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77-577: Fagin / ˈ f eɪ ɡ ɪ n / is a fictional character and the secondary antagonist in Charles Dickens's 1838 novel Oliver Twist . In the preface to the novel, he is described as a " receiver of stolen goods ". He is the leader of a group of children (the Artful Dodger and Charley Bates among them) whom he teaches to make their livings by pickpocketing and other criminal activities, in exchange for shelter. A distinguishing trait

154-528: A monopoly . Since this ruling, Sara Lee has been prevented from acquiring any further assets or firms associated with chemical shoe care products in the United States without prior approval. The Competition Commission in the United Kingdom investigated the potential monopoly of Sara Lee in the shoe care industry. Shoe polish products are low-value items that are infrequently purchased, as

231-517: A London underworld "kidsman" (a kidsman was an adult who recruited children and trained them as pickpockets, exchanging food and shelter for goods the children stole). The popularity of Dickens's novel caused "fagin" to replace "kidsman" in some crime circles, denoting an adult who teaches minors to steal and keeps a major portion of the loot. Other sources, such as Howard Mancing in The Cervantes Encyclopedia , claim that Fagin

308-520: A Metropolis , has a scene focuses on shoe shining with a polish called Nigrin, which sports the face of a black person. Shoe polish remained an essential item by World War II and was found just about everywhere Allied troops ventured. American war correspondent Walter Graeber wrote for TIME magazine from the Tobruk trenches in 1942 that "old tins of British-made Kiwi polish lay side by side with empty bottles of Chianti ." A story indicative of

385-519: A building where 200 employees would produce 10 million boxes to hold blacking product tins annually. The tins would eventually be labeled, Mason Shoe Polish. This business shuttered in 1919 and the building was razed in 1973. In 1851, the Irish brand Punch was introduced as another leather preserving product. In 1889, William Edward Wren, started making shoe polishes and dubbin in England under

462-543: A high natural veneer became popular in the 18th century, a high glossy finish became important, particularly on shoes and boots. In most cases, homemade polishes were used to provide this finish, often with lanolin or beeswax as a base. In the late 18th and early 19th century, many forms of shoe polish became available, yet were rarely referred to as shoe polish or boot polish . Instead, they were often called blacking , especially when mixed with lampblack , or still were referred to as dubbin. Tallow, an animal by-product,

539-546: A large nose, red hair, and a green coat, but his racial characteristics, religion or "Jewishness" play no role in his character. He is voiced by the Italian-American Dom DeLuise . In 1994, Oliver! was revived in London. Fagin was played by many noted British actors and comedians, including Jonathan Pryce , George Layton , Jim Dale , Russ Abbot , Barry Humphries (who had played Mr Sowerberry in

616-400: A leather shoe. Many companies offer products with liquid shoe polish that is pre-soaked into a hard sponge or have a sponge attached to an applicator. These products can be used to buff leather without needing to apply any additional polish to either the leather or the sponge. These products are often marketed as "quick shine," "express shine," "instant shine," or similar branding to emphasize

693-467: A letter in 1863 that Jews regarded his portrayal of Fagin a "great wrong" to their people. Dickens then started to revise Oliver Twist , removing all mention of "the Jew" from the last 15 chapters; he later wrote in reply: "There is nothing but good will left between me and a People for whom I have a real regard and to whom I would not willfully have given an offence". In one of his final public readings in 1869,

770-527: A locket and a ring left to the boy by his late mother from Mr. Bumble and his wife, the former Mrs. Corney, and Monks throws them in the river. Nancy, ashamed of her role in Oliver's kidnapping, tells Mr. Brownlow and Rose that Oliver is in danger, and secretly joins them in a plan to rescue him. Fagin becomes suspicious of Nancy and has Noah Claypole, who has recently joined his gang, follow her to one of her meetings with Brownlow and Rose. Upon learning what Nancy

847-434: A mixture of waxes , solvents and often include colorants or dyes. Waxes, organic solvents, and colorant (either soluble dyes or pigment ) compose this type of polish. Waxes are 20–40% of the material. Natural waxes used for the polish include carnauba and montan as well as synthetic waxes. The composition determines the hardness and polishing properties after solvent has evaporated. Solvents are selected to match

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924-434: A single can might last several months for even the most frequent user. Consumer demand is inelastic and largely insensitive to price change, while sales volumes are generally low. In the shoe polish market as a whole, some 26% of turnover is accounted for by pastes, 24% by creams, 23% by aerosols, and 13% by liquids. The demand for shoe polish products has either been static or declined from its mid-century heights, one reason

