. If a limb of one of these miraculous statues was broken off and gifted to someone, the golden limb would grow back. Mourning
17544-654: Was established in the year 1906 hosts the Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA), the staff college that trains officers selected for the Indian Forest Service (IFS). Wildlife Institute of India (WII) is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate change, Government of India which carries out wildlife research. Vikramaditya Vikramaditya ( IAST : Vikramāditya )
17680-784: Was first captured by Gorkha Kings , in January 1804, and then by the British. For its strategic value, in addition to the location of its principal service academy, the Indian Armed Forces maintain a considerable presence in Dehradun, at the Garhi Cantonment and Naval Station. The Uttarakhand Police is the primary law enforcement agency in the city. It is well connected and in proximity to Himalayan tourist destinations such as Mussoorie , Dhanaulti , Chakrata , New Tehri , Uttarkashi , Harsil , Chopta - Tungnath , Auli , and summer and winter hiking destinations like
17816-642: Was often associated with the Poet Barthrhari, as the latter being the elder brother of the former; relinquishing the throne to his younger brother after finding his wife had an affair with a military officer of his court. The Paramara kings, who ruled Malwa (including Ujjain) from the ninth to the fourteenth century, associated themselves with Vikramaditya and other legendary kings to justify their imperial claims. Simhasana Dvatrimsika (popularly known as Singhasan Battisi ) contains 32 folktales about Vikramaditya. In this collection of frame stories ,
17952-429: Was once an extensive canal network in the city, which irrigated many surrounding villages and produced a cooler microclimate in the region. The earliest canal, Rajpur canal, was laid in the 17th century but after Dehradun became the state capital in 2000, most of the heritage canals were covered or demolished to widen the city roads. Environmental groups have campaigned for the revival of the network, citing its benefit for
18088-614: Was once the Kabul Palace where Yakoob spent a few years of his life. The extended family and servants of the King were also relocated to Dehradun. The Afghan royal family maintained a presence in Dehra Dun. It was the birthplace of the second to last King of Afghanistan , Mohammed Nadir Shah . Two quaint palaces – the Kabul Palace in Dehradun and Bala Hissar Palace in Mussoorie – stand testimony to this connection with Afghanistan. They were built by these Afghan rulers in exile in India in
18224-409: Was probably Brihatkatha , an Indian epic written between the first century BCE and the third century CE in the unattested Paisaci language. Its existence (and its mention of Vikramaditya) is confirmed only by adaptations in surviving works dating to the sixth century and later and testimonials by contemporary poets. Since there is no surviving copy of Brihatkatha , it is unknown if it contained
18360-670: Was sent by his father as an emissary to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in Delhi. Aurangzeb objected to a verse in the Sikh scripture ( Asa ki Var ) that stated, "the clay from a Musalman(Muslim)'s grave is kneaded into potter's lump", considering it an insult to Islam. Baba Ram Rai explained that the text was miscopied and modified it, substituting "Musalman" with "Beiman" (faithless, evil) which Aurangzeb approved. This led Guru Har Rai to bar his son from his presence, and name his younger son as his successor. Aurangzeb responded by granting Baba Ram Rai
18496-756: Was set up in 2001 and is headquartered in Ramnagar . Dehradun is known as "a town of schools". Notable private educational institutions in Dehradun include The Asian School , Cambrian Hall , Colonel Brown Cambridge School , Convent of Jesus and Mary , The Doon School , Ecole Globale International Girls' School , Marshall School , Rashtriya Indian Military College , SelaQui International School , St Joseph's Academy, Dehradun , St. Thomas' College , Welham Boys School and Welham Girls School , Indian Army Public Schools . Several Indian and international luminaries have attended these schools. In addition to these schools there are many other state board schools located in
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