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69-776: Falconbridge may refer to: Falconbridge Ltd. , a Canadian mining company Falconbridge, Middlesex County, Ontario Falconbridge, Greater Sudbury, Ontario People with the surname [ edit ] Lord Falconbridge , an alternative title for barons, viscounts, and earls of Fauconberg Jonathan Falconbridge Kelly (1817–1855), American author who published as "Falconbridge" Alexander Falconbridge (1760–1791), British surgeon and anti-slavery activist Anna Maria Falconbridge (1769–1835), British author William Glenholme Falconbridge (1846–1920), Canadian judge and lawyer See also [ edit ] Falconberg (disambiguation) Bastard of Fauconberg Topics referred to by

138-604: A Boeing 737-200 (registration C-FFAL). The aircraft is based in Toronto at Pearson International Airport . The aircraft was repainted with Xstrata livery following the takeover, and still operates. In 1996, as part of a strategic initiative - growth study, internally commissioned during the struggle between INCO and Falconbridge over acquiring Voisey Bay, a plan and proposal came forth for Falconbridge to abandon its attempt to acquire Voisey Bay and redirect its efforts and financial capacity at acquiring INCO itself. The strategic plan

207-488: A company town northeast of Sudbury which grew to be a community in its own right. The town of Falconbridge was incorporated by the provincial government in 1957. It was organized along with several other communities into the Town of Nickel Centre and Regional Municipality of Sudbury in 1973; the regional municipality was in turn amalgamated into today's city of Greater Sudbury in 2001. Some Falconbridge workers also lived in

276-586: A novel reduction and smelting technique superior to the kiln process. To aid in community development, the Falcondo Foundation was established in 1989 and has been a pioneer in Natural Resource Corporate Social Responsibility. In 1977, Falconbridge patented the chlorine leach nickel refining process that had been developed in-house. The late 1970s saw the company play a role, alongside Inco , in

345-409: A number of niche uses. Machinery that must perform many duty cycles at continuously low-temperatures and heat exchangers at cryogenic plants are the main industrial destinations of cupronickel in cryogenic applications. Niche applications also exist, for example the alloy's high thermal conductivity at low temperatures has made cupronickel ubiquitous in freeze branding operations. Beginning around

414-489: A prominent "son", one Sir William Glenholme Falconbridge , High Court Judge whose father John Kennedy Falconbridge, had migrated to Ontario from Lisburn Ireland. Falconbridge was an important player in the economic and commercial development of the northern region of Ontario Canada, particularly the communities in and around Sudbury . In 1928, an experienced prospector and businessman Thayer Lindsley purchased mining claims containing rich deposits of nickel-copper ore in

483-1016: A technology centre. In 2005, Falconbridge had started the Deposit Definition phase of the Nickel Rim South mine near the Sudbury Airport . Metal refining was no longer carried out in Sudbury by Falconbridge, but rather at its Falconbridge Nikkelverk operation in Kristiansand . Another Canadian operation was the Kidd Mine and Kidd Metallurgical Site in Timmins , Ontario which includes an underground copper /zinc mine, concentrator, copper smelter and copper refinery , zinc plant, indium plant, cadmium plant, and sulfuric acid plants. Falconbridge also operated

552-555: A thin protective surface layer over the first several weeks of exposure to seawater and this provides its ongoing resistance. Additionally, they have a high inherent biofouling resistance to attachment by macrofoulers (e.g. seagrasses and molluscs ) living in the seawater. To use this property to its full potential, the alloy needs to be free of the effects of, or insulated from, any form of cathodic protection . However, Cu–Ni alloys can show high corrosion rates in polluted or stagnant seawater when sulfides or ammonia are present. It

621-413: A wide variety of marine applications. Important marine applications for cupronickel include: The successful use of cupronickel in coinage is due to its corrosion resistance , electrical conductivity , durability, malleability , low allergy risk, ease of stamping , antimicrobial properties and recyclability . In Europe, Switzerland pioneered cupronickel-based billon coinage in 1850, with