1001-492: A small factory in 1904 in Melbourne , Australia. Their formula was a major improvement on previous brands as it preserved shoe leather, shined, and restored colour. Ramsay named the shoe polish after the kiwi , the national bird of New Zealand ; Ramsay's wife, Annie Elizabeth Meek Ramsay, was a native of Oamaru , New Zealand. It has been suggested that, at a time when several symbols were weakly associated with New Zealand,

1078-556: A year before his death, Dickens cleansed Fagin of all stereotypical caricature. A contemporary report observed: "There is no nasal intonation; a bent back but no shoulder-shrug: the conventional attributes are omitted." In 1865, in Our Mutual Friend , Dickens created a number of Jewish characters, the most important being Mr Riah , an elderly Jew who finds jobs for downcast young women in Jewish-owned factories. One of

1155-481: Is added to warm solvent before being dispensed. Wax-based shoe polish is traditionally packaged in flat, round, 60-gram (2-ounce) tins , usually with an easy-open facility. The traditional flat, round tins have since become synonymous with shoe polishes. When dried due to solvent loss or other reasons, the hardened wax pulls away from the walls of the container, giving what is known as a "rattler". Treating footwear to soften, waterproof, protect, and extend its lifespan

1232-534: Is an artisan who makes wallets and handkerchiefs which are, in fact, stolen at Fagin's order, and goes along with his new teacher's orders. The only one in the gang to protect Oliver is Nancy, who is also Sikes's lover. After Oliver is arrested for supposedly picking the pocket of a gentleman named Mr. Brownlow (an act actually committed by the Artful Dodger and Charley Bates), Brownlow takes pity on Oliver and brings him to his house, helping him recover from

1309-534: Is an ancient tradition as textile and clothmaking . Ancient peoples would use natural waxes, animal fats, and plant-based oils based on their availability to achieve their desired effects. However, these treatments were not generally meant to shine the shoe. In the Middle Ages , dubbin , a product of wax, was often used to soften and waterproof leather; but it did not impart shine. It was made from natural wax , oil , soda ash , and tallow . As leather with

1386-407: Is applied to the shoe using a rag , cloth , brush , or with bare fingers. Shoe polish is not a cleaning product, its application is for clean and dry shoes. Vigorous rubbing action is often required to apply the polish evenly to the boot, followed by further buffing with a clean dry cloth or brush. Another technique, known as "spit-polishing" or " bull polishing ", involves gently rubbing polish into

1463-517: Is assumed to be modelled on Monipodio, one of the main characters in Miguel de Cervantes ' Rinconete y Cortadillo (1613). Monipodio is the leader of a criminal gang in 17th-century Seville that includes cutpurses and cape stealers. Fagin has been the subject of much debate over antisemitism , during Dickens' lifetime and in modern times. In an introduction to a 1981 Bantam Books reissue of Oliver Twist , for example, Irving Howe wrote that Fagin

1540-565: Is derived from anti- ("against") and agonizesthai ("to contend for a prize"). The antagonist is commonly positioned against the protagonist and their world order. While narratives often portray the protagonist as a hero and the antagonist as a villain , like Harry Potter and Lord Voldemort in Harry Potter , the antagonist does not always appear as the villain. In some narratives, like Light Yagami and L in Death Note ,

1617-423: Is his constant and insincere use of the phrase "my dear" when addressing others. At the time of the novel, he is said by another character, Monks , to have already made criminals out of "scores" of children. Nancy , who is the lover of Bill Sikes (the novel's lead villain), is confirmed to be Fagin's former pupil. Fagin is a confessed miser who, despite the wealth that he has acquired, does very little to improve

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1694-633: Is little belief that the shoe shine markets will ever meet reach previous demand, but the overall market is expected to grow from its current levels due to rising disposable income levels, urbanization, corporate culture, fashion trends, and e-commerce growth. Specific trends, such as increased focused on personal grooming, a growing footwear industry, product innovations, and brand loyalty are acting as acting as market drivers, reinforcing growth projections provided that market restraints like: substitute products, economic downturns, environmental concerns, and health concerns, do not impact those trends. Shoe polish

