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73-518: Contributors to Le Nouveau Siècle originally included Valois, Jacques Arthuys , Philippe Barrès , Hubert Bourgin , Eugène Mathon, Henri Massis and Xavier Vallat . After the foundation of the party it was the object of bitter attacks from the Action Française , who considered it a potential rival, and most well-known names were intimidated. Arthuys, Barrès and Mathon were among those who remained. The Faisceau had borrowed its name from

146-660: A positivist one, stating that a monarchy would grant more order and stability than a parliamentary republic. The largest group of French monarchists, after the death of Chambord in 1883, endorsed the Count of Paris until his death in 1894, recognizing the claim of his son Philippe, Duke of Orléans , who was also supported by the Action . However, monarchism inside the Action was always integrated secondary to its semi-official ideology of " integral nationalism " theorized by Maurras, and many Action activists were still republicans, like

219-520: A building materials company in Roubaix - Tourcoing . He and his father-in-law were directors of the Cazeneuve lathe company . Arthuys helped the right-wing journalist Georges Valois direct the activities of the royalist Action Française movement that concerned the economy. In 1921 Arthuys' book Le Problème de la monnaie was published by Valois. Arthuys argued that monetary inflation might be

292-597: A result the Count of Paris was never offered the French throne. The monarchists, however, still controlled the National Assembly, and under MacMahon's partisan presidency they launched the so-called "moral order government", in reference to the Paris Commune , whose political and social innovations were viewed as morally degenerate by large conservative segments of the French population. In February 1875,

365-523: A series of parliamentary acts established the constitutional laws of the new republic . At its head was a President of the Republic. A two-chamber parliament consisting of a directly elected Chamber of Deputies and an indirectly-elected Senate was created, along with a ministry under the President of the council ( prime minister ), who was nominally answerable to both the President of the Republic and

438-462: A veterans' organization with Arthuys as nominal president. On 11 November 1925 this became the Faisceau des Combattants et des Producteurs (Collective of Combatants and Producers). The Faisceau was the first French political party that supported Benito Mussolini 's ideas. The party was joined by Hubert Lagardelle , founder of Le Mouvement socialiste , and Marcel Bucard , later to be founder of

511-502: The Action Française never recovered from the condemnation. By 1934, the Action was still a considerable force, with over 60,000 members across France. In that year, they joined other far-right leagues on 6 February demonstrations against political corruption and the Parliament , causing the resignation of Prime Minister Édouard Daladier the day after and provoking fear of a nationalist coup d'état . The papal condemnation,

584-609: The French Social Party , about the possibility of a restoration. In 1946, the Count of Paris (who succeeded his father in 1940) moved to Portugal due to the ban on former royals still present in France. As a result of the unstable situation of the Fourth Republic , characterized like its predecessor by short governments and a high number of political parties, the Count of Paris made a serious attempt to restore

657-550: The French Tricolour , used since 1830, preferring instead the return of the royal white flag, symbol of the Ancien Régime . The question was apparently resolved with a compromise between Broglie and Chambord: the last will accept the tricolour flag while a future agreement about a new flag will be considered. In October the majority was shocked when the centre-right representative Charles Savary rashly misinformed

730-626: The Italian Fasci and the National Fascist Party (PNF), and also adopted their paramilitary style - with uniforms , staged ceremonies and parades ; it also expressed admiration for Benito Mussolini . Even extensive investigations by the French police failed to reveal any links, official or unofficial with the PNF and Italy. Many of its ideas were ones already established in the French far right milieu, deriving mostly from

803-581: The Liberal Action , while many other royalists were still attached to the Crown. Defunct Defunct The elections of 1898 confirmed the exclusion of the monarchists from any possible government. However, 4 years earlier, the Dreyfus affair shook public opinion, dividing the republican camp: socialists , radicals and liberals defended the innocence of Dreyfus, while other republicans joined