690-608: A wide variety of product forms and fittings. Cupronickel tubing can be readily expanded into tube sheets for the manufacturing of shell and tube heat exchangers . Details of fabrication procedures, including general handling, cutting and machining, forming, heat treatment, preparing for welding, weld preparations, tack welding, welding consumables, welding processes, painting, mechanical properties of welds, and tube and pipe bending are available. ASTM , EN , and ISO standards exist for ordering wrought and cast forms of cupronickel. Thermocouples and resistors whose resistance

759-670: Is also used as a base for silver plating , where the product is known as electro-plated nickel silver, or EPNS. A thermocouple junction is formed from a pair of thermocouple conductors such as iron- constantan , copper-constantan or nickel-chromium/nickel-aluminium. The junction may be protected within a sheath of copper, cupronickel or stainless steel. Cupronickel is used in cryogenic applications. It retains high ductility and thermal conductivity at very low temperatures. Where other metals like steel or aluminum would shatter and become thermally inert, cupronickel's unusual thermal and mechanical performance at these low temperatures facilitate

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828-605: Is also used for the inner segment of the 1 euro coin and the outer segment of the 2 euro coin . In part due to silver hoarding in the Civil War, the United States Mint first used cupronickel for circulating coinage in three-cent pieces starting in 1865, and then for five-cent pieces starting in 1866. Prior to these dates, both denominations had been made only in silver in the United States. Cupronickel

897-434: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Falconbridge Ltd. Falconbridge Nickel Mines Limited was a Canadian mining company with operations in 18 countries, involved in the exploration, mining, processing, and marketing of metal and mineral products, including nickel , copper , cobalt , and platinum . In 1982 the company was renamed Falconbridge Limited. It

966-400: Is important, therefore, to avoid exposure to such conditions, particularly during commissioning and refit while the surface films are maturing. Ferrous sulfate dosing to sea water systems can provide improved resistance. As copper and nickel alloy with each other easily and have simple structures, the alloys are ductile and readily fabricated. Strength and hardness for each individual alloy

1035-443: Is increased by cold working ; they are not hardened by heat treatment . Joining of 90–10 (C70600) and 70–30 (C71500) is possible by both welding or brazing . They are both weldable by the majority of techniques, although autogenous (welding without weld consumables) or oxyacetylene methods are not recommended. The 70–30 rather than 90–10 weld consumables are normally preferred for both alloys and no after-welding heat treatment

1104-468: Is mixed and combined with chih thung (copper), one gets 'yellow bronze' (ordinary brass). When phi shang and other arsenic substances are heated with it, one gets 'white bronze' or white copper: pai thong . When alum and niter and other chemicals are mixed together one gets ching thung : green bronze." Ko Hung stated in 300 AD: "The Tanyang copper was created by throwing a mercuric elixir into Tanyang copper and heated- gold will be formed." However,

1173-520: Is owing to no mixture; on the contrary, all mixtures diminish its beauty, for, when it is rightly managed it looks exactly like silver and were there not a necessity of mixing a little tutenag or such metal to soften it, it would be so much more the extraordinary as this sort of copper is found no where but in China and that only in the Province of Yunnan". Notwithstanding what is here said, of the colour of

1242-513: Is required. They can also be welded directly to steel, providing a 65% nickel–copper weld consumable is used to avoid iron dilution effects. The C71640 alloy tends to be used as seamless tubing and expanded rather than welded into the tube plate. Brazing requires appropriate silver-base brazing alloys. However, great care must be taken to ensure that there are no stresses in the Cu–Ni being silver brazed, since any stress can cause intergranular penetration of

1311-492: Is selected. Descending the table, the maximum allowable flow rate in piping increases, as does the tensile strength. In seawater, the alloys have excellent corrosion rates which remain low as long as the maximum design flow velocity is not exceeded. This velocity depends on geometry and pipe diameter. They have high resistance to crevice corrosion , stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement that can be troublesome to other alloy systems. Copper–nickels naturally form

1380-410: Is sometimes used for the propellers , propeller shafts , and hulls of high-quality boats . Other uses include military equipment and chemical, petrochemical, and electrical industries. In decorative use, a cupronickel alloy called nickel silver is common, although it contains additional zinc but no silver. Another common 20th-century use of cupronickel was silver-coloured coins . For this use,

