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70-816: The former name of the settlement was Kapaur and it is still in use by biologists. Historically Fakfak was a significant port town, being one of the few Papuan towns that had relations with the Sultanate of Ternate , being bound to it. The Sultanate later granted the Dutch colonial government permission to settle in Papua, including in Fakfak. The Dutch began settlement in 1898. The town still has some colonial buildings remaining from this settlement. The Japanese 1st Detachment landed in Fakfak on April 1, 1942. The small Royal Netherlands East Indies Army garrison surrendered without

140-665: A boron -based wood preservative. Cloves can be used to make a fragrant pomander when combined with an orange. When given as a gift in Victorian England, such a pomander indicated warmth of feeling. The use of clove for any medicinal purpose has not been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration , and its use may cause adverse effects if taken orally by people with liver disease , blood clotting and immune system disorders, or food allergies . Cloves are used in traditional medicine as an essential oil , which

210-520: A museum as well as the sultan's home . The museum exhibits the genealogy of the Ternatean royal family from 1257, a collection of Portuguese and Dutch helmets, swords and armour, and memorabilia from the previous sultans. The eastern Indonesian archipelago empire led by Ternate had indeed fallen apart since the middle of the 17th century but the influence of Ternate as a kingdom with a long history continued to be felt until centuries later. Ternate has

280-588: A common element in spice blends (as part of the Malay rempah empat beradik –"four sibling spices"– besides cinnamon, cardamom and star anise for example ), including pumpkin pie spice and speculaas spices. In Mexican cuisine , cloves are best known as clavos de olor , and often accompany cumin and cinnamon . They are also used in Peruvian cuisine, in a wide variety of dishes such as carapulcra and arroz con leche . A major component of clove's taste

350-545: A fight and later a small garrison of 67 men of the 24th Special Base Unit occupied the area and used it as a seaplane base. Between April 1943 and October 1944, the town was attacked several times by allied bombers. Japanese forces occupied the town until the end of the war in September 1945. Fakfak is now an isolated town, not often used for the import and export of goods. Fakfak is located in West Papua , Indonesia, on

420-682: A fort on the island, today known as Kastella , construction of which began in 1522, but relations between the Ternateans and Portuguese were strained from the start. Ternate developed closer relations with the Ottomans as a result. An outpost far from Europe generally only attracted the most desperate and avaricious, so that the generally poor behaviour of the Portuguese, combined with feeble attempts at Christianisation , strained relations with Ternate's Muslim ruler. In 1535 Sultan Tabariji

490-598: A long calyx that terminates in four spreading sepals , and four unopened petals that form a small central ball. Clove stalks are slender stems of the inflorescence axis that show opposite decussate branching. Externally, they are brownish, rough, and irregularly wrinkled longitudinally with short fracture and dry, woody texture. Mother cloves (anthophylli) are the ripe fruits of cloves that are ovoid, brown berries, unilocular and one-seeded. Blown cloves are expanded flowers from which both corollae and stamens have been detached. Exhausted cloves have most or all

560-666: A part of southern Philippines. Ternate was a major producer of cloves and a regional power from the 15th to 17th centuries. The dynasty founded by Cico continues to the present, as does the Sultanate itself, although it no longer holds any political power. The sultanate was originally named the Kingdom of Gapi, but later changed the name to be based on that of its capital, Ternate . Originally there were four villages in Ternate and led by clan leaders called Momole. Main activities of

630-659: A port town. It is the only place in West Papua with such a community. The local Papuan population are majority Muslim, with sizable minorities of Catholics and Protestants . Islamization in Fakfak occurred due to Fakfak being part of the broader trading relationship with the Maluku Islands , intermarriages between traders with native nutmeg producing tribes, informal religious education through Muslim missionaries, and through political channels as native kingdoms and their aristocracy adopted Islam. The local philosophy

700-466: A very large share in the eastern archipelago culture, especially Sulawesi (north and east coast) and Maluku . These influences include religion, customs and language. As the first kingdom to embrace Islam, Ternate had a large role in the efforts to convert and introduce Islamic Sharia in the eastern part of the archipelago and the southern part of the Philippines . The form of the organization of