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876-718: The Marshal Soult and Édouard Mortier . This establishment constituted the majority of the Party of Order , led by Thiers, who represented the conservatives and monarchists under the Second Republic. Orléanism revived after the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 which caused the fall of the Second Empire which had succeeded to the Second Republic under Emperor Napoleon III ,

949-554: The Mouvement Franciste . They advocated a system based on Italian Fascism and led by the veterans. Valois and Arthuys saw fascism as a pan-European movement, taking different forms in different countries, that would replace the old liberal and bourgeois order with a modern state that would mobilize industry with "a policy of high wages and large profits." Valois and Arthuys criticized the royalist Action Française for its passive attitude. Violence often broke out between

1022-578: The Republican Left . The end of the presidency of MacMahon and the Senate's loss caused the end of the monarchist bloc. Although there were Orléanist deputies in the Chamber for all the 19th century, they were only a minority. At the end, many monarchists accepted the republic, moving toward the centre. Some Orléanists, especially from their bourgeoise core base, accepted the republic even since

1095-488: The World War I ) — and the industrialists who financed the party, such as Eugène Mathon (the owner of a large textile firm) and the perfume manufacturer François Coty all claimed to favour corporatism as the basis for economic organisation. Nonetheless, it soon became clear that they had rather different ideas about what the term meant. For Valois, it arguably meant a form of producerism , with an economy to be run by

1168-477: The election of 1965 , instead supporting the candidacy of the pretender that would promote a campaign to transform the republic into a constitutional monarchy. However, in 1963 De Gaulle confided to his minister Alain Peyrefitte that, despite his respect and esteem for the Count of Paris, he never considered him to be his successor as the head of state, stating that the idea of a monarchy was incompatible with

1241-456: The nationalists and monarchists against Dreyfus. The election also introduced 10 overtly anti-Semitic representatives, led by Édouard Drumont . The following year, on 20 June 1899, the academic Henri Vaugeois and journalist Maurice Pujo founded the nationalist association Action française , initially absent of any specific ideology. However, the Action was joined by many Catholics and monarchists who were anti-Dreyfus, contributing to

1314-467: The 1870s, like Thiers and press baron Émile de Girardin . In 1892, after Pope Leo XIII 's approval to the Third Republic, breaking the historical alliance between Church and Crown, some monarchists led by Orléanist Jacques Piou and Legitimist Albert de Mun formed the group of the " ralliés " ("supporters"), that in 1901 constituted the base of the first Christian Democratic party in France,

1387-483: The Action Française's attacks. Valois considered Fascism to be a revolt against "bourgeois rule", and as such it had much in common with Marxism — he described them as " brother enemies ". The Faisceau never questioned the existence of private property , but Valois nonetheless felt that socialism was not his main enemy; he stated that fascism had " exactly the same object as socialism ", even if he viewed

1460-578: The Alps. When the armistice was signed he hid his unit's arms in the Orange region and was demobilized. He visited Vichy and spoke with Jean Bichelonne , René Belin and Henry du Moulin de Labarthète . He then returned to Paris where he contacted some officers of the Army's General Staff. The Deuxième Bureau put him in touch with Colonel Alfred Heurtaux . Pierre Lefaurichon, who had been severely disabled in

1533-519: The Arthuys, the professional officers Colonels Alfred Heurtaux and Alfred Touny, and the group headed by the economic consultant and lobbyist Maxime Blocq-Mascart . The two groups had complementary structures. Blocq-Mascart's group provided leadership, while the Arthuys group could provide the rank and file drawn from the pre-war National Confederation of the Middle Classes. Arthuys headed

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1606-562: The Chamber of Deputies between the centre-left of Adolphe Thiers and the centre-right of François Guizot . Louis Philippe showed himself more aligned with Guizot, entrusted to the higher offices of government, and rapidly became associated with the rising "new men" of the banks, industries and finance, gaining the epithet of " Roi bourgeois ". In the early 1840s, Louis Philippe's popularity decreased, due to his strong connection to upper classes and repression against workers' strikes, and showed few concerns for his weakened position, leading