1449-517: Is stable across changes in temperature contain alloy constantan , which consists of 55% copper and 45% nickel. Cupronickel alloys were known as "white copper" to the Chinese since about the third century BC. Some weapons made during the Warring States period were made with Cu-Ni alloys. The theory of Chinese origins of Bactrian cupronickel was suggested in 1868 by Flight, who found that

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1518-661: Is the cladding on either side of United States half-dollars (50¢) since 1971, and all quarters (25¢) and dimes (10¢) made after 1964. Currently, some circulating coins, such as the United States Jefferson nickel (5¢), the Swiss franc , and the South Korean 500 and 100 won are made of solid cupronickel (75:25 ratio). Nickel silver cupronickels are used extensively as a substitute for silver in tableware and other decorative housewares. Nickel silver

1587-630: The Antamina copper/zinc open-pit mine in northern Peru , the Collahuasi copper/ molybdenum open-pit mine (including mill, liquid–liquid extraction plant, and electrowinning plant) in northern Chile , the Lomas Bayas open-pit copper mine (including liquid–liquid extraction plant and electrowinning plant), and the Altonorte copper smelter also in northern Chile. Falconbridge also owned

1656-1003: The Montcalm underground nickel mine west of Timmins. Other sites were located in Quebec , Ontario ( Rouyn-Noranda : Horne copper smelter, Montreal : CCR copper refinery, Salaberry-de-Valleyfield : CEZ zinc refinery, Nunavik : Raglan underground nickel/copper mine and mill) and Bathurst , New Brunswick (Brunswick underground zinc/lead mine, lead smelter and lead refinery, and silver refinery). Copper and precious metal recycling facilities were at Brampton , Ontario; East Providence , Rhode Island; La Vergne , Tennessee; Roseville , California; San Jose , California; and Penang , Malaysia. Falconbridge Ltd. also operated an aluminium smelter in New Madrid , Missouri and an alumina refinery in Gramercy , Louisiana. The aluminum produced from these mills

1725-757: The Pha Phu Tsu and the Shen I Ching describing a statue in the Western provinces as being of silver, tin, lead and Tanyang copper – which looked like gold, and could be forged for plating and inlaying vessels and swords. Joseph Needham et al. argue that cupronickel was at least known as a unique alloy by the Chinese during the reign of Liu An in 120 BC in Yunnan. Moreover, the Yunnanese State of Tien

1794-780: The Silk Road would have increased the supply of cupronickel. However, the end of Greco-Bactrian cupronickel currency could be attributed to other factors such as the end of the House of Euthydemus . The alloy seems to have been rediscovered by the West during alchemy experiments. Notably, Andreas Libavius , in his Alchemia of 1597, mentions a surface-whitened copper aes album by mercury or silver. But in De Natura Metallorum in Singalarum Part 1, published in 1599,

1863-621: The United States and Germany. From 1947 to 2012, all "silver" coinage in the UK was made from cupronickel (but from 2012 onwards the two smallest UK cupronickel denominations were replaced with lower-cost nickel-plated steel coins). Moreover, when silver prices rose in the 1960s/1970s also some other European countries replaced remaining silver denominations by cupronickel, e.g. the 1/2 to (pictured) 5 Swiss franc coins starting 1968 and German 5 Deutsche Mark 1975-2001. Since 1999, cupronickel

1932-904: The brake fluid ), as it does not rust. Since cupronickel is much softer than steel, it bends and flares more easily, and the same property allows it to form a better seal with hydraulic components. Cupronickel lacks a copper color due to nickel's high electronegativity, which causes a loss of one electron in copper's d-shell (leaving 9 electrons in the d-shell versus pure copper's typical 10 electrons). Important properties of cupronickel alloys include corrosion resistance , inherent resistance to macrofouling , good tensile strength , excellent ductility when annealed , thermal conductivity and expansion characteristics amenable for heat exchangers and condensers , good thermal conductivity and ductility at cryogenic temperatures and beneficial antimicrobial touch surface properties. Subtle differences in corrosion resistance and strength determine which alloy