1771-440: Is not always a person or people. In some cases, an antagonist may be a force, such as a tidal wave that destroys a city; a storm that causes havoc; or even a certain area's conditions that are the root cause of a problem. An antagonist may or may not create obstacles for the protagonist. Societal norms or other rules may also be antagonists. An antagonist is used as a plot device, to set up conflicts, obstacles, or challenges for

1848-573: Is noted as the first employer of Charles Dickens , aged 12 in 1823. The Warren company's chief competitor was the Day & Martin company formed in 1801. Details of the operation of Day & Martin in 1842 reveal that the blacking they produced was in two forms, bottled liquid, and a thick paste which was available in either small wide-mouthed stone tubs, slabs wrapped in oiled paper, or in "circular tin-boxes, about three inches in diameter, and half or three-quarters of an inch thick.". Tinned blacking paste

1925-400: Is played by actor Christopher Baz. In the film Twist (2003), a film also loosely based on Dickens' Oliver Twist , Fagin is played by actor Gary Farmer . In a 2007 BBC television adaptation, Fagin is played by Timothy Spall . Contrary to his appearance in the novel, he is beardless and overweight in this version. He is also a more sympathetic character. In December 2008, Oliver!

2002-464: Is portrayed as a criminal mastermind who kidnaps orphaned children and trains them to be pickpockets in return for sheltering and feeding them; he keeps the ill-gotten money for himself. His "wards" include the novel's title character Oliver Twist, the Artful Dodger , Charley Bates , and Nancy . He also trained the novel's main antagonist, housebreaker Bill Sikes , who later became his main source of stolen goods. Oliver at first believes that Fagin

2079-452: Is portrayed by George C. Scott . Although the character is generally portrayed as elderly, diminutive, and homely, Scott's version of the character was markedly younger, stronger, and better-looking. Also, this version of the character had him more caring of his orphan charges, feeding them well and treating them with obvious concern. Ron Moody reprised the role of Fagin in the 1983 Channel 4 television program 'The Other Side of London' In

2156-548: Is primarily intended for leather shoes, some brands specify that it may be used on non-porous materials, such as vinyl . The polish is generally the same colour as the shoes it will be used upon, or it may be neutral , lacking any colouring agents. Exposure to shoe polish fumes can irritate the skin, eyes, and throat. Ingestion or direct exposure to eyes may require poison control . Prolonged exposure, such as during shoe polish or shoe production, has an associated enhanced risk for cancer, primarily nose and nasal sinuses. However,

2233-426: Is relatively easy to acquire. The cost of establishing shoe polish manufacturing facilities has been estimated at $ 600,000 (as of 2005). Shoe polish is manufactured in large, thermo-stated, stirred reactors. Steps are taken to ensure that volatile solvents do not evaporate. Typically, low-melting paraffin wax is melted, followed by the higher melting waxes, and finally the colorant-stearate mixture. The molten mass

2310-428: Is sold in a squeezable plastic bottle , with a small sponge applicator at the end. To decrease its viscosity, bottled polish usually has a very low wax content. Liquid shoe polish is a complex mixture. Polyethylene wax emulsion is a major component. Various polymers, typically acrylates, are the next major component, conferring gloss and holding the dyes in suspension. Resins and casein are selected to ensure adhesion to

2387-791: Is the gradual replacement of formal footwear with a variety of other options. There are numerous branded products available, as well as generic store brands . There are two chief areas of shoe polish sales: to the public, and to specialists and trade, such as shoe repairers, and cobblers . The sales percentages between the two outlets are roughly comparable. The best-selling, low-cost brands are produced by these companies: Kiwi, Griffin, Tana, and Johnson, and Reckitt & Colman. Approximately 60 million units are sold annually. Other leading brands include Kelly's, Shinola , Lincoln Shoe Polish, Meltonian, Angelus, Woly, Salamander, Collonil and Cherry Blossom. The global shoe polish market remains in transition as market forecasters analyze future trends. There

Fagin - Misplaced Pages Continue

2464-420: Is up to, Fagin lies to Sikes that she intends to turn him over to the police, provoking Sikes to kill her. Fagin and Monks attempt to flee London, but both are arrested. Monks, after being forced to confess his part, is given a second chance thanks to Mr. Brownlow and Oliver, but Fagin is sentenced to be hanged for his crimes. The night before Fagin's execution, Oliver visits him in prison, and Fagin rages against