770-446: Is called “Satu tungku tiga batu” which means a stove/cauldron with three stones/legs. The majority of local ethnic groups are member of Mbaham Matta Wuh, who traditionally cook with cauldron which is balanced over three stones. The cauldron symbolizes life, while the three stones symbolizes the pronouns you, me, and they. Another saying to reflect this is “Ko, on, kno mi mbi du Qpona” which means you, me, and they are related. This forms

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840-462: Is cultivated in three separate ways, a monoculture , agricultural parklands, and agroforestry systems. Archaeologist Giorgio Buccellati found cloves in Terqa , Syria, in a burned-down house which was dated to 1720 BC during the kingdom of Khana . This was the first evidence of cloves being used in the west before Roman times. The discovery was first reported in 1978. They reached Rome by

910-487: Is imparted by the chemical eugenol , and the quantity of the spice required is typically small. It pairs well with cinnamon, allspice , vanilla , red wine , basil , onion , citrus peel , star anise , and peppercorns . It is often added to betel quids to enhance aroma while chewing. The spice is used in a type of cigarette called kretek in Indonesia. Clove cigarettes were smoked throughout Europe, Asia, and

980-706: Is now widely used in Eastern Indonesia, especially in North Sulawesi , the east coast of Central and South Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua with different dialects. Two original letters by Sultan Abu Hayat II to the King of Portugal, the first written between 27 April and 8 November 1521 and the second in early 1522, are recognized as the oldest Malay manuscripts in the world after the Tanjung Tanah manuscripts. Abu Hayat's letters are currently stored in

1050-407: Is often present in a root canal treatment failure. Studies to determine its effectiveness for fever reduction, as a mosquito repellent, and to prevent premature ejaculation have been inconclusive. It remains unproven whether blood sugar levels are reduced by cloves or clove oil. The essential oil may be used in aromatherapy . Until the colonial era , cloves only grew on a few islands in

1120-536: Is torn between being pro-Indonesian or supporting the Free Papua Movement . Fakfak has 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) of white sand beaches, located approximately half an hour from the town. Nearby there are also rock paintings . It is served by the Fakfak Airport . Sultanate of Ternate The Sultanate of Ternate ( Jawi : کسلطانن ترناتي ‎ ), previously also known as

1190-411: Is used as an anodyne ( analgesic ) mainly for dental emergencies and other disorders. There is evidence that clove oil containing eugenol is effective for toothache pain and other types of pain, and one review reported the efficacy of eugenol combined with zinc oxide as an analgesic for alveolar osteitis . Clove essential oil may prevent the growth of Enterococcus faecalis bacteria which

1260-895: The Boholanos of the destroyed Kedatuan of Dapitan , who were formerly at war against Ternate, captured the former Portuguese fort from the Ternatans in 1606, deporting the Ternate Sultan and his entourage to Manila in the Spanish Philippines (Manila was a formerly a Muslim Bruneian vassal state before the Spanish invaded and Christianized them). The Spanish forced the Ternate ruler, Sultan Said Din Berkat to settle in Manila and pushed him to accept Christianity. In 1607

1330-594: The Bomberai Peninsula at the foothills of the Fakfak Mountains , near Tambaruni Bay . It is situated in an area with many limestone hills, rivers and caves. As such, the streets twist and turn. Fakfak has a small community of Muslim Arab and Indian Indonesians, descended from traders and religious teachers who came to Papua in the 19th century and possibly earlier; this minority population has decreased recently due to Fakfak's diminishing role as

1400-525: The Kingdom of Gapi is one of the oldest Muslim kingdoms in Indonesia besides the sultanates of Tidore , Jailolo , and Bacan . The Ternate kingdom was established by Momole Cico , the first leader of Ternate, with the title Baab Mashur Malamo , traditionally in 1257. It reached its Golden Age during the reign of Sultan Baabullah (1570–1583) and encompassed most of the eastern part of Indonesia and