2001-489: The unification of Germany cupronickel coinage was introduced by the German Coinage Act , and sudden demand of nickel for tens of millions of 5 and 10 pfennig coins minted in 1873-1876 caused such a shock on the previously tranquil market that price more than tripled, leading to a significant expansion of supply. By the 1920s, a 70–30 copper–nickel grade was developed for naval condensers . Soon afterwards,

2070-459: The 1950s and early 1960s, factional wars between the competing unions sometimes led to riots in the streets of Sudbury. A proposal to merge Inco and Falconbridge in 2006 was headed with the slogan "Two proud histories, one great future", in reference to the strong identities which workers and the community had attached to the companies. A major street in Sudbury is named Falconbridge Road, after

2139-744: The 1990s, with a new mine in Sudbury, and one at Raglan in northern Quebec, though Falconbridge lost the bidding war with Inco for the deposit at Voisey's Bay . The new century saw more acquisitions, including the Montcalm mine in Timmins, the Kabanga project in Tanzania , and the Lomas Bayas mine in Chile . In June 2005 Falconbridge merged with Noranda , previously the 58.4% owner, continuing under

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2208-553: The Bactrian alloys (copper, lead, iron, nickel and cobalt) were closely similar to the Chinese paktong , and of nine known Asian nickel deposits, only those in China could provide the identical chemical compositions. Cammann criticized Cheng and Schwitter's paper, arguing that the decline of cupronickel currency should not have coincided with the opening of the Silk Road. If the Bactrian nickel theory were true, according to Cammann,

2277-591: The British Isles. He became a wealthy man, producing in excess of 16.5 tonnes per year. The alloy was mainly made into cutlery by the Birmingham firm William Hutton and sold under the trade-name "Argentine". Johnsons' most serious competitors, Charles Askin and Brok Evans, under the brilliant chemist Dr. EW Benson, devised greatly improved methods of cobalt and nickel suspension and marketed their own brand of nickel-silver, called " British Plate ". After

2346-444: The Chinese of his day did not form it as an alloy but rather smelted readily available unprocessed ore: "...appeared from a vast series of experiments made at Peking- that it occurred naturally as an ore mined at the region, the most extraordinary copper is pe-tong or white copper: it is white when dug out of the mine and even more white within than without. It appears, by a vast number of experiments made at Peking, that its colour

2415-610: The Falconbridge site expanded in the early 1930s. By 1930 ore from an underground mine was being extracted at 250 tonnes per day, and a nearby smelter was in operation to process the material. In 1932, a mill and sintering facility began operation. Through the 1950s and 1960s, significant expansion of the Sudbury Basin operations took place, including some twelve new mines. All recovered nickel, copper, and smaller amounts of other materials including platinides . Meanwhile,

2484-645: The Nikkelverk operation began recovering cobalt alongside previous extractions in 1952, using a new refining process. In 1962, Falconbridge acquired Ventures Limited , including its numerous international operations and geological exploration infrastructure, allowing further expansion and growth outside of Canada. In 1971 the Falconbridge Dominicana (Falcondo) mine and process plant commenced operation in Bonao , Dominican Republic. The site employed

2553-565: The Sudbury operations in Project Pentlandite , with both companies performing the same kind of extraction and smelting work on the same kind of ore. The two companies were set upon by hostile takeover bids from rival firms. Swiss Xstrata , already 19.9% owner of Falconbridge, bid for a complete acquisition, while Teck Cominco of Vancouver set its sights on Inco. On 13 May 2006, Inco announced that it increased its offer to acquire Falconbridge by $ 5.00 CAD per share, bringing

2622-499: The addition of silver and zinc, for coins of 5, 10 and 20 Rappen. Starting in 1860/1861, Belgium issued 5, 10 and 20 Centimes in pure cupronickel (75% copper, 25% nickel, without additional silver and zinc), and Germany issued 5 and 10 Pfennig in the same 75:25 ratio from 1873/1874 (until 1915/1916). In 1879, Switzerland, for 5 and 10 Rappen coins, also adopted that cheaper 75:25 copper to nickel ratio then being used in Belgium,