1679-584: The Chamber of Deputies. The crisis ultimately sealed the defeat of the royalist movement, and was instrumental in creating the conditions of the longevity of the Third Republic: in January 1879 the Republicans gained control of the Senate, formerly monopolized by monarchists. MacMahon himself resigned on 30 January 1879, leaving a seriously weakened presidency in the hands of Jules Grévy , leader of

1752-482: The Count of Paris expressed support for the policies of Mendès France, like the peace in Indochina , the refusal of a US-controlled European Defence Community (EDC) and decolonization of French Africa. Orléans' relationship with Charles de Gaulle was also promising, as the general and the pretender had similar political views and were both devout Roman Catholics. When De Gaulle became prime minister in 1958, it

1825-520: The Duke of Broglie to office. He then dissolved parliament and called a general election for the following October. If his hope had been to halt the move towards republicanism, it backfired spectacularly, with the president being accused of having staged a constitutional coup d'état known as " 16 May Crisis " after the date on which it happened. Republicans returned triumphantly after the October elections for

1898-566: The Faisceau and rival groups on both the left and the right. Just before Christmas 1925 a meeting of the Jeunesses fascistes, the university section of the Faisceau, was violently interrupted by Camelots du Roi, members of "combat groups" of the Action Française. Arthuys met Le Corbusier in March 1927 and soon after proposed that he should be minister of urbanism and housing, but Le Corbusier refused to get involved in politics. Lack of money and

1971-665: The First World War, organized relief work for prison camps in the Paris region starting in June 1940, helped arrange escapes, and began to recruit resistance fighters. After Arthuys returned to Paris he took command of the new resistance organization which he ran from his home on the Avenue Victor Hugo , helped by his secretary Vera Obolensky . In November 1940 he defined the goals of his group as helping people hunted by

2044-625: The French monarchy. He endorsed the Christian Democratic Popular Republican Movement (MPR), and formed a kind of political committee composed of the academics Bertrand de Jouvenel , Gustave Thibon and Michel de Saint Pierre, publishing on 5 February 1948 the manifesto Esquisse d'une constitution monarchique et démocratique , that promoted the idea of a constitutional monarchy. Thanks to the MPR deputy Paul Hutin-Desgrées (co-founder of Ouest-France ),

2117-633: The Germans to reach the free zone of France, publishing letters to the French people to raise their awareness, recruiting from the military and setting up an intelligence organization. Arthuys met Colonel Alfred Touny in Saumur during a veterans' reunion. Touny helped create the Organisation civile et militaire (OCM). The OCM was formed in December 1940 through the merger of the group headed by

2190-683: The OCM, which had a structure based on the military. The First Bureau was in charge of general organization and directed by Jean Mayer, the Second Bureau was headed by Touny and dedicated to Intelligence, the Third Bureau was in charge of operations, also under Jean Mayer. Blocq-Mascart retained Civil Affairs. The OCM soon began to absorb or make contact with other small groups and networks. The OCM drew its recruits from senior industrialists, civil servants and professionals. The first priorities were

2263-583: The accession of the nationalist government of Raymond Poincaré on 23 July 1926 caused the Faisceau to start disintegrating. By mid-1927 the Faisceau had lost nearly all its members. A year later the remaining fascist loyalists founded the Revolutionary Fascist Party. Valois, however, had started to move back towards the left. On 9 May 1928 the Republican Syndicalist Party ( Parti républicain syndicaliste , PRS)

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2336-540: The aggressive tactics, and Maurras's disrespectful attitude toward constitutional monarchists finally ended the organization as a major power. The Orléanist pretender Jean, Duke of Guise , who in 1937 broken ties with the Action , also lost many supporters. From this moment, Orléanism ceased to be associated with the Action or the far-right. Instead, the Duke of Guise's son and heir Henri, Count of Paris , launched his own magazine Courier Royale and secretly dealt with anti-fascist conservative General La Rocque , leader of