1470-732: The Moluccas (historically called the Spice Islands ), including Bacan , Makian , Moti , Ternate , and Tidore . Cloves were first traded by the Austronesian peoples in the Austronesian maritime trade network (which began around 1500 BC, later becoming the Maritime Silk Road and part of the Spice Trade ). The first notable example of modern clove farming developed on the east coast of Madagascar , and

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1540-580: The Museum of Lisbon , Portugal . 15th century 16th century 15th century 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century 16th century 17th century 15th century 16th century Portuguese India 17th century Portuguese India 18th century Portuguese India 16th century 17th century 19th century Portuguese Macau 20th century Portuguese Macau Clove Cloves are

1610-490: The Sultanate of Lanao . The first Europeans to stay on Ternate were part of the Portuguese expedition of Francisco Serrão out of Malacca , which was shipwrecked near Seram and rescued by local residents. Sultan Bayan Sirrullah of Ternate (1500–1522) heard of their stranding and, seeing a chance to ally himself with a powerful foreign nation, he brought them to Ternate in 1512. The Portuguese were permitted to build

1680-903: The Yuan dynasty (1271 to 1368 AD) Chinese merchants began sending ships directly to the Moluccas to trade for cloves, and other spices. In the Western Classical literature cloves are mentioned by Pliny the Elders' Natural History . Dioscorides mentions cloves in his book De materia medica . The Liber Pontifcalis records an endowment made by Passinopolis under Pope Sylvester I . This endowment included an Egyptian estate, its annual revenues, 150 libra (around 50 kg or 108 lb) of cloves, and other amounts of spices and papyrus. Cosmas Indicopleustis in his book Topographia Christiana outlined his travels to Sri Lanka, and recounted that

1750-462: The jogugu were followed by the soa leaders. Inside the palace, the secretary or jurutulis had important tasks as archivist and caretaker of communications with other realms. For economic relationships, the syahbandar was an important figure who served as contact between the Sultan and foreign traders. The Sultan was the religious and political headman of the realm. As the main representative of

1820-610: The 18th century Ternate was the site of a VOC governorship, which attempted to control all trade in the northern Moluccas. By the 19th century, the spice trade had declined substantially. Hence the region was less central to the Netherlands colonial state, but the Dutch maintained a presence in the region to prevent another colonial power from occupying it. After the VOC was nationalised by the Dutch government in 1800, Ternate became part of

1890-654: The Dutch came back to Ternate, where with the help of Ternatans they built a fort in Malayo. The island was divided between the two powers: the Spaniards were allied with Tidore and the Dutch with their Ternaten allies. For the Ternatan rulers, the Dutch were a useful, if not particularly welcome, presence that gave them military advantages against Tidore and the Spanish. Particularly under Sultan Hamzah (1627–1648), Ternate expanded its territory and strengthened its control over

1960-463: The Government of the Moluccas ( Gouvernement der Molukken ). Ternate was seized and occupied by British forces in 1810 before being returned to Dutch control in 1817. In 1824 it became the capital of a residency (administrative region) covering Halmahera , the entire west coast of New Guinea , and the central east coast of Sulawesi . By 1867 all of Dutch-occupied New Guinea had been added to

2030-493: The Greek karyophyllon "clove", literally "nut leaf". The clove tree is an evergreen that grows up to 8–12 metres (26–39 ft) tall, with large leaves and crimson flowers grouped in terminal clusters. The flower buds initially have a pale hue, gradually turn green, then transition to a bright red when ready for harvest. Cloves are harvested at 1.5–2 centimetres ( 5 ⁄ 8 – 3 ⁄ 4  in) long, and consist of

2100-888: The Indians said that cloves, among other products, came in from unspecified places along sea trade routes. Cloves were also present in records in China , Sri Lanka , Southern India , Persia , and Oman by around the third century to second century BC. These mentions of "cloves" reported in China, South Asia, and the Middle East come from before the establishment of Southeast Asian maritime trade. But all of these are misidentifications that referred to other plants (like cassia buds, cinnamon , or nutmeg ); or are imports from Maritime Southeast Asia mistakenly identified as being natively produced in these regions. Archaeologists recovered