2691-448: The alloy was stirred and the ingot was immediately cast . Zinc is mentioned as an ingredient but there are no details about when it was added. The ore used is noted as solely available from Yunnan , according to the story: "San Mao Chun were at Tanyang during a famine year when many people died, so taking certain chemicals, Ying projected them onto silver, turning it into gold, and he also transmuted iron into silver – thus enabling

2760-427: The area northeast of Sudbury. These claims had been established as early as 1901, when Thomas Edison made the original discovery of the Falconbridge ore body, but remained undeveloped until Lindsley's purchase. Soon thereafter, planning and construction of a company town began, to house and service workers for the future mines. The community, complete with utilities and a medical centre, was named Falconbridge after

2829-479: The bid to $ 61.04 CAD per share (based on 23 June 2006 Inco/Phelps Dodge share price). On 26 June 2006, Phelps Dodge made a bid for the proposed combined Inco/Falconbridge company, valued at around US$ 40 billion. This would have formed the Phelps Dodge Inco Corp., valued at US$ 56 billion, creating the fifth largest mining company, largest nickel producer, and the second largest copper producer in

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2898-619: The brazing material, and severe stress cracking (see image). Thus, full annealing of any potential mechanical stress is necessary. Applications for Cu–Ni alloys have withstood the test of time, as they are still widely used and range from seawater system piping, condensers and heat exchangers in naval vessels, commercial shipping, multiple-stage flash desalination and power stations. They have also been used as splash zone cladding on offshore structures and protective cladding on boat hulls, as well as for solid hulls themselves. Due to its ductility , cupronickel alloys can be readily fabricated in

2967-407: The coins considered the oldest cupronickel coins yet discovered were of a very similar alloy to Chinese paktong . The author-scholar, Ho Wei, precisely described the process of making cupronickel in about 1095 AD. The paktong alloy was described as being made by adding small pills of naturally occurring yunnan ore to a bath of molten copper. When a crust of slag formed, saltpeter was added,

3036-502: The coins was later verified using the traditional wet method and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Cunningham in 1873 proposed the "Bactrian nickel theory," which suggested that the coins must have been the result of overland trade from China through India to Greece. Cunningham's theory was supported by scholars such as W. W. Tarn, Sir John Marshall, and J. Newton Friend, but was criticized by E. R. Caley and S. van R. Cammann. In 1973, Cheng and Schwitter in their new analyses suggested that

3105-471: The company and community. In 2007, Xstrata donated Falconbridge's historic Edison Building , its onetime head office, to the city of Greater Sudbury to serve as the new home of the city archives. Cupronickel Despite its high copper content, cupronickel is silver in colour. Cupronickel is highly resistant to corrosion by salt water , and is therefore used for piping, heat exchangers and condensers in seawater systems, as well as for marine hardware. It

3174-518: The copper being owing to no mixture, it is certain the Chinese white copper as brought to us, is a mixt [sic: mixed] metal; so that the ore from which it was extracted must consist of various metallic substances; and from such ore that the natural orichalcum if it ever existed, was made." During the peak European importation of Chinese white-copper from 1750 to 1800, increased attention was made to its discovering its constituents. Peat and Cookson found that "the darkest proved to contain 7.7% nickel and

3243-441: The environmental reclamation efforts undertaken in the Sudbury region . As part of this, a new, more efficient smelter was opened, as well as a facility for the production of sulfuric acid . This commercially saleable chemical had been a source of significant ecological damage when it was produced in the atmosphere by the reaction of sulfur dioxide emissions. The new acid plant allowed this effect to be greatly reduced by catalyzing

3312-585: The famous Blaufarbenwerke made cobalt blue and other pigments, solely held the requisite complex cobalt–nickel–arsenic ores in Europe. At the same time, the Prussian Verein zur Beförderung des Gewerbefleißes (Society for the Improvement of Business Diligence/Industriousness) offered a prize for the mastery of the process. Unsurprisingly, Dr E.A. Geitner and J.R. von Gersdoff of Schneeberg won