2541-484: Is voiced by Brian George . In this version, instead of a human, he resembles a wise, old, and kind red fox . In Disney's live action television production Oliver Twist (1997), Fagin is played by Richard Dreyfuss . In the film Twisted (1996), a film loosely based on Dickens's Oliver Twist , the Fagin character is played by actor William Hickey . In the miniseries Escape of the Artful Dodger (2001), Fagin

2618-533: The Academy Award for Best Actor . When Oliver! was brought to Broadway in 1964, Fagin was portrayed by Clive Revill , but in a 1984 revival, Moody reprised his performance opposite Tony Award winner Patti LuPone , who played Nancy. Moody later stated: "Fate destined me to play Fagin. It was the part of a lifetime." Ben Kingsley 's portrayal of Fagin in Roman Polanski 's 2005 screen adaptation

2695-470: The British Commonwealth countries and the United States. Its spread invited rival brands such as Shinola and Cavalier (United States), Cherry Blossom (United Kingdom), Parwa (India), Jean Bart (France), and others. Advertising became more prominent; many shoe polish brands used fictional figures or historical characters for their branding. The 1927 German documentary Berlin: Symphony of

2772-505: The back story of the character and events of Oliver Twist are depicted from his point of view. Numerous prominent actors have played the character of Fagin. Lon Chaney portrayed Fagin in a silent film version Oliver Twist . Alec Guinness portrayed Fagin in David Lean's 1948 film adaptation of Oliver Twist , with controversial make-up by Stuart Freeborn which exaggerated stereotypical Jewish facial features . The release of

2849-496: The rhyming slang of " Chunder Loo " and " spew ," another slang word for vomit. Shoe manufacturing improvements in the mid-19th century as part of the Industrial Revolution allowed for factories to produce large numbers of shoes made of leather, and later synthetic materials . This increase in leather shoe production continued well into the 20th century and led to a surge in the number of retail shoe stores in

2926-587: The 1985 miniseries , Fagin is portrayed by Eric Porter . In Disney's animated version, Oliver & Company (1988), Fagin is a kind-hearted but poor man living in New York City. He lives in poverty with his five dogs and is desperately searching for money to repay his debts to a ruthless loan shark. This version does away with the moral quandary of child exploitation as all the characters are dogs who have no real need for money and genuinely want to help their owner. Informed by earlier portrayals, he retains

3003-660: The British Commonwealth Occupation Forces arrived in Japan—all with boots polished to a degree not known in the U.S. forces—the G.I.s were more conscious than ever of their feet. The secret was found to rest not only in spit and polish, but in the superior Australian boot polish, a commodity which was soon exchanged with the Americans on a fluctuating basis of so many packets of cigarettes for one can of Kiwi boot polish. Soldiers returning from

3080-586: The Prussian military. It was closed in 1934 when the Nazis forbade Jews to operate a business. The first shoe polishes aimed primarily at inducing shine were the British and British Commonwealth brands like Cherry Blossom, Kiwi , and Wren's . While the oldest brand is believed to be Wren's, Kiwi is arguably the best known. Scottish expatriates William Ramsay and Hamilton McKellan began making "boot polish" in

3157-578: The Rye , almost every character other than the protagonist may be an antagonist. Another example of this occurring is through Javert in Victor Hugo's Les Misérables , in which Javert displays no malicious intent, but instead represents the rigid and inflexible application of the law, even when it leads to moral and ethical dilemmas. An aspect or trait of the protagonist may be considered an antagonist, such as morality or indecisiveness. An antagonist

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3234-410: The abuse and malnourishment he has suffered. Fagin and Sikes, fearing that Oliver will betray him to the police, force Nancy to help Sikes kidnap the boy again. Oliver tries to run away, but Sikes almost beats him into submission, stopping only when Nancy begs him to show mercy while the cowardly Fagin tries to smooth matters over between the two. Fagin forces Oliver to help Sikes burgle a house owned by

3311-673: The appearance of a white coating of stearin on the polish surface. These polishes may have a gelatinous consistency. They are composed of the usual three components: waxes, liquid vehicle, and dyes. Unlike wax-based shoe polishes, cream-emulsions contain water and/or oil plus a solvent (either naphtha, turpentine or Stoddard Solution ), so the liquid content is high. Emulsifiers and surfactants are required. These include ammonia, morpholine , and various ethoxylated surfactants such as polysorbate 80 . The waxes are often some mixture of carnauba wax , beeswax , montan wax and its oxidized derivatives, and paraffin waxes. Liquid shoe polish