2170-557: The Indonesian region. Much of their wealth, however, was wasted fighting each other. Up until the Dutch completed the colonisation of Maluku in the 19th century, the Sultans of Ternate ruled realms that claimed at least nominal influence as far as Ambon , Sulawesi and Papua . In part as a result of its trade-dependent culture, Ternate was one of the earliest places in the region to which Islam spread, coming from Java in

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2240-498: The Islamic community, he was known as amir ul mu'minin , leader of the believers. Under him were various religious dignitaries who were collectively known as bobato akhirat . They included judges ( kadi ), imams, preachers ( khatib ) and leaders of prayers ( modin ). The most important figures were four imams from Soa Sio and Soa Sangaji, who were known as imam jiko , imam jawa , imam sangaji , and imam moti . Outside of Ternate,

2310-461: The Moluccas, and the trade in cloves was beyond the limited policing powers of the corporation". One clove tree named Afo that experts believe is the oldest in the world on Ternate may be 350–400 years old. Tourists are told that seedlings from this very tree were stolen by a Frenchman named Pierre Poivre in 1770, transferred to the Isle de France ( Mauritius ), and then later to Zanzibar , which

2380-682: The Officialdom of the Han Dynasty, dating to around 200 BC). The book states a rule that ministers should suck cloves to sweeten their breath before speaking to the emperor. From Chinese records during the Song Dynasty (960 to 1279 AD) cloves were primarily imported by private ventures, called Merchant Shipping Offices, who bought goods from middlemen in the Austronesian polities of Java , Srivijaya , Champa , and Butuan . During

2450-681: The Philippines, when they evacuated Ternate. Till this day, the Ternate community speak Ternateño Chavacano , a creole language of Spanish with Ternatean and Portuguese influence. In attempts to frustrate Spain, the Ternateans militarily supported the Sultanates of Mindanao in the Southern Philippines by sending reinforcement, during the Spanish-Moro Wars . Desiring to restore Ternate to its former glory and expel

2520-455: The Portuguese, the Ternatans expelled the Portuguese in 1575 after a five-year siege. Ambon became the new centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku. European power in the region was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic and anti-Portuguese state under the rule of Sultan Baab Ullah (r. 1570–1583) and his son Sultan Saidi Berkat . Spanish forces, aided by Filipinos mainly

2590-644: The Sultan held suzerainty over a realm shifting in size, usually including parts of Halmahera , Buru , the Ambon Quarter, the Sula Islands , and the east coast of Sulawesi . Local Malukan rulers who acknowledged Ternate's rule were called sangaji and must send tribute to the Sultan. Fields in Halmahera and elsewhere which belonged to the royal court, were worked by serfs called ngofangare and non-Muslim locals, so-called Alfurs. These workers provided

2660-524: The Sultan was at the center of this social order. The Soa Sio (nine soa ) resided close to the ruler. Among the various descent groups, the houses of Marsaoli, Tomaito, Tomagola, and Tamadi were highest in rank, being collectively known as Fala Raha (the Four Houses). Their leaders bore the title kimalaha . When Ternate expanded its territory in the 16th century, Fala Raha leaders set themselves up as governors in various parts of Maluku. The most important

2730-507: The United States. Clove cigarettes are currently classified in the United States as cigars , the result of a ban on flavored cigarettes in September 2009. Clove essential oil may be used to inhibit mold growth on various types of foods. In addition to these non-culinary uses of clove, it can be used to protect wood in a system for cultural heritage conservation, and showed the efficacy of clove essential oil to be higher than

2800-510: The ancestor of the Malukan kings was an Arab descendant of the Prophet called Jafar Sadik. Coming to Ternate, he encountered a nymph ( bidadari ) from heaven ( kayangan ) called Nurus Safa. Their four sons were the dynastic ancestors of Bacan , Jailolo , Tidore , and Ternate. The idea of a genealogical unity of the four realms of Maluku has had a large cultural significance that persists until