3381-562: The geographic township in which it was located. Likewise, the company became known as Falconbridge Nickel Mines Limited. Just one year later in 1929, the new company acquired the Kristiansand Nikkelraffineringsverk A/S refinery in Kristiansand , Norway. This expanded its operations, but more importantly the company also gained the rights to the Hybinette nickel refining process. The operations at

3450-559: The lightest said to be indistinguishable from silver with a characteristic bell-like resonance when struck and considerable resistance to corrosion, 11.1%". Another trial by Andrew Fyfe estimated the nickel content at 31.6%. Guesswork ended when James Dinwiddie of the Macartney Embassy brought back in 1793, at considerable personal risk (smuggling of paktong ore was a capital crime by the Chinese Emperor), some of

3519-444: The livelihood of thousands of workers. The effect diminished as economic diversification progressed in the 1980s and 1990s. Citizens, particularly workers and their families, came to develop an attachment to what were seen as local companies with significant size and influence in the mining industry. In particular, a certain degree of rivalry between workers at the two mining giants, who were members of rival labour unions, developed. In

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3588-559: The lives of many to be saved [through purchasing grain through this fake silver and gold] Thereafter all those who prepared chemical powders by heating and transmuting copper by projection called their methods "Tanyang techniques". The late Ming and Qing literature have very little information about paktong . However, it is first mentioned specifically by name in the Thien Kung Khai Wu of circa 1637: "When lu kan shih (zinc carbonate, calamine ) or wo chhein (zinc metal)

3657-545: The name Falconbridge Limited. Noranda brought significant variety to the business, including operations in aluminum mining and recycling of electronic hardware. At the time of the Xstrata takeover, Falconbridge had major operations in and around the Sudbury Basin , including the Craig , Fraser , and Thayer Lindsley underground copper/nickel mines, as well as a mill (Strathcona), nickel smelter , sulfuric acid plant, and

3726-416: The nearby community of Happy Valley , which was abandoned in the 1960s due to pollution from the Falconbridge smelter. "Falco", as it was often called by Sudbury residents, remained for decades the second-largest employer in the Sudbury area, exceeded only by rival mining giant Inco. The economic fortune of the city was tied to those of the mining companies, as a strike at either company had a major effect on

3795-543: The ore from which paktong was made. Cupronickel became widely understood, as published by E. Thomason, in 1823, in a submission, later rejected for not being new knowledge, to the Royal Society of Arts . Efforts in Europe to exactly duplicate the Chinese paktong failed due to a general lack of requisite complex cobalt–nickel–arsenic naturally occurring ore. However, the Schneeberg district of Germany , where

3864-547: The prize and launched their " German silver " brand under the trade names Argentan and Neusilber (new silver). In 1829, Percival Norton Johnston persuaded Dr. Geitner to establish a foundry in Bow Common behind Regents' Park Canal in London, and obtained ingots of nickel-silver with the composition 18% Ni, 55% Cu and 27% Zn. Between 1829 and 1833, Percival Norton Johnson was the first person to refine cupronickel on

3933-407: The reaction before emission, while producing additional revenue from the sale of the acid. By 1984, the commercial reserves at the original Falconbridge Mine had been exhausted. Production continued at several other sites in the Sudbury area. The company expanded within northern Ontario by acquiring the Kidd Mine and Kidd Metallurgical Site (Met Site) in Timmins , Ontario. Expansion continued in

4002-713: The registered French term cuivre blanc , Chinese silver , and the romanized Cantonese term Paktong , 白銅 (the French and Cantonese terms both meaning "white copper"). Cupronickel alloys containing zinc are referred to as nickel silver , also sometimes hotel silver , German silver , plata alemana ( Spanish for "German silver"). Cupronickel alloys are used for marine applications due to their resistance to seawater corrosion , good fabricability, and their effectiveness in lowering macrofouling levels. Alloys ranging in composition from 90% Cu–10% Ni to 70% Cu–30% Ni are commonly specified in heat exchanger or condenser tubes in

4071-512: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Falconbridge . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falconbridge&oldid=1160573595 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

4140-602: The same term was applied to "tin" from the East Indies (modern-day Indonesia and the Philippines ) and given the Spanish name, tintinaso . Richard Watson of Cambridge appears to be the first to discover that cupronickel was an alloy of three metals. In attempting to rediscover the secret of white-copper, Watson critiqued Jean-Baptiste Du Halde 's History of China (1688) as confusing the term paktong'., He noted

4209-408: The turn of the 20th century, bullet jackets were commonly made from this material. It was soon replaced with gilding metal to reduce metal fouling in the bore . Currently, cupronickel and nickel silver remain the basic material for silver-plated cutlery. It is commonly used for mechanical and electrical equipment, medical equipment, zippers, jewelry items, and both for strings for instruments in

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4278-408: The typical alloy has 3:1 copper to nickel ratio, with very small amounts of manganese. In the past, true silver coins were debased with cupronickel, such as coins of the pound sterling from 1947 onward having their content replaced. Aside from cupronickel and copper–nickel , several other terms have been used to describe the material: the tradenames Alpaka or Alpacca , Argentan Minargent ,

4347-430: The violin family, and for guitar frets. Fender Musical Instruments used "CuNiFe" magnets in their "Wide Range Humbucker " pickup for various Telecaster and Starcaster guitars during the 1970s. For high-quality cylinder locks and locking systems, cylinder cores are made from wear-resistant cupronickel. Cupronickel has been used as an alternative to traditional steel hydraulic brake lines (the pipes containing

4416-664: The world with corporate and copper division headquarters located in Phoenix, Arizona and nickel division headquarters in Toronto, Ontario. The deadline for the Inco offer was 13 July 2006. On 18 May 2006, Xstrata had announced a proposal to acquire Falconbridge for $ 52.50 CAD per share. This was a cash offer, unlike the Inco offer of a combination of cash and shares. On 12 July 2006, Xstrata announced that it increased its offer to acquire Falconbridge to $ 59.00 CAD per share (an approximate total value of $ 22.5 billion CAD). This counter-offer

4485-465: Was 9.6% higher than Inco's bid. The deadline for Xstrata's bid to be complete was 21 July 2006. Xstrata acquired and absorbed Falconbridge in late August 2006, leaving Inco open to bids by Phelps Dodge and the Brazilian company CVRD . Falconbridge became Xstrata Nickel, which continued to be based in Toronto. On 2 May 2013 Glencore completed the merger with Xstrata. Falconbridge lent its name to

4554-567: Was founded in 334 BC as a colony of the Chu. Most likely, modern paktong was unknown to Chinese of the day – but the naturally occurring Yunnan ore cupronickel alloy was likely a valuable internal trade commodity. In 1868, W. Flight discovered a Greco-Bactrian coin comprising 20% nickel that dated from 180 to 170 BCE with the bust of Euthydemus II on the obverse. Coins of a similar alloy with busts of his younger brothers, Pantaleon and Agathocles , were minted around 170 BCE. The composition of

4623-529: Was listed on the TSX (under the symbol FAL.LV) and NYSE (FAL), and had revenue of US$ 6.9 billion in 2005. In August 2006, it was absorbed by Swiss-based mining company Xstrata , which had formerly been a major shareholder. On 28 October 2007, Falconbridge Limited changed its name to the Xstrata Canada Corporation. Falconbridge, named after the town Falconbridge, which in turn was named for

4692-648: Was prepared in one of four rolling mills located in Huntingdon , Tennessee (2 mills); Salisbury , North Carolina (1 mill); and Newport , Arkansas (1 mill). Central American and Caribbean projects included the St. Ann bauxite mine in Discovery Bay , Jamaica and the Falcondo nickel surface mine and processing plant in Bonao , Dominican Republic. South American properties were mainly copper deposits such as

4761-471: Was presented to and declined by Falconbridge majority owners at the time, Noranda (and their majority owner - Brascan). On 11 October 2005, Inco announced a proposal to acquire Falconbridge for $ 12 billion. This came at a time of especially high prices for base metals, including nickel. Part of the motivation for the merger was to avoid a takeover of either company by cash-flushed foreign competitors. Additionally, significant synergies would have been realized in

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