3388-439: The book, printed during his lifetime, Dickens excised over 180 instances of 'Jew' from the text. This occurred after Dickens sold his London home in 1860 to a Jewish banker, James Davis, who objected to the emphasis on Fagin's Jewishness in the novel. When he sold the house, Dickens allegedly told a friend: "The purchaser of Tavistock House will be a Jew Money-Lender." Dickens became friends with Davis's wife, Eliza, who told him in

3465-601: The brand in 1984 until it was sold to SC Johnson , in 2011. A Kiwi brand rival in the early years was Cobra Boot Polish, based in Sydney , Australia . Cobra was noted for a series of cartoon advertisements starting in 1909 in The Sydney Bulletin . They featured a character named "Chunder Loo of Akim Foo." It is believed the Australian slang word for vomiting, " chunder ," could have originated through

3542-772: The brand name Wren's . The company was awarded the First in the Field – First Award at the 1892 Leather Trades Exhibition in Northampton . A 1947 advertisement for Wren's would claim that William Wren originated the first wax polish in 1889. The advertisement was endorsed with the Royal Warrant, giving the claim creditability. In 1890, the Kroner Brothers established EOS a shoe polish factory in Berlin that serviced

3619-415: The ease and speed of use. Many products are closely related to shoe polish, but not strictly considered as such. Other chemical products may be used to clean and shine shoes—in particular whiteners for white shoes, and a variety of sprays and aerosols for cleaning and waterproofing suede shoes. A banana peel can also be used to effectively shine shoes, but it is not recommended. Although shoe polish

3696-410: The entire world for the sorry end he has come to. The following day, he is hanged. Fagin's name comes from one of Dickens's friends he had known in his youth while working in a boot-blacking factory. Fagin's character might be based on the criminal Ikey Solomon , who was a fence at the centre of a highly publicised arrest, escape, recapture, and trial. Some accounts of Solomon also describe him as

3773-481: The eventual spread of Kiwi shoe polish around the world enhanced the kiwi's popular appeal and promoted it at the expense of the others. Kiwi Dark Tan's release in 1908 incorporated agents that also added suppleness and water resistance. As black and a range of colors came available, exports to Britain, continental Europe, and New Zealand began. The polish is now made in the Asia. The Sara Lee Corporation took ownership of

3850-643: The film in the USA was delayed for three years on charges of being antisemitic by the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith and the New York Board of Rabbis . It was finally released in the United States in 1951, with seven minutes of profile shots and other parts of Guinness' performance cut. For the BBC's at the time controversial 1962 serial , Fagin was portrayed in a fashion very faithful to

3927-593: The first Jewish actor to portray Fagin on film since Irving Pichel. While Fagin remains an unrepentant thief, he is a much more sympathetic and comic character than he is in the novel. His plot with Monks is deleted and his role in Nancy's death is similarly excised, and he is portrayed as being cowardly and deeply afraid of Bill Sikes. Fagin is completely innocent of Nancy's murder and is horrified when he finds out. He even admonishes Sikes saying that: "[He] should not have done that." Bart's musical also deletes Fagin's arrest and

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4004-520: The general health risks associated with the normal use and production of shoe polish are relatively low. The production of shoe polish can have environmental impacts at all stages of production, with the severity dependent on the type of polish being produced and the production's waste disposal or treatment process. Most polishes are primarily solvents and dyes, both are widely regarded to have serious environmental impacts. Additionally, as with most chemicals, shoe polish can contaminate environments if it

4081-438: The hero from achieving his desire but is competing with the hero for the same goal. According to John Truby, "It is only by competing for the same goal that the hero and the opponent are forced to come into direct conflict and to do so again and again throughout the story." Shoe polish Shoe polish can be classified into three types: wax, cream-emulsion, and liquid. Each differs in detailed composition, but all consist of

4158-473: The industrialized world, and a subsequent call for shoe polish by footwear consumers. The outbreak of World War I in 1914, with its high demand for large numbers of polished military boots, surged market demand for a product that would allow boots to be polished quickly and easily. Polish also started to be used on leather belts , holsters , and horse tack , further increasing the demand. Used by Australian troops during WWI, Kiwi shoe polish spread throughout

4235-413: The leather with a cloth and a drop of water or spit . This action achieves the mirror-like, high-gloss finish sometimes known as a "spit" or "bull" shine, which is especially valued in military organizations. Despite the term, saliva is less commonly used as the vehicle or diluent with polish than is water. Polishes containing carnauba wax can be used as a protective coating to extend the life and look of

4312-399: The leather. Fatty phosphate esters, emulsifiers, and glycols are also used. Pigments include titanium dioxide for whites and iron oxides for browns. Although liquid polish can put a fast shine on shoes, many experts warn against its long-term use because it can cause the leather to dry out and crack. The process for producing shoe polish is very straightforward and the required equipment

4389-416: The musical ends with Fagin, faced with beginning again, pondering the possibility of going straight. The film version reverses this ending, with Fagin briefly considering reformation, but then gleefully teaming up again with Dodger to start their racket again. Moody's performance as the character is often considered the most critically acclaimed. He won a Golden Globe for his performance, and was nominated for

4466-471: The novel by Irish actor Max Adrian . Ron Moody 's portrayal in the original London production of the musical Oliver! by Lionel Bart , which he repeated in the Oscar-winning 1968 film , is recognisably influenced by Guinness's portrayal. However, the antisemitic quality of Guinness' portrayal was considerably toned down in the musical, partly because of Moody being Jewish himself; he was in fact

4543-425: The original 1960 London production of Oliver! ) and Robert Lindsay , who won an Olivier Award for his performance. The different actors playing Fagin were distinguished by their different costumes, especially their coats. Pryce used a patched red and brown coat, while Lindsay used the traditional dark green overcoat seen in the 1968 film version. In the 1996-1997 Saban's Adventures of Oliver Twist series, Fagin

4620-439: The protagonist is a villain and the antagonist is an opposing hero. Antagonists are conventionally presented as making moral choices less savory than those of protagonists. This condition is often used by an author to create conflict within a story. This is merely a convention, however. An example in which this is reversed can be seen in the character Macduff from Macbeth , who is arguably morally correct in his desire to fight

4697-431: The protagonist. Though not every story requires an antagonist, it often is used in plays to increase the level of drama. In tragedies, antagonists are often the cause of the protagonist's main problem, or lead a group of characters against the protagonist; in comedies, they are usually responsible for involving the protagonist in comedic situations. Author John Truby argues that a true opponent not only wants to prevent

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4774-517: The rise in global significance of shoe polish is told by Jean (Gertrude) Williams, a New Zealander who lived in Japan during the Allied occupation . They explained that American soldiers were then finding the dullness of their boots and shoes to be a handicap when trying to win the affections of Japanese women. U.S. military footwear of the time was produced in brown leather with the rough side out. When

4851-525: The role in the Disney+ series The Artful Dodger . In 2022 he was portrayed by Christopher Eccleston in the children's television series Dodger . Antagonist An antagonist is a character in a story who is presented as the main enemy or rival of the protagonist . The English word antagonist comes from the Greek ἀνταγωνιστής – antagonistēs , "opponent, competitor, villain, enemy, rival," which

4928-490: The squalid lives of the children he guards, or his own. In the second chapter of his appearance, it is shown (when talking to himself) that he cares less for their welfare, than that they do not "peach" (inform) on him and the other children. Still darker sides to the character's nature are shown when he beats the Artful Dodger for not bringing Oliver back; in his attempted beating of Oliver for trying to escape; and in his own involvement with various plots and schemes throughout

5005-467: The story. He indirectly but intentionally causes the death of Nancy by falsely informing Sikes that she had betrayed him, when in reality she had shielded Sikes from the law, whereupon Sikes kills her. Near the end of the book, Fagin is captured and sentenced to be hanged, in a chapter that portrays him as pitiable in his anguish. In popular culture, Fagin (or at least his name) is used in comparison with adults who use children for illegal activities. Fagin

5082-423: The two heroines, Lizzie Hexam, defends her Jewish employers: "The gentleman certainly is a Jew, and the lady, his wife, is a Jewess, and I was brought to their notice by a Jew. But I think there cannot be kinder people in the world." The comic book creator Will Eisner , disturbed by the antisemitism in the typical depiction of the character, created a graphic novel in 2003 titled Fagin the Jew . In this book,

5159-419: The tyrant Macbeth , the protagonist. Examples from television include J.R. Ewing ( Larry Hagman ) from Dallas and Alexis Colby ( Joan Collins ) from Dynasty . Both became breakout characters used as a device to increase their shows' ratings. Characters may be antagonists without being evil – they may simply be injudicious and unlikeable for the audience. In some stories, such as The Catcher in