2870-404: The aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae , Syzygium aromaticum ( / s ɪ ˈ z ɪ dʒ iː ə m ˌ ær ə ˈ m æ t ɪ k ə m / ). They are native to the Maluku Islands , or Moluccas, in Indonesia , and are commonly used as a spice , flavoring , or fragrance in consumer products , such as toothpaste , soaps, or cosmetics . Cloves are available throughout

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2940-421: The basis for religious tolerance in the area as Fakfak is a majority Muslim area while also having a sizable Christian minority. Whatever the religion the people are still considered family. There is a monument symbolizing this philosophy located in the center of Fakfak to commemorate its multiculturalism and tolerance. Due to historically being under the control of Ternate but being located in West Papua , Fakfak

3010-625: The burial practices of Europeans from the late middle ages into the early modern period. During renovations on the Grote Kerk of Breda a tomb was rediscovered that was used between 1475 and 1526 AD by eight members of the house of Nassau . These burials had to be moved, but before being re-interred these burials were studied for botanical remains. The burial of Cimberga van Baden contained pollen from cloves. The Dutch Physician Pieter Van Foreest wrote down multiple recipes for embalming some of which included cloves. One of these recipes he wrote down

3080-404: The court with provisions such as sago, meat, palm wine, betel, wood, and water. Most importantly, they tended and harvested the clove trees, which gave the Sultan most of his income up to the onset of Dutch colonialism. The old sultan's palace was abandoned between 1781 and 1813, when construction of the existing palace ( kadaton ) began. It was restored in a semi-colonial style and is now partly

3150-550: The earliest known example of macro-botanical cloves in northwest Europe from the wreck of the Danish-Norwegian flagship, Gribshunden . The ship sank near Ronneby , Sweden in June 1495 while King Hans was sailing to political summit at Kalmar, Sweden. Exotic luxuries including cloves, ginger, peppercorns, and saffron would have impressed the noblemen and high church officials at the summit. Cloves have been documented in

3220-461: The empire and the application of Islamic law which was first introduced by Sultan Zainal Abidin and later implemented by his successors in the 16th century, became the standard followed by all the kingdoms in Maluku without significant changes. The success of the Ternate people under Sultan Baabullah in expelling Portugal in 1575, was the first indigenous victory of an archipelagic polity over western powers. The 20th-century writer Buya Hamka praised

3290-572: The first century AD. Other archeological finds of cloves include: At the Batujaya site a single clove was found in a waterlogged layer dating to between the 100s BC to 200s BC corresponding to the Buni culture phase of this site. A study at the site of Óc Eo in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam found starch grains of cloves on stone implements used in food processing. This site was occupied from

3360-664: The first to eighth century BC, and was a trading center for the kingdom of Funnan . Two cloves were found during archaeological excavations at the Sri Lankan city of Mantai dated to around 900–1100 AD. Cloves are mentioned in the Ramayana . Cloves are also mentioned in the Charaka Samhita . One of the earliest examples of literary evidence of cloves in China is from the book the Han Guan Yi (Etiquettes of

3430-594: The island of Sulawesi produced over 40% collectively. Eugenol comprises 72–90% of the essential oil extracted from cloves, and is the compound most responsible for clove aroma. Complete extraction occurs at 80 minutes in pressurized water at 125 °C (257 °F). Ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted extraction methods provide more rapid extraction rates with lower energy costs. Other phytochemicals of clove oil include acetyl eugenol, beta- caryophyllene , vanillin , crategolic acid , tannins , such as bicornin , gallotannic acid , methyl salicylate ,

3500-496: The kingdom into an Islamic Sultanate; the title Kolano (king) was then replaced with Sultan. The peak of Ternate's power came near the end of the 16th century, under Sultan Baabullah (1570–1583), when it had influence over most of the eastern part of Sulawesi , the Ambon and Seram area, Timor island, parts of southern Mindanao and Papuan Islands . It frequently engaged in fierce competition for control of its periphery with

3570-472: The language of association in various regions which were under its influence. Prof. E.K.W. Masinambow, in his text "Ternate Language in the context of Austronesian and Non-Austronesian languages", suggested that Ternate had the greatest impact on the Malay language used by the people of eastern Indonesia. 46% of Malay vocabulary in Manado is taken from Ternate. Ternate Malay or North Moluccan Malay language

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3640-478: The late 15th century. However, Islamic influence in the area can be traced further back to the late 14th century. Initially, the faith was restricted to Ternate's small ruling family, and spread only slowly to the rest of the population. The royal family of Ternate converted to Islam during the reign of Marhum (1465–1486), making him the first King of Ternate that embraced Islam; his son and successor, Zainal Abidin (1486–1500) enacted Islamic Law and transformed

3710-801: The nearby Sultanate of Tidore. According to historian Leonard Y. Andaya , Ternate's "dualistic" rivalry with Tidore is a dominant theme in the early history of the Maluku Islands. Ternate was also often a part of the political affairs of Philippine kingdoms. In a punitive expedition, it once destroyed the Boholano Kedatuan of Dapitan in the Central Visayas region, forcing the Boholanos to re-establish their kingdom in Northern Mindanao where they waged war against

3780-472: The oil removed by distillation. They yield no oil and are darker in color. Cloves are used in the cuisine of Asian , African , Mediterranean , and the Near and Middle East countries, lending flavor to meats (such as baked ham ), curries , and marinades , as well as fruit (such as apples, pears, and rhubarb ). Cloves may be used to give aromatic and flavor qualities to hot beverages, often combined with other ingredients such as lemon and sugar. They are

3850-453: The periphery. Dutch influence over the kingdom was limited, though Hamzah and his grandnephew and successor, Sultan Mandar Syah (1648–1675) did concede some regions to the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in exchange for help controlling rebellions there. The Spaniards abandoned Maluku in 1663. They took the aristocracy of Moluccan-Portuguese and Filipino-Mexican mixed descent and settled them in Ternate, Cavite (Named after their homeland) in

3920-410: The present. The youngest of the four sons, Baab Mashur Malamo was, according to Ternatan legend, born in heaven, and therefore enjoyed a special status. His descendants were sometimes known as Alam-ma-Kolano, "ruler of all [Maluku]". Ternate along with neighbouring Tidore were the world's single major producer of cloves, upon which their rulers became among the wealthiest and most powerful sultans in

3990-407: The residency, but then its region was gradually transferred to Ambon (Amboina) before being dissolved into that residency in 1922. Sultan Haji Muhammad Usman (1902–1914) made a last attempt to oppose the Dutch by clandestinely endorsing revolts in the region; he failed and was dethroned, his wealth being confiscated, and he was exiled to Bandung , where he lived until 1932. This spelt the end of

4060-414: The ruler consulted four officials known as bobato ma dopolo . The most important was the first minister ( jogugu ), who was ideally a member of Marsaoli, the oldest noble house. He was counted as the authochtonous "lord of the land" in relation to the Sultan who supposedly had foreign origins. Other main officials were the sea lord ( kapitan laut ) and two magistrates ( hukum ) who saw it that the commands of

4130-401: The traditional Ternatan kingdom, since the administration and settlement pattern were forcibly changed by the Dutch. The throne of Ternate was left vacant from 1914 to 1929, until the board of ministers under the blessing of the Dutch created Crown Prince Iskandar Muhammad Jabir the next Sultan. Muhammad Jabir reigned when the Japanese arrived in 1942 and began a hard rule. Two years later he

4200-426: The victory of the Ternate people as it delayed the western occupation of the archipelago for 100 years while at the same time strengthening the position of Islam. If Ternate had not halted European political and missionary efforts, the eastern part of Indonesia might have become a Christian center like the Philippines. The position of Ternate as an influential kingdom also helped raise the degree of Ternate Language as

4270-400: The villages were trading spices with Arab, Malay, and Chinese traders. These lucrative trades attracted pirates and because of this, a kingdom emerged. According to one version, Momole Guna of Tobona suggested a forum in which a stronger organization of kingdom is to be adopted. Momole Cico was elected to be the first Gapi king with regnal name Baab Mashur Malamo. According to another version,

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4340-438: The western power, Sultan Sibori Amsterdam (1675–1691) declared war to the Dutch, but the power of Ternate had greatly reduced over the years, he lost and was forced to concede more of his lands to the Dutch by a treaty in 1683. By this treaty, Ternate had lost its equal position with the Dutch and became a vassal. However, the Sultans of Ternate and its people were never fully under Dutch control until its annexation in 1914. In

4410-447: The year owing to different harvest seasons across various countries. The word clove , first used in English in the 15th century , derives via Middle English clow of gilofer , Anglo-French clowes de gilofre and Old French clou de girofle , from the Latin word clavus "nail". The related English word gillyflower , originally meaning "clove", derives via said Old French girofle and Latin caryophyllon , from

4480-425: Was Tomagola whose members governed in the Ambon Quarter and were based on the Hoamoal Peninsula on Ceram up to 1656. Detailed records about the administration are known from the 17th century onwards. By that time, the Sultan governed with the help of a council that consisted of eighteen dignitaries called bobato , consisting of the leaders of the nine soas of Soa Sio and the nine of Soa Sangaji. Apart from these,

4550-414: Was buried in 1737 AD contained whole cloves. During the colonial era, cloves were traded like oil, with an enforced limit on exportation. As the Dutch East India Company consolidated its control of the spice trade in the 17th century, they sought to gain a monopoly in cloves as they had in nutmeg. However, "unlike nutmeg and mace , which were limited to the minute Bandas , clove trees grew all over

4620-411: Was deposed and sent to Goa by the Portuguese. He converted to Christianity and changed his name to Dom Manuel. After being declared innocent of the charges against him he was sent back to re-assume his throne; however, he died en route in Malacca in 1545. He had though bequeathed the island of Ambon to his Portuguese godfather, Jordão de Freitas. Following the murder of Sultan Hairun at the hands of

4690-492: Was once the world's largest producer of cloves. Current leaders in clove production are Indonesia , Madagascar , Tanzania , Sri Lanka , and Comoros . Indonesia is the largest clove producer, but only about 10-15% of its cloves production is exported, and domestic shortfalls must sometimes be filled with imports from Madagascar. The modern province of Maluku remains the largest source of cloves in Indonesia with around 15% of national production, although provinces comprising

4760-444: Was smuggled to Australia by the Allies. The Sultan played a political role during the Indonesian Revolution , but the tense political situation pushed him to reside in Jakarta after 1950. He made attempts to revive the old body of traditions (adat) in the 1960s, but the sultanate lapsed after his death in 1975. His son Mudaffar was enthroned as a titular head in 1986. He restored many of the old royal traditions, though Ternate society

4830-569: Was temporarily disturbed by sectarian violence in 1999 . Sultan Mudaffar Sjah II died in 2015. The male members of his wife's family, the Dutch Van Gelders, were named Prince of Ternate in 2012, and tried to control the sultanate after Mudaffar's death . The basic unit in Ternatan society was the soa , a territorial unit that consisted of descent groups that originated from a common ancestor. In Ternate, there were four groups of soa called Soa Sio, Soa Sangaji, Soa Heku and Soa Cim. These four were divided into 43 sub- soa . The palace or kadaton of

4900-442: Was that used by his fellow physicians Spierinck and Goethals. An embalming jar associated with Vittoria della Rovere also contained clove pollen. This probably came from her ingestion of clove oil as a medicine in her final days. When burials needed to be moved from the church of Saint Germain in Flers , France they were also studied for botanical remains. The body and coffin of Philippe René de la Motte Ango, count of Flers who

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