2409-581: The collection of intelligence and the organization of fighting units. The group also published Cahiers that discussed the post-war economy and politics, which gave it the reputation of being elitist and technocratic. A son of Colonel Heurtaux was arrested in February 1941. Heurtaux intervened at Vichy and at the German military headquarters in Paris to get his son released. Instead, he was also arrested. For some time Arthuys and Lefaurichon went into hiding in

2482-563: The constitutional system. It was only after the establishment of the Second French Republic in 1848 and the division inside right-wing factions over the monarchy that the Orléanist party found unity, supporting a parliamentary system instead of an executive one. In the early 20th century, the majority of Orléanists accepted the republican institutions, approving the parliamentary system and pro-business policy realized by

2555-410: The country to many dangers. The veterans, who should have seized power soon after the war, should now reverse this situation. Arthuys contrasted the heroism and endurance of the veterans to the "mediocre and the cowards who make up democratic governments". On 26 February 1925 Valois, Arthuys and others launched Le Nouveau siècle , a newspaper that was supported by some industrialists and that expressed

2628-479: The different regimes, maintained its bourgeois platform, constituted by those academics, journalists and financiers who backed Louis Philippe during his reign, and was intended as the liberal centre of politics, far from reactionary Legitimists and revolutionary republicans. However, for all the span of Louis Philippe's reign, the Orléanists were not a homogeneous party, but simply the majority who supported

2701-525: The dynastic issue, the Orléanists found a compromise with the Legitimists, supporting the rights of Henri, Count of Chambord (former Duke of Bordeaux, currently childless) in return of the recognition of the Count of Paris as his heir, echoing an 1862 statement of Chambord. Although Chambord never mentioned the Count of Paris as his heir, probably fearing the defection of his ultraconservative supporters,

2774-555: The end of 1926, the party was losing militants fast - a decline was hastened by the formation of a right-wing government under Raymond Poincaré , and the stabilisation of the franc . The Faisceau ceased to exist in 1928. Valois himself, whose politics were becoming more left-wing, was excluded from the party, the remains of which founded the Parti Fasciste Révolutionnaire . Jacques Arthuys Jacques Arthuys (15 February 1894 – 9 September 1943)

2847-646: The exile law was abrogated on 24 June 1950, permitting the return of the Count of Paris to the capital, where he met with President Vincent Auriol . The count and his family made their home in the Parisian suburbs of Louveciennes , and quickly became media darlings. Orléans frequently went to parties and meetings which were attended by prominent French politicians of the Fourth Republic, such as Antoine Pinay , Jacques Soustelle , Pierre Mendès France and Maurice Schumann . Through his newsletter Courier 50 ,

2920-667: The first cause of inflation, but the negative balance of payments was also a factor. A stable currency was essential, and the franc-or proposed by Valois was the solution. He was not a royalist, but doubted that the republican government could solve the problems France was facing. In late 1921 Arthuys and Valois were members of an organizing committee for a Semaine de la monnaie . In late 1922 Valois started working towards creating an Estates General of French Production. This movement that would bring together industrialists and leaders of labour unions to work on solutions to social and economic issues. The textile manufacturer Eugène Mathon headed

2993-533: The former president of France who had been enthroned after the coup d'état of 1851 . The Second Empire was succeeded itself officially in 1871 by the Third Republic . A National Assembly , composed by 638 on 778 seats, was formed and new elections were called for the 8 February of the same year, which resulted in a victory for the monarchist right: 396 seats won, divided to 214 Orléanists and 182 Legitimists, nicknamed "cavalrymen". Initially divided about

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3066-591: The founder Vaugeois. The movement grew to be one of the largest organizations in France, but in 1926 a condemnation from Pope Pius XI against the Action caused the defection of many Catholic sympathizers. The Pope judged that it was folly for the French Church to continue to tie its fortunes to the unlikely dream of a monarchist restoration, and distrusted the movement's tendency to defend the Catholic religion in merely utilitarian and nationalistic terms, and

3139-473: The government, but the Estates General should block alternatives like inflation, repudiation or bankruptcy, and should be prepared to take over control from parliament. Arthuys' published Les combattants in 1925, a book in which he described how the combatants in the war had been transformed by their experience from simple patriots into warriors. He argued that since the war the leftists had exposed

3212-511: The industrialist Pierre Lefaurichon and the architect Roger Souchère launched the Mouvement des classes moyennes (Movement of the middle classes), based in Paris. After the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Arthuys served as a captain in the 60th Divisional Reconnaissance Group. His unit retreated from the Sedan to Orange without loss, and Arthuys wanted to continue fighting in the Army of

3285-466: The informal agreement sanctioned the "fusion" of Legitimists and Orléanists, who quite easily formed a conservative coalition. The monarchist majority, led by the Duke of Aumale (son of Louis Philippe), and the centre-left endorsed the centre-right candidate Thiers as president of the Republic, but due to the continued arguments between Legitimists and Orléanists and the memory of the dynastic divisions of

3358-402: The kingdom" before the fully restoration of Chambord on the throne. Broglie was shortly after awarded with the premiership by MacMahon, supported by monarchists and the centre-right . Restoration appeared imminent when a parliamentary commission was established in October 1873 to adopt a monarchist constitution. But in the same month the majority was weakened by the refusal of Chambord to accept

3431-436: The lack of dynamism maintained by Charles Maurras , the group's acute Roman Catholic and Orléanist conservatism , and its primary functioning as a literary society ). It worked hard to recruit people from the left, with some success: notably, Marcel Delagrange , former French Communist Party (PCF) mayor of Périgueux , and the anarcho-syndicalist (and future Vichy Régime minister) Hubert Lagardelle . One notable member

3504-402: The latter as flawed in its means of achieving that end. The party tried to place itself above the left-right division , but this particular outlook turned out to be a source of further problems. Most of its militants came from the right, particularly the far-right (this serves to explain the Action Française's hostility: many Action Française militants joined Faisceau , being disillusioned with

3577-538: The law, graduating in 1913 with a degree from the University of Nancy . During World War I (1914–18) he joined the army as a volunteer. He was commissioned in 1915 and made a lieutenant in 1916. After being transferred to the air force, he led fighter and bomber squadrons in France and Italy. Artuys was wounded twice, and was given four citations and the Legion of Honour . Arthuys left the military in 1920 and founded

3650-567: The left. The Faisceau's aims were indeed radical, but its actions did not live up to them. The party did form paramilitary " Légions " — but they usually functioned as self-defence against attacks by the Action Française's Camelots du Roi . They rarely clashed with police forces, and their only major engagement with the PCF was at the party's meeting in Rheims on 27 June 1926. Those who had joined hoping for revolutionary action began to leave, and, by

3723-403: The legislature. Throughout the 1870s, the issue of whether a monarchy should replace the republic dominated public debate. On 16 May 1877, with public opinion swinging heavily in favour of a republic after the election of March , President MacMahon made one last desperate attempt to salvage the monarchical cause by dismissing the "conservative republican" prime minister Jules Simon and appointing

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3796-413: The liberal opposition to Charles X's ministries, under the concept "nationalize the monarchy and royalize France". On 14 August 1830, the Chamber approved a new Constitution , which became the de facto political manifesto for the Orléanists, containing the basis for a constitutional monarchy with a central Parliament. The Orléanism, became the dominant tendency within political life, easily divided inside

3869-715: The modern world. Disappointed by the false hopes and unfulfilled promises, the Count of Paris retired from French political life in 1967, ending also the publications of his newsletter. Orléanist pretenders from 1883 to the present follow these principles: The Duchess of Montpensier The Duke of Orléans The Duchess of Orléans The Count of Évreux The Countess of Évreux Princess Béatrice The Dowager Countess of La Marche The Countess of Schönborn-Buchheim Princess Hélène, Countess of Limburg Stirum The Dowager Duchess of Calabria The Dowager Duchess of Württemberg Princess Claude, Mrs. Gandolfi Princess Chantal, Baroness of Sambucy de Sorgue The Orléanist party, despite

3942-404: The move of the association toward the right. Particularly, the adhesion of Charles Maurras , considered a "pragmatic" anti-Dreyfusard rather than a true anti-Semite, contributed to the creation of the ideology of the Action , which rapidly became the main monarchist group. Maurras, despite becoming the movement's ideologist, supported not a classical monarchy on religious term ( divine right ) but

4015-514: The national committee, which included Valois, Arthuys, Bernard de Vésins and several others. As the post-war economic crisis grew, Arthuys and Valois were alarmed at the excess of state expenditure over revenue, causing a large and growing burden of debt. German reparations could not cover this debt, even if were paid, which they doubted. The only solution was to accept a drop in standards of living and slash spending, sell off state monopolies and fire civil servants. This would be political suicide for

4088-420: The past 40 years, Thiers moved to support a "conservative republic" instead of a divided monarchy. Due to Chambord's dislike of Aumale, the "fusionists" rapidly passed under the leadership of the Duke of Broglie , who in 1873 successfully managed the election of President Patrice de MacMahon , former general and national hero who showed Legitimist sympathies, considering him as a kind of "lieutenant-general of

4161-423: The press of Chambord's full acceptance of the tricolour flag, . The pretender had to harshly clarify his position, causing the left of the centre-right, Orléanists disappointment and the dissolution of the "restoration" commission on 31 October 1873. A last attempt by Chambord was made on 12 November, when he asked President MacMahon via the Duke of Blacas to join with him into the National Assembly and spoke toward

4234-434: The producers (everyone involved in manufacturing goods), whereas Mathon interpreted it as an amended laissez-faire capitalism , where businessmen like himself should be in charge, with no interference by the state. These differences led to Mathon and Coty leaving shortly after the foundation of the party, placing it in a precarious financial situation, made worse by the commercial failure of Le Nouveau Siècle following

4307-582: The provinces. They returned to Paris, and on 21 December 1941 both men were arrested at Lefaurichon's home. After Arthuys was arrested by the Gestapo, leadership of the OCM was assumed by Colonel Alfred Touny. It continued to provide intelligence to the Free French leaders in exile in Britain. Arthuys was deported to Hinzert concentration camp , where he died on 9 September 1943. On 13 July 1945 Arthuys

4380-518: The recently approved Saint-Cloud Ordinances . Despite the abdication of Charles X and the Dauphin Louis in favor to Charles X's grandson Henri, Duke of Bordeaux , on 2 August 1830, only seven days later Louis Philippe I , still Duke of Orléans , was elected by the Chamber of Deputies as new "King of the French". The enthronement of Louis Philippe was strongly wanted by Doctrinaires ,

4453-418: The representatives, hoping to convince them to restore the monarchy, but MacMahon refused due to his institutional position, toward he was formally even if not ideologically attached, causing the project's failure. Due to the impossibility to restore the monarchy in a short time, the Orléanists waited the death of the sickly Chambord, occurred in 1883, but by that time, enthusiasm for a monarchy had faded, and as

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4526-449: The republican majority, who reflected the historical Orléanist purposes. French historian René Rémond included the presidency of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing as part of the Orléanist tradition, due to his liberal views and equidistance from the nationalist right (descending from Bonapartism ) and the conservative right (from Legitimism). The term "Orléanist parliamentarism" was also used by jurist and sociologist Maurice Duverger to define

4599-507: The views of their right-wing group. Arthuys was assisted as editor by the experienced conservative journalists Jacques Roujon and Léopold Marcellin. The official editorial staff was Valois, Arthuys, Philippe Barrès and Hubert Bourgin of the Ligue des Patriotes . The journal tried to reach a broad audience, and as a result was dull. It constantly struggled financially. In April 1925 Valois founded Les Légions pour la politique de la victoire,

4672-513: The work of Maurice Barrès . Valois claimed that Barrès' Le Cocarde had been the first Fascist newspaper. They included a "national" state (i.e. for the benefit of all social classes , rather than the existing " bourgeois " state or the Marxist proletarian state ) with a strong, authoritarian leader . Thus, its stated aims included a coup d'état and a dictatorship , although it never took any concrete steps towards achieving these ends. Nor

4745-402: The writer Victor Hugo to describe him as "a man with many little qualities". The Orléanist regime finally fell in 1848, when a revolution erupted and on 24 February Louis Philippe abdicated in favor to his grandson Philippe, Count of Paris , under regency of his mother Helene, Duchess of Orléans , who was quickly ousted out from the Chamber of Deputies during the regency's formalization, who

4818-652: Was Marcel Bucard , who would later found the Mouvement Franciste and collaborate extensively with the Nazi authorities during the German occupation of France . These minor victories were never proportionate to the effort invested by the Faisceau , and the group failed to expand at the left's expense, while becoming the enemy of the right - unlike in Italy, the latter was strong and confident enough not to rely on Fascists against

4891-648: Was a French industrialist, a right-wing intellectual and an early leader of the French Fascist movement. He was initially a pan-European but became opposed to the Nazi movement. During World War II (1939–45) he was leader of a French Resistance organization. He was arrested, deported to a concentration camp and killed by the Germans. Jacques Arthuys was born on 15 February 1894 in Belfort , son of an officer. He attended Catholic secondary schools, then studied

4964-408: Was expected by the Count of Paris that the general would move to restore the French monarchy, but instead De Gaulle preferred to strengthen the republican institutions, eventually becoming the driving force behind the establishment of the present-day Fifth Republic . De Gaulle was elected president of the new government in 1959, and seems to have promised the Count of Paris that he wouldn't run again in

5037-573: Was founded, led by Valois, Arthuys, Hubert Bourgin and Charles Albert. The first issue of the party's journal, Cahiers bleus , appeared on 15 August 1928 with contributors such as Pierre Mendès France , Pietro Nenni , Emmanuel Berl , Édouard Berth and future Fascist sympathisers such as Bertrand de Jouvenel , Marcel Déat and Paul Marion . In the 1930s Arthuys was a member of the right-wing nationalist Croix-de-Feu league created by François de La Rocque . When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 Arthuys strongly opposed Nazism . In 1936 Arthuys,

5110-509: Was given the retroactive rank of Colonel, effective 1 December 1941. Publications include: Orl%C3%A9anist Orléanist ( French : Orléaniste ) was a 19th-century French political label originally used by those who supported a constitutional monarchy expressed by the House of Orléans . Due to the radical political changes that occurred during that century in France , three different phases of Orléanism can be identified: Orleanism

5183-402: Was interrupted by republican deputies who instead proclaimed the Second Republic. After 18 years of reign, Louis Philippe left the Orléanist base well-defined inside the magistrature, the press, universities and academies, especially the Académie française . However, also some great aristocratic families joined the court, like the Dukes of Broglie , as well former Bonapartist officers like

5256-412: Was it clear who the dictator was to be — Valois himself did not indicate a willingness to occupy the position, and Maxime Weygand may have been the preferred candidate of some members of the Faisceau . The Faisceau ran into serious problems almost as soon as it was founded. Valois — a former anarcho-syndicalist who had converted to Orléanism and joined the Action Française (leaving the group after

5329-520: Was opposed by the two other monarchist trends: the more conservative Legitimism that was loyal to the eldest branch of the House of Bourbon after 1830, and the Bonapartism that supported Napoleon ’s legacy and heirs. On 26 July 1830, the revolution of the so-called Three Glorious Days (or July Revolution) erupted due to the authoritarian and anti- Gallican tendencies showed by Charles X and his Prime Minister Jules de Polignac , expressed by

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