5236-449: The war continued to use the product, leading to a further surge in its popularity. While Kiwi shoe polish was what business historian Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. would call a "first mover", Kiwi did not open a manufacturing plant in the US until after World War II. Prior to this, Cavalier Shoe Polish, founded by James Lobell, had operated in the US since 1913. The sales paradigm of Cavalier polish

5313-564: The waxes. About 70% of shoe polish is solvent. A variety of solvents are used, including naphtha . Turpentine , although more expensive, is favored for its "shoe polish odor". Dyes make up the final 2–3% of the polish. A traditional dye is nigrosine , but other dyes (including azo dyes ) and pigments are used for oxblood, cordovan , and brown polishes. Owing to its high content of volatile solvents, wax-based shoe polish hardens after application, while retaining its gloss. Poorly blended polishes are known to suffer from blooming , evidenced by

5390-451: The wealthy, elderly widow Mrs. Maylie. After breaking into the house, Oliver is shot in the arm and Sikes abandons him while he makes his own escape. Mrs. Maylie and her niece Rose take Oliver in and raise him in a polite society. Fagin later meets with a fellow criminal, the mysterious Mr. Monks, and plots with him to destroy Oliver's newfound reputation. To make sure Oliver never learns of his true parentage, Fagin and Monks conspire to buy

5467-581: Was a Jew". It is often argued that Fagin was based on a specific Jewish criminal of the era, Ikey Solomon . Dickens also claimed that by calling Fagin "the Jew" he had meant no imputation against the Jewish people: "I have no feeling towards the Jews but a friendly one. I always speak well of them, whether in public or private, and bear my testimony (as I ought to do) to their perfect good faith in such transactions as I have ever had with them..." In later editions of

5544-407: Was also inspired by the 1948 version. In the 1980 ATV series The Further Adventures of Oliver Twist , Fagin was played by David Swift . In this 13-episode series, Fagin has escaped his hanging by pretending to have had a stroke, which has left him paralyzed (and therefore unfit to be executed) and is in hiding at The Three Cripples, tended to by Barney. In the 1982 made-for-TV movie version, Fagin

5621-459: Was at this time exclusively for army use: "[…] a bottle of liquid blacking would be rather a burden […] yet, as the soldier’s boots or shoes must to some extent emulate the brightness and glitter of the boots of those who pay for battles instead of fighting them, a portable blacking apparatus is provided.". In 1832, James S. Mason of Philadelphia began the commercial production of shoe blacking and inks. In 1851, James S. Mason & Co. constructed

5698-430: Was considered an "archetypical Jewish villain." The first 38 chapters of the book refer to Fagin by his racial and religious origin 257 times, calling him "the Jew", against 42 uses of "Fagin" or "the old man". Dickens, who had extensive knowledge of London street life, wrote that he had made Fagin Jewish because: "it unfortunately was true, of the time to which the story refers, that the class of criminal almost invariably

5775-746: Was revived at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane , London with Rowan Atkinson playing the character. This role was taken over by Omid Djalili in July 2009. He was succeeded by Russ Abbot in June 2010. In 2015–16, BBC2's Dickensian Fagin was played by the actor Anton Lesser . In 2023, in the New York City Center Encores! revival of Oliver! , Fagin was played by Raúl Esparza and Gavin Lee . Also in 2023, David Thewlis took on

5852-769: Was to have footwear professionals sell Cavalier's high-end shoe polish to the shoe-buying public. A few years after World War II, Kiwi opened a manufacturing plant in Philadelphia , making only black, brown, and neutral shoe polish in tins. Kiwi purchased Cavalier in 1961, and continued to manufacture products under the name until the year 2000. Kiwi was acquired by the American company Sara Lee following its purchase of Reckitt and Colman in 1991 and Knomark with its brand Esquire Shoe Polish in 1987. The Federal Trade Commission ruled that Sara Lee had to divest its ownership of these companies in 1994 to prevent it from becoming

5929-457: Was used to manufacture a simple form of shoe polish at this time. In Chicago , where 82% of the processed meat consumed in the United States was processed stockyards , became a major shoe polish producing area. Thomas and Jonathan Warren started making blacking around 1795–98 in London , initially in partnership with, and then competing against other companies. Jonathan Warren's Blacking